Anxiety of Pregnant Women Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Coping Methods

Rukiye Demir; Resmiye Kaya Odabaş; Ayten Taşpınar

doi:10.46237/amusbfd.1169966

Research Article

Anxiety of Pregnant Women Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Coping Methods

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 497 - 508, 30.09.2023

Rukiye Demir Resmiye Kaya Odabaş Ayten Taşpınar

https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1169966

Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted to examine the anxiety experienced by pregnant women due to the coronavirus pandemic and the methods of coping with this anxiety.
Methods: The research was carried out analytically and cross-sectionally in the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient clinic of a public hospital between June and December 2020. The population of the study consisted of pregnant women who applied to this polyclinic, and the sample consisted of 230 pregnant women. The data were collected with the "Pregnant Information Form and State Anxiety Scale".
Results: The State Anxiety Scale mean score of the pregnant women participating in the study was 47.92 ± 4.82, 90.4% of them had high levels of anxiety, 49.4% of the pregnant women who had anxiety made an attempt to cope with their anxiety, and at the beginning of these interventions, they followed general contraception methods (27.8%), praying (20.0%), not leaving the house and not accepting guests (18.3%).
Conclusion: In our study, it was concluded that pregnant women experienced high levels of anxiety due to COVID-19 infection, and that the ages of pregnant women and their spouses, their perception of income levels, family types, weeks of pregnancy, and the number of living children and pregnancies affected the anxiety of pregnant women. It can be recommended that midwives question the fears and anxieties of pregnant women while giving care, and provide necessary counseling for pregnant women to cope with their anxieties.

Keywords

Pregnancy, Anxiety, Coronavirus, Pandemic

References

1. Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. (2020). Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronvirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72314 case from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. JAMA, 323(13), 239-1242. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
2. World Health Organization. Director-General’s remarks at the media briefing on 2019- nCoV on 11 February 2020. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-media briefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020. (Avaible date: 11 Jan 2021).
3. T.C. Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health. (2022). COVID-19 Guide.https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66393/covid-19-salgin-yonetimi-ve-calisma-rehberi.html (Avaibledate: 21 March 2023).
4. Pal, M., Berhanu, G., Desalegn, C., & Kandi, V. (2020). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): An Update. Cureus, 12(3), 26. e7423. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7423.
5. Özcan, H., Elkoca, A., & Yalçın, Ö. (2020). COVID-19 Infection and Its Effects on Pregnancy. Anatol Clin, 25(1), 43-50. doi: https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.708151
6. Ovalı, F. (2020). COVID-19 Infections in Newborns. Anatol Clin, 25(1), 23-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.708589
7. Desdicioğlu, R., & Yavuz, A. F. (2020). COVID-19 and pregnancy. Ankara Med J, 2, 482-487. doi: 10.5505/amj.2020.74318.
8. Rasmussen, S. A., Smulian, J. C., Lednicky, J. A., Wen, T., & Jamieson, D. J. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: What obstetricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 222(5), 415-426. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.02.017
9. Qiao, J. (2020). What are the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women? The Lancet, 395(10226), 760-762. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30365-2.
10. Taşkın, L. (2016). Doğum ve Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği, Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi; p.462-90.
11. United States Food and Drug Administration. (2022). “Emergency use authorization”. Erişim adresi: https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparednessandresponse/mcm legal-regulatory-and- policyframework/emergency-use-authorization (Avaible date: 25.02.2023).
12. World Health Organization. (2020). “WHO Sage Roadmap for Prioritizing Uses of Covıd-19 Vaccines in The Context of Limited Supply”. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-sage-roadmap-for prioritizing-uses-of-covid-19-vaccines-in-the-context-of-limited-supply (Avaible date: 27.03.2023).
13. Türkmen, H., Yalnız, H.D., & Özçoban, F.A. (2021). Traumatic childbirth perception during pregnancy and the postpartum period and its postnatal mental health outcomes: a prospective longitudinal study. J Reprod Infant Psychol, 39(4), 422-434. doi: 10.1080/02646838.2020.1792429.
14. Yang, P., Liu, P., Liu, P., Li, D., & Zhao, D. (2020). Corona Virus Disease 2019, A growing threat to children? J Infect, 80(6), 671-693. doi: 1016/j.jinf.2020.01.022.
15. Şen, E., & Şirin, A. (2013). The factors affecting depression, anxiety and perceived social support level of pregnant women who have the diagnosis of preterm labor. Gaziantep Med J. 9(3), 159-163. doi: 10.5455/GMJ-30-2013-149.
16. Mirzadeh, M., & Khedmat, L. (2020). Pregnant women in the exposure to COVID-19 infection outbreak: the unseen risk factors and preventive healthcare patterns. J Matern Neonatal Med, 7, 1–2. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1749257.
17. Berthelot, N., Lemieux, R., Garon-Bissonnette, J., Drouin-Maziade, C., & Martel Mazide M. (2020). Uptrend in distress and psychiatric symptomatology in pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 99(7), 848-855. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13925.
18. Liu, X., Chen, M., Wang, Y., Sun, L., Zhang, J., Shi, Y., et al. (2020). Prenatal anxiety and obstetric decisions among pregnant women in Wuhan and Chongqing during the COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study. BJOG, 127, 1229-1240. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16381.
19. Altuntuğ, K., Ege, E., Anık, Y., Öney, Y., Acar, A., Sayal, H. B., et al. (2019). Anxiety status in pregnant women admitted for amniocentesis and cordocentesis. Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 2(1), 1-9.
20. Zhang, W. R., Wang, K., Yin, L., Zhao, W. F., Xue, Q., Peng, M. et. al. (2020). Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, 89(9), 1-9.
21. Yücel, P., Çayır, N., & Yücel, M. (2013). Depression and Anxiety Among First Trimester Pregnancies. Clinical Psychiatry, 16, 83-87.
22. Öner, N. &Le, Compte, A. (1985). Süreksiz durumluk/sürekli kaygı envanteri el kitabı. İstanbul: İstanbul Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
23. Kira, I.A., Shuwiekh, H.A.M., Ashby, J.S., Elwakeel, S.A., Alhuwailah, A., Sous, M.S.F., et al. (2023). The Impact of COVID-19 Traumatic Stressors on Mental Health: Is COVID-19 a New Trauma Type. Int J Ment Health Addict, 21(1), 51-70. doi: 10.1007/s11469-021-00577-0.
24. Poon, L. C., Yang, H., Lee, J. C. S., Copel, J. A., Leung, T. Y., Zhang, Y., et al. (2020). ISUOG Interim Guidance on 2019 novel COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and puerperium: information for healthcare professionals. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 55(5), 700-708. doi: 10.1002/ uog.22013.
25. Esterwood, E., & Saeed, S.A. (2020). Past epidemics, natural disasters, COVID19, and mental health: Learning from history as we deal with the present and prepare for the future. Psychiatr Q, 91(4), 1121-1133. doi: 10.1007/s11126-020-09808-4.
26. Mappa, I., Distefano, F.A., & Rizza, G. (2020). Effects of coronavirus 19 pandemic on maternal anxiety during pregnancy: a prospectic observational study. J Perinat Med 48(6), 545–550. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2020- 0182.
27. Bekmezci, H., & Özkan, H. (2016). Psychosocial health care in pregnancy, prenatal attachment and responsibilities of midwife-nurse. International Refereed Journal of Gynaecology and Maternal Child Health, 8, 50-62.
28. Madhavanprabhakaran, G.K., D’Souza, M.S., & Nairy, K. S. (2016). Effectiveness of childbirth education on nulliparous women’s knowledge of childbirth preparation, pregnancy anxiety and pregnancy outcomes. Nurs Midwiferey Stud, (November). doi: https://doi.org/10.17795/nmsjournal32526.
29. Dağlar, G., Nur, N., Bilgiç, D., & Kadıoğlu, M. (2015). Affective disorders in pregnancy. KASHED, 2(1), 27-40.
30. Yue, C., Liu, C., Wang, J., Zhang, M., Wu, H., Li, C., et al. (2020). Association between social support and anxiety among pregnant women in the third trimester during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in Qingdao, China: The mediating effect of risk perception. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 0, 1-20. doi: 10.1177/0020764020941567.

Gebelerin COVID-19 Nedeniyle Yaşadıkları Kaygılar ve Bu Kaygılarla Baş Etme Yöntemleri

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 497 - 508, 30.09.2023

Rukiye Demir Resmiye Kaya Odabaş Ayten Taşpınar

https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1169966

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma, gebelerin koronavirüs pandemisi nedeniyle yaşadıkları kaygı ve bu kaygıyla baş etme yöntemlerini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Yöntem: Araştırma analitik-kesitsel olarak, Haziran-Aralık 2020 tarihleri arasında bir kamu hastanesinin kadın hastalıkları ve doğum polikliniğinde yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini bu polikliniğe başvuran gebeler, örneklemini 230 gebe oluşturmuştur. Veriler "Gebe Tanıtım Formu ve Durumluk Kaygı Ölçeği" ile toplanmıştır.
Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan gebelerin Durumluk Kaygı Ölçeği puan ortalamalarının 47.92 ± 4.82 olduğu, %90.4’ünün yüksek düzeyde kaygı yaşadığı, kaygı yaşayan gebelerin %49.4’ünün kaygılarıyla baş edebilmek için bir girişimde bulunduğu ve bu girişimlerin başında genel korunma yöntemlerine uyma (%27.8), dua etme (%20.0), evden dışarı çıkmama ve misafir kabul etmemenin (%18.3) geldiği tespit edilmiştir.
Sonuç: Çalışmamızda COVID-19 enfeksiyonu nedeniyle gebelerin yüksek düzeyde kaygı yaşadıkları, gebelerin ve eşlerinin yaşlarının, gelir düzey algılarının, aile tiplerinin, gebelik haftalarının, yaşayan çocuk ve gebelik sayılarının gebelerin kaygılarını etkilediği sonuçlarına ulaşılmıştır. Ebelerin bakım verirken gebelerin korku ve kaygılarını sorgulamaları ve gebelerin kaygılarıyla baş edebilmeleri için gerekli danışmanlığı vermeleri önerilebilir.

Keywords

Gebe, Kaygı, Koronavirüs, Pandemi

References

1. Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. (2020). Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronvirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72314 case from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. JAMA, 323(13), 239-1242. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
2. World Health Organization. Director-General’s remarks at the media briefing on 2019- nCoV on 11 February 2020. https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-media briefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020. (Avaible date: 11 Jan 2021).
3. T.C. Ministry of Health, General Directorate of Public Health. (2022). COVID-19 Guide.https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66393/covid-19-salgin-yonetimi-ve-calisma-rehberi.html (Avaibledate: 21 March 2023).
4. Pal, M., Berhanu, G., Desalegn, C., & Kandi, V. (2020). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): An Update. Cureus, 12(3), 26. e7423. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7423.
5. Özcan, H., Elkoca, A., & Yalçın, Ö. (2020). COVID-19 Infection and Its Effects on Pregnancy. Anatol Clin, 25(1), 43-50. doi: https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.708151
6. Ovalı, F. (2020). COVID-19 Infections in Newborns. Anatol Clin, 25(1), 23-35. doi: https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.708589
7. Desdicioğlu, R., & Yavuz, A. F. (2020). COVID-19 and pregnancy. Ankara Med J, 2, 482-487. doi: 10.5505/amj.2020.74318.
8. Rasmussen, S. A., Smulian, J. C., Lednicky, J. A., Wen, T., & Jamieson, D. J. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: What obstetricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 222(5), 415-426. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.02.017
9. Qiao, J. (2020). What are the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women? The Lancet, 395(10226), 760-762. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30365-2.
10. Taşkın, L. (2016). Doğum ve Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği, Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi; p.462-90.
11. United States Food and Drug Administration. (2022). “Emergency use authorization”. Erişim adresi: https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparednessandresponse/mcm legal-regulatory-and- policyframework/emergency-use-authorization (Avaible date: 25.02.2023).
12. World Health Organization. (2020). “WHO Sage Roadmap for Prioritizing Uses of Covıd-19 Vaccines in The Context of Limited Supply”. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/who-sage-roadmap-for prioritizing-uses-of-covid-19-vaccines-in-the-context-of-limited-supply (Avaible date: 27.03.2023).
13. Türkmen, H., Yalnız, H.D., & Özçoban, F.A. (2021). Traumatic childbirth perception during pregnancy and the postpartum period and its postnatal mental health outcomes: a prospective longitudinal study. J Reprod Infant Psychol, 39(4), 422-434. doi: 10.1080/02646838.2020.1792429.
14. Yang, P., Liu, P., Liu, P., Li, D., & Zhao, D. (2020). Corona Virus Disease 2019, A growing threat to children? J Infect, 80(6), 671-693. doi: 1016/j.jinf.2020.01.022.
15. Şen, E., & Şirin, A. (2013). The factors affecting depression, anxiety and perceived social support level of pregnant women who have the diagnosis of preterm labor. Gaziantep Med J. 9(3), 159-163. doi: 10.5455/GMJ-30-2013-149.
16. Mirzadeh, M., & Khedmat, L. (2020). Pregnant women in the exposure to COVID-19 infection outbreak: the unseen risk factors and preventive healthcare patterns. J Matern Neonatal Med, 7, 1–2. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2020.1749257.
17. Berthelot, N., Lemieux, R., Garon-Bissonnette, J., Drouin-Maziade, C., & Martel Mazide M. (2020). Uptrend in distress and psychiatric symptomatology in pregnant women during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand, 99(7), 848-855. doi: 10.1111/aogs.13925.
18. Liu, X., Chen, M., Wang, Y., Sun, L., Zhang, J., Shi, Y., et al. (2020). Prenatal anxiety and obstetric decisions among pregnant women in Wuhan and Chongqing during the COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study. BJOG, 127, 1229-1240. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16381.
19. Altuntuğ, K., Ege, E., Anık, Y., Öney, Y., Acar, A., Sayal, H. B., et al. (2019). Anxiety status in pregnant women admitted for amniocentesis and cordocentesis. Necmettin Erbakan University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 2(1), 1-9.
20. Zhang, W. R., Wang, K., Yin, L., Zhao, W. F., Xue, Q., Peng, M. et. al. (2020). Mental health and psychosocial problems of medical health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, 89(9), 1-9.
21. Yücel, P., Çayır, N., & Yücel, M. (2013). Depression and Anxiety Among First Trimester Pregnancies. Clinical Psychiatry, 16, 83-87.
22. Öner, N. &Le, Compte, A. (1985). Süreksiz durumluk/sürekli kaygı envanteri el kitabı. İstanbul: İstanbul Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
23. Kira, I.A., Shuwiekh, H.A.M., Ashby, J.S., Elwakeel, S.A., Alhuwailah, A., Sous, M.S.F., et al. (2023). The Impact of COVID-19 Traumatic Stressors on Mental Health: Is COVID-19 a New Trauma Type. Int J Ment Health Addict, 21(1), 51-70. doi: 10.1007/s11469-021-00577-0.
24. Poon, L. C., Yang, H., Lee, J. C. S., Copel, J. A., Leung, T. Y., Zhang, Y., et al. (2020). ISUOG Interim Guidance on 2019 novel COVID-19 infection during pregnancy and puerperium: information for healthcare professionals. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol, 55(5), 700-708. doi: 10.1002/ uog.22013.
25. Esterwood, E., & Saeed, S.A. (2020). Past epidemics, natural disasters, COVID19, and mental health: Learning from history as we deal with the present and prepare for the future. Psychiatr Q, 91(4), 1121-1133. doi: 10.1007/s11126-020-09808-4.
26. Mappa, I., Distefano, F.A., & Rizza, G. (2020). Effects of coronavirus 19 pandemic on maternal anxiety during pregnancy: a prospectic observational study. J Perinat Med 48(6), 545–550. doi: 10.1515/jpm-2020- 0182.
27. Bekmezci, H., & Özkan, H. (2016). Psychosocial health care in pregnancy, prenatal attachment and responsibilities of midwife-nurse. International Refereed Journal of Gynaecology and Maternal Child Health, 8, 50-62.
28. Madhavanprabhakaran, G.K., D’Souza, M.S., & Nairy, K. S. (2016). Effectiveness of childbirth education on nulliparous women’s knowledge of childbirth preparation, pregnancy anxiety and pregnancy outcomes. Nurs Midwiferey Stud, (November). doi: https://doi.org/10.17795/nmsjournal32526.
29. Dağlar, G., Nur, N., Bilgiç, D., & Kadıoğlu, M. (2015). Affective disorders in pregnancy. KASHED, 2(1), 27-40.
30. Yue, C., Liu, C., Wang, J., Zhang, M., Wu, H., Li, C., et al. (2020). Association between social support and anxiety among pregnant women in the third trimester during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in Qingdao, China: The mediating effect of risk perception. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 0, 1-20. doi: 10.1177/0020764020941567.

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Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Health Care Administration
Journal Section	Research Articles
Authors	Rukiye Demir 0000-0003-4649-6403 Resmiye Kaya Odabaş 0000-0002-4470-0231 Ayten Taşpınar 0000-0001-7918-2457
Early Pub Date	October 1, 2023
Publication Date	September 30, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

APA	Demir, R., Kaya Odabaş, R., & Taşpınar, A. (2023). Anxiety of Pregnant Women Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Coping Methods. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(3), 497-508. https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.1169966

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