Research Article
Investigation of the Effect of Pilates Exercises on Postural Stability and Fear of Birth in Pregnancy
Abstract
Objective: Physiological and psychological changes are observed in the female body during pregnancy. These changes can lead to some changes that can affect the pregnancy process in women. Our study aims to understand how pilates training affects core stability, balance, and fear of childbirth levels in pregnant women.
Method: In our randomized controlled study, fifty-eight volunteer pregnant women aged 18-35 years, who completed the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, 31 in the Pilates and 27 in the control group, were included. The Pilates group was given pilates exercises for eight weeks, two days a week, 1 hour a day, by a physiotherapist. An 8-week home program consisting of breathing exercises was given to the control group. Core stability, balance, and fear of birth were assessed before and after eight weeks of training.
Results: Statistically significant improvements were observed in the Sahrman Core stability test scores in the Pilates group (p<0.05), while a decrease was observed in the control group results (p < 0.05). Postural stability was preserved in the Pilates group even improved in the right foot test (p<0.05). No change was observed in the control group (p > 0.05). When the The Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire A measurement results were compared, a statistically significant difference was found in favor of the pilates group with a large effect size (F=27.693; p<0.001, ηp2=0.374).
Conclusion: The results showed that pilates exercises applied during pregnancy could improve women's core stability and balance levels and reduce their fear of childbirth.
Keywords
References
- 1. Satyapriya, M., Nagendra, H. R., Nagarathna, R., & Padmalatha, V. (2009). Effect of integrated yoga on stress and heart rate variability in pregnant women. International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 104(3), 218–222.
- 2. Aune, D., Saugstad, O. D., Henriksen, T., & Tonstad, S. (2014). Physical activity and the risk of preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 25(3), 331–343.
- 3. Barakat, R., Cordero, Y., Coteron, J., Luaces, M., & Montejo, R. (2012). Exercise during pregnancy improves maternal glucose screen at 24-28 weeks: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(9), 656–661.
- 4. Chan, C. W.H., Au Yeung, E., & Law, B.M.H. (2019). Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions on Pregnancy-Related Outcomes among Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public health, 16(10), 1840.
- 5. Conder, R., Zamani, R., & Akrami, M. (2019). The Biomechanics of Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology, 4(4), 72.
- 6. Atkinson, L., & Teychenne, M. (2019). Psychological, social and behaviour changes during pregnancy: Implications for physical activity and exercise. In R. Santos-Rocha (Eds.), Exercise and sporting activity during pregnancy (pp. 19–43). Cham: Springer.
- 7. Soma-Pillay, P.,Nelson-Piercy, C.,Tolppanen, H., & Mebazaa, A.(2016). Physiological changes in pregnancy. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 27(2), 89–94.
- 8. Haines, H. M., Rubertsson, C., Pallant, J. F., & Hildingsson, I. (2012). The influence of women's fear, attitudes and beliefs of childbirth on mode and experience of birth. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12, 55.
- 9. Wigert, H., Nilsson, C., Dencker, A., Begley, C., Jangsten, E., Sparud-Lundin, C., et al. (2020). Women's experiences of fear of childbirth: a metasynthesis of qualitative studies. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 15(1), 1704484.
- 10. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 650: Physical Activity and Exercise During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. (2015). Obstetrics and Gynecology, 126(6), e135–e142.
- 11. Kramer, M. S., & McDonald, S. W. (2006). Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2006(3).
- 12. Martin, A. C., Alvares, R. F., Nascimento, T. R., Paranaiba, S. S. W., & Da Silva-Morais, T. K. (2017). Pilates for pregnant women: A healthy alternative. J. Womens Health Care, 6, 2167.
- 13. Rodríguez-Díaz, L., Ruiz-Frutos, C., Vázquez-Lara, J. M., Ramírez-Rodrigo, J., Villaverde-Gutiérrez, C., & Torres-Luque, G. (2017). Effectiveness of a physical activity programme based on the Pilates method in pregnancy and labour. Efectividad de un programa de actividad física mediante el método Pilates en el embarazo y en el proceso del parto. Enfermeria Clinica, 27(5), 271–277.
- 14. Dias, N. T., Ferreira, L. R., Fernandes, M. G., Resende, A. P. M., & Pereira-Baldon, V. S. (2018). A Pilates exercise program with pelvic floor muscle contraction: Is it effective for pregnant women? A randomized controlled trial. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 37(1), 379–384.
- 15. Oktaviani, I. (2018). Pilates workouts can reduce pain in pregnant women. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 31, 349–351.
- 16. Mazzarino, M., Kerr, D., & Morris, M. E. (2018). Pilates program design and health benefits for pregnant women: A practitioners' survey. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 22(2), 411–417.
- 17. Sahrmann, S., Azevedo, D. C., & Dillen, L. V. (2017). Diagnosis and treatment of movement system impairment syndromes. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 21(6), 391–399.
- 18. Schmitz, R., & Arnold, B. (1998). Intertester and intratester reliability of a dynamic balance protocol using the Biodex Stability System. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 7(2), 95-101.
- 19. Wijma, K., Wijma, B., & Zar, M. (1998). Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ; a new questionnaire for the measurement of fear of childbirth. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 19(2), 84–97.
- 20. Korukcu, O., Kukulu, K., & Firat, M. Z. (2012). The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ) with pregnant women. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 19(3), 193–202.
- 21. Bey, M. E., Arampatzis, A., & Legerlotz, K. (2018). The effect of a maternity support belt on static stability and posture in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Journal of Biomechanics, 75, 123–128.
- 22. Fontana Carvalho, A. P., Dufresne, S. S., Rogerio de Oliveira, M., Couto Furlanetto, K., Dubois, M., Dallaire, M., et al. (2020). Effects of lumbar stabilization and muscular stretching on pain, disabilities, postural control and muscle activation in pregnant woman with low back pain. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 56(3), 297–306.
- 23. Cengizhan, P., Cobanoglu, G., Gokdogan, C., Zorlular, A., Akaras, E., Orer, G., et al. (2019). The Relationship Between Postural Stability, Core Muscles Endurance and Agility in Professional Basketball Players. Ann. Med. Res. 26, 2181–2186.
- 24. Kloubec, J. A. (2010). Pilates for improvement of muscle endurance, flexibility, balance, and posture. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(3), 661–667.
- 25. Sekendiz, B., Altun, O., Korkusuz, F., Akin, S. (2007) Effects of Pilates exercise on trunk strength, endurance and flexibility in sedentary adult females. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 11, 318-326.
- 26. Cakmak, B., Ribeiro, A. P., & Inanir, A. (2016). Postural balance and the risk of falling during pregnancy. The International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 29(10), 1623–1625.
- 27. Nagai, M., Isida, M., Saitoh, J., Hirata, Y., Natori, H., & Wada, M. (2009). Characteristics of the control of standing posture during pregnancy. Neuroscience Letters, 462(2), 130-134.
- 28. Cakmak, B., Inanir, A., Nacar, M. C., & Filiz, B. (2014). The effect of maternity support belts on postural balance in pregnancy. PM & R: The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation, 6(7), 624–628.
- 29. Brewin, D., & Naninni, A. (2014). Women's perspectives on falls and fall prevention during pregnancy. MCN. The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 39(5), 300–305.
- 30. Sarpkaya-Güder, D., Yalvaç, M., & Vural, G. (2018). The effect of pregnancy Pilates-assisted childbirth preparation training on childbirth fear and neonatal outcomes: A quasi-experimental/quantitative research. Quality & Quantity, 52, 2667-2679.
- 31. Zamani-Sani, S. H., Fathirezaie, Z., Brand, S., Pühse, U., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Gerber, M., et al. (2016). Physical activity and self-esteem: testing direct and indirect relationships associated with psychological and physical mechanisms. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, 2617–2625.
Pilates Egzersizlerinin Gebelikte Postüral Stabilite ve Doğum Korkusu Üzerine Etkisinin Araştırılması
Abstract
Amaç: Gebelik döneminde kadın vücudunda fizyolojik ve psikolojik değişiklikler gözlenmektedir. Bu değişiklikler kadınlarda gebelik sürecini etkileyebilecek bazı değişikliklere yol açabilmektedir. Çalışmamız pilates eğitiminin gebelerde core stabilite, denge ve doğum korkusu düzeylerini nasıl etkilediğini anlamayı amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem: Randomize kontrollü çalışmamıza, gebeliğin ilk 12 haftasını tamamlamış 31'i pilates, 27'si kontrol grubu olmak üzere 18-35 yaş arası elli sekiz gönüllü gebe dahil edildi. Pilates grubuna sekiz hafta boyunca haftada iki gün, günde bir saat fizyoterapist tarafından pilates egzersizleri verildi. Kontrol grubuna ise 8 haftalık solunum egzersizlerinden oluşan ev programı verildi. Kor stabilite, denge ve doğum korkusu sekiz haftalık eğitimden önce ve sonra değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Pilates grubunda Sahrman Core stabilite testi puanlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı iyileşme (p<0.05), kontrol grubu sonuçlarında ise azalma gözlendi (p<0.05). Pilates grubunda postural stabilite korunmuş hatta sağ ayak testinde iyileşme sağlanmıştır (p<0.05). Kontrol grubunda herhangi bir değişiklik gözlenmedi (p>0.05). Wijma doğum beklentisi/deneyimi ölçeği A versiyonu ölçüm sonuçları karşılaştırıldığında, etki büyüklüğü büyük (F=27.693; p<0.001, ηp2=0.374) ile pilates grubu lehine istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulunmuştur.
Sonuç: Sonuçlar, gebelikte uygulanan pilates egzersizlerinin kadınların core stabilite ile denge düzeylerini iyileştirebileceğini ve doğum korkularını azaltabileceğini göstermiştir.
Keywords
References
- 1. Satyapriya, M., Nagendra, H. R., Nagarathna, R., & Padmalatha, V. (2009). Effect of integrated yoga on stress and heart rate variability in pregnant women. International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, 104(3), 218–222.
- 2. Aune, D., Saugstad, O. D., Henriksen, T., & Tonstad, S. (2014). Physical activity and the risk of preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 25(3), 331–343.
- 3. Barakat, R., Cordero, Y., Coteron, J., Luaces, M., & Montejo, R. (2012). Exercise during pregnancy improves maternal glucose screen at 24-28 weeks: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(9), 656–661.
- 4. Chan, C. W.H., Au Yeung, E., & Law, B.M.H. (2019). Effectiveness of Physical Activity Interventions on Pregnancy-Related Outcomes among Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public health, 16(10), 1840.
- 5. Conder, R., Zamani, R., & Akrami, M. (2019). The Biomechanics of Pregnancy: A Systematic Review. Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology, 4(4), 72.
- 6. Atkinson, L., & Teychenne, M. (2019). Psychological, social and behaviour changes during pregnancy: Implications for physical activity and exercise. In R. Santos-Rocha (Eds.), Exercise and sporting activity during pregnancy (pp. 19–43). Cham: Springer.
- 7. Soma-Pillay, P.,Nelson-Piercy, C.,Tolppanen, H., & Mebazaa, A.(2016). Physiological changes in pregnancy. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, 27(2), 89–94.
- 8. Haines, H. M., Rubertsson, C., Pallant, J. F., & Hildingsson, I. (2012). The influence of women's fear, attitudes and beliefs of childbirth on mode and experience of birth. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12, 55.
- 9. Wigert, H., Nilsson, C., Dencker, A., Begley, C., Jangsten, E., Sparud-Lundin, C., et al. (2020). Women's experiences of fear of childbirth: a metasynthesis of qualitative studies. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 15(1), 1704484.
- 10. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 650: Physical Activity and Exercise During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period. (2015). Obstetrics and Gynecology, 126(6), e135–e142.
- 11. Kramer, M. S., & McDonald, S. W. (2006). Aerobic exercise for women during pregnancy. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2006(3).
- 12. Martin, A. C., Alvares, R. F., Nascimento, T. R., Paranaiba, S. S. W., & Da Silva-Morais, T. K. (2017). Pilates for pregnant women: A healthy alternative. J. Womens Health Care, 6, 2167.
- 13. Rodríguez-Díaz, L., Ruiz-Frutos, C., Vázquez-Lara, J. M., Ramírez-Rodrigo, J., Villaverde-Gutiérrez, C., & Torres-Luque, G. (2017). Effectiveness of a physical activity programme based on the Pilates method in pregnancy and labour. Efectividad de un programa de actividad física mediante el método Pilates en el embarazo y en el proceso del parto. Enfermeria Clinica, 27(5), 271–277.
- 14. Dias, N. T., Ferreira, L. R., Fernandes, M. G., Resende, A. P. M., & Pereira-Baldon, V. S. (2018). A Pilates exercise program with pelvic floor muscle contraction: Is it effective for pregnant women? A randomized controlled trial. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 37(1), 379–384.
- 15. Oktaviani, I. (2018). Pilates workouts can reduce pain in pregnant women. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 31, 349–351.
- 16. Mazzarino, M., Kerr, D., & Morris, M. E. (2018). Pilates program design and health benefits for pregnant women: A practitioners' survey. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 22(2), 411–417.
- 17. Sahrmann, S., Azevedo, D. C., & Dillen, L. V. (2017). Diagnosis and treatment of movement system impairment syndromes. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 21(6), 391–399.
- 18. Schmitz, R., & Arnold, B. (1998). Intertester and intratester reliability of a dynamic balance protocol using the Biodex Stability System. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 7(2), 95-101.
- 19. Wijma, K., Wijma, B., & Zar, M. (1998). Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ; a new questionnaire for the measurement of fear of childbirth. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 19(2), 84–97.
- 20. Korukcu, O., Kukulu, K., & Firat, M. Z. (2012). The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ) with pregnant women. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 19(3), 193–202.
- 21. Bey, M. E., Arampatzis, A., & Legerlotz, K. (2018). The effect of a maternity support belt on static stability and posture in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Journal of Biomechanics, 75, 123–128.
- 22. Fontana Carvalho, A. P., Dufresne, S. S., Rogerio de Oliveira, M., Couto Furlanetto, K., Dubois, M., Dallaire, M., et al. (2020). Effects of lumbar stabilization and muscular stretching on pain, disabilities, postural control and muscle activation in pregnant woman with low back pain. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 56(3), 297–306.
- 23. Cengizhan, P., Cobanoglu, G., Gokdogan, C., Zorlular, A., Akaras, E., Orer, G., et al. (2019). The Relationship Between Postural Stability, Core Muscles Endurance and Agility in Professional Basketball Players. Ann. Med. Res. 26, 2181–2186.
- 24. Kloubec, J. A. (2010). Pilates for improvement of muscle endurance, flexibility, balance, and posture. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 24(3), 661–667.
- 25. Sekendiz, B., Altun, O., Korkusuz, F., Akin, S. (2007) Effects of Pilates exercise on trunk strength, endurance and flexibility in sedentary adult females. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 11, 318-326.
- 26. Cakmak, B., Ribeiro, A. P., & Inanir, A. (2016). Postural balance and the risk of falling during pregnancy. The International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians, 29(10), 1623–1625.
- 27. Nagai, M., Isida, M., Saitoh, J., Hirata, Y., Natori, H., & Wada, M. (2009). Characteristics of the control of standing posture during pregnancy. Neuroscience Letters, 462(2), 130-134.
- 28. Cakmak, B., Inanir, A., Nacar, M. C., & Filiz, B. (2014). The effect of maternity support belts on postural balance in pregnancy. PM & R: The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation, 6(7), 624–628.
- 29. Brewin, D., & Naninni, A. (2014). Women's perspectives on falls and fall prevention during pregnancy. MCN. The American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 39(5), 300–305.
- 30. Sarpkaya-Güder, D., Yalvaç, M., & Vural, G. (2018). The effect of pregnancy Pilates-assisted childbirth preparation training on childbirth fear and neonatal outcomes: A quasi-experimental/quantitative research. Quality & Quantity, 52, 2667-2679.
- 31. Zamani-Sani, S. H., Fathirezaie, Z., Brand, S., Pühse, U., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., Gerber, M., et al. (2016). Physical activity and self-esteem: testing direct and indirect relationships associated with psychological and physical mechanisms. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 12, 2617–2625.
There are 31 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Health Care Administration |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | October 1, 2023 |
| Publication Date | September 30, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 3 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.