Research Article
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Finansmana Erişim Kanalları Ülkelerin Gelişmişlik Düzeyine Göre Farklılaşıyor Mu?

Year 2023, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 235 - 247, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.33688/aucbd.1262617

Abstract

Bu araştırma, ülkelerin gelişmişlik durumu ile finansmana erişim kanalları arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, bireylerin finansmana erişim aracı olarak kullandıkları kanalları gösteren ülke ölçeğindeki Dünya Bankası (DB) verisi kullanılmıştır. Bu kanallar, banka gibi finansal kurumlar ile aile, akraba, arkadaş ve tasarruf kulübü şeklindedir. Çalışmada, bankalar formel; aile, akraba, arkadaş ve tasarruf kulüpleri ise enformel kurum olarak tanımlanmıştır. Söz konusu veriler 2011, 2014 ve 2017 yıllarını kapsamaktadır. Her bir yıla ilişkin ülke verisi zaman serisi şeklinde düzenlenmiştir. Ülkelerin gelişmişlik düzeyi ise Dünya Bankası’nın verilerine göre dört kategori şeklinde sınıflandırılmıştır. Ülkelerin gelir sınıflaması ile söz konusu mekanizmaları kullanma oranları arasındaki ilişkiyi ve farklılaşmayı anlamak için sırasıyla korelasyon ve ANOVA testi yapılmıştır. Bulgularımız, ülkelerin gelir düzeyi arttıkça formel kurumları, gelir düzeyi azaldıkça ise enformel kurumları kullanma oranının arttığını ortaya koymakta ve gelir düzeyine göre bunun istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir biçimde farklılaştığını göstermektedir.

References

  • Aoyama, Y., Berndt, C., Glückler, J., Leslie, D. (2011). Emerging themes in economic geography: Outcomes of the economic geography 2010 workshop. Economic Geography, 87 (2), 111-126. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2011.01114.x
  • Appleyard, L. (2013). The geographies of access to enterprise finance: The case of the West Midlands, UK. Regional Studies, 47 (6), 868-879. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2012.748979
  • Ayyagari, M., T. Beck, M. Hoseini (2013). Finance and Poverty: Evidence from India. CEPR Discussion Paper 9497. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2275150 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Beck, T. (2014). Finance and growth: Too much of a good thing?. Revue D'économie du Développement, 22 (HS02), 67-72. https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-du-developpement-2014-HS02-page-67.html adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Levine, R. (2007). Finance, inequality and the poor. Journal of Economic Growth, 12, 27-49. doi: 10.1007/s10887-007-9010-6
  • Clark, G. L. (2005). Money flows like mercury: The geography of global finance. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 87 (2), 99-112. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3554304 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Dursun, İ. (2016). Küçük ve ortaboy ölçekli işletmelerin finansmana erişim sorunu ve nedenleri. Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2 (1), 1-19. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/finance/issue/61460/917866 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Engelen, E., Faulconbridge, J. (2009). Introduction: Financial geographies the credit crisis as an opportunity to catch economic geography's next boat?. Journal of Economic Geography, 9 (5), 587-595. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbp037
  • Er, B., Şahin, Y. E., Mutlu, M. (2015). Girişimciler için alternatif finansman kaynakları: Mevcut durum ve öneriler. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 1 (1), 31-54. doi: 10.20979/ueyd.182890
  • Eroğlu, M. Y. (2018). Kurumsal iktisatta açılan yeni bir pencere: Douglass C. North perspektifinden kurumların değerlendirilmesi. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 163-178. doi: 10.17541/optimum.390618
  • Fraser, S., Bhaumik, S. K., Wright, M. (2015). What do we know about entrepreneurial finance and its relationship with growth?. International Small Business Journal, 33 (1), 70-88. doi: 10.1177/0266242614547827
  • Frimanslund, T., Kwiatkowski, G. Oklevik, O. (2022). The role of finance in the literature of entrepreneurial ecosystems, European Planning Studies, 31 (2), 372-391. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2022.2055962
  • Gorodnichenko, Y., Schnitzer, M. (2013). Financial constraints and innovation: Why poor countries don’t catch up. Journal of the European Economic Association, 11(5), 1115-1152. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24538808 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Gönel Doğaner, F. (2016). Kalkınma Ekonomisi. 3. Baskı, Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • Hur, J., Raj, M., Riyanto, Y. E. (2006). Finance and trade: A cross-country empirical analysis on the impact of financial development and asset tangibility on international trade. World Development, 34 (10), 1728-1741. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.003
  • Jinjarak, Y., Wignaraja, G. (2016). An empirical assessment of the export—financial constraint relationship: How different are small and medium enterprises?. World Development, 79, 152-163. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.012
  • Kapitsinis, N., Munday, M., Roberts, A. (2021). Exploring a low SME equity equilibrium in Wales. European Planning Studies, 29 (10), 1777-1797. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2021.1882945
  • Kaygalak, İ. (2013). Kurumsal Rkonomik Coğrafya Yaklaşımı: Tanımı, Kavramsal Çerçevesi ve İçeriği, Prof.Dr.Asaf Koçman’a Armağan (Edt. Ertuğ Öner), Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları, No 180, Bornova-İzmir, 347-360
  • Krishnan, K., Nandy, D. K., Puri, M. (2015). Does financing spur small business productivity? Evidence from a natural experiment. The Review of Financial Studies, 28 (6), 1768-1809. doi: 10.1093/rfs/hhu087
  • Lee, N., Brown, R. (2017). Innovation, SMEs and the liability of distance: the demand and supply of bank funding in UK peripheral regions, Journal of Economic Geography, 17 (1), 233–260. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbw011
  • Lee, N., Sameen, H., Cowling, M. (2015). Access to finance for innovative SMEs since the financial crisis. Research Policy, 44 (2), 370-380. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.09.008
  • Lee, R., Clark, G. L., Pollard, J., Leyshon, A. (2009). The remit of financial geography before and after the crisis. Journal of Economic Geography, 9 (5), 723-747. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbp035
  • Lee, N., Luca, D. (2019). The big-city bias in access to finance: Evidence from firm perceptions in almost 100 countries. Journal of Economic Geography, 19(1), 199-224.
  • Leendertse, J., Schrijvers, M., Stam, E. (2022). Measure twice, cut once: Entrepreneurial ecosystem metrics. Research Policy, 51, 104336, 1-27. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2021.104336
  • Levine, O., Warusawitharana, M. (2021). Finance and productivity growth: Firm-level evidence. Journal of Monetary Economics, 117, 91-107. doi: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2019.11.009
  • Leyshon, A., French, S., Signoretta, P. (2008). Financial exclusion and the geography of bank and building society branch closure in Britain. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 33 (4), 447-465. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30135327 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Leyshon, A., Thrift, N. (1994). Access to financial services and financial infrastructure withdrawal: Problems and policies. Area, 26 (3), 268-275. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20003457.pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Leyshon, A., Thrift, N. (1995). Geographies of financial exclusion: financial abandonment in Britain and the United States. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20 (3), 312-341. doi: 10.2307/622654
  • Lök, H. (2018). Finansmana erişim çerçevesinde Dünya Bankası kaynaklı özel sektör proje kredileri: Türkiye uygulaması. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7 (4). 355-373 https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mjss/issue/43010/520786 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • MacKinnon, D., Cumbers, A. (2018). An Introduction to Economic Geography: Globalisation, Uneven Development and Place. Routledge. ss.47-48
  • Minetti, R., Zhu, S. C. (2011). Credit constraints and firm export: Microeconomic evidence from Italy. Journal of International Economics, 83 (2), 109-125. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2010.12.004
  • North, D. C. (2002). Kurumlar Kurumsal Değişim ve Ekonomik Performans. İstanbul: Sabancı Üniversitesi. Pike, A., Pollard, J. (2010). Economic geographies of financialization. Economic Geography, 86 (1), 29-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01057.x
  • Rioja, F., Valev, N. (2004). Does one size fit all?: A reexamination of the finance and growth relationship. Journal of Development Economics, 74 (2), 429-447. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.06.006
  • Sokol, M. (2013). Towards a ‘newer’ economic geography? Injecting finance and financialisation into economic geographies. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy And Society, 6 (3), 501-515. doi: 10.1093/cjres/rst022
  • Turner, G. (2011). Financial geography and access as determinants of exports. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 4 (2), 269-286. doi:10.1093/cjres/rsr007
  • Tuysuz, S. (2017a). Kalkınmada ve rekabetçilikte girişimci derneklerinin rolü: Kayseri örneği, Ankara Üniversitesi, osyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Coğrafya (Bölgesel) Anabilim Dalı, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
  • Tuysuz, S. (2017b). Kurumsal ve ilişkisel ekonomik coğrafya yaklaşımları ve işlemselleştirilmesi. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 15 (2), 1-16. doi: 10.1501/Cogbil_0000000184
  • Xiao, L., Ritchie, B. (2009). Access to finance for high-tech SMEs: regional differences in China. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 27 (2), 246-262. doi: 10.1068/c0817b
  • Zhao, T., Jones-Evans, D. (2017). SMEs, banks and the spatial differentiation of access to finance. Journal of Economic Geography, 17 (4), 791-824. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbw029
  • URL 1, 23.02.2023 tarihinde https://genderdata.worldbank.org/indicators/fin22a-t-a adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • URL 2, 23.02.2023 tarihinde https://genderdata.worldbank.org/indicators/fin22c-a adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • URL 3, 23.02.2023 tarihinde https://genderdata.worldbank.org/indicators/fin22b-t-a adresinden edinilmiştir.

Do the Channels of Access to Finance Differ with Regard to the Income Level of Countries?

Year 2023, Volume: 21 Issue: 2, 235 - 247, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.33688/aucbd.1262617

Abstract

This research focuses on the relationship between the income level of countries and their financial access channels. In this context, data about accession to finance by World Bank are used. These channels are defined as bank, family, relatives, friends, and savings clubs. In the study, banks are defined as formal institutions, while family, relatives, friends, and savings clubs are defined as informal institutions. The data covers the years 2011, 2014, and 2017. The income level of countries is classified into four categories based on the World Bank’s data. Correlation and ANOVA tests were implemented to understand the relationship and differentiation between the use of these mechanisms and countries’ income classification. Our findings indicate that as long as the income level of countries increases, people conduct formal institutions to get access to finance, while the income level of countries, people conduct informal institutions to get access to finance. ANOVA results showed that the income level of countries and the rate of using formal and informal institutions differ significantly.

References

  • Aoyama, Y., Berndt, C., Glückler, J., Leslie, D. (2011). Emerging themes in economic geography: Outcomes of the economic geography 2010 workshop. Economic Geography, 87 (2), 111-126. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2011.01114.x
  • Appleyard, L. (2013). The geographies of access to enterprise finance: The case of the West Midlands, UK. Regional Studies, 47 (6), 868-879. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2012.748979
  • Ayyagari, M., T. Beck, M. Hoseini (2013). Finance and Poverty: Evidence from India. CEPR Discussion Paper 9497. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2275150 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Beck, T. (2014). Finance and growth: Too much of a good thing?. Revue D'économie du Développement, 22 (HS02), 67-72. https://www.cairn.info/revue-d-economie-du-developpement-2014-HS02-page-67.html adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., Levine, R. (2007). Finance, inequality and the poor. Journal of Economic Growth, 12, 27-49. doi: 10.1007/s10887-007-9010-6
  • Clark, G. L. (2005). Money flows like mercury: The geography of global finance. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 87 (2), 99-112. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3554304 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Dursun, İ. (2016). Küçük ve ortaboy ölçekli işletmelerin finansmana erişim sorunu ve nedenleri. Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2 (1), 1-19. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/finance/issue/61460/917866 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Engelen, E., Faulconbridge, J. (2009). Introduction: Financial geographies the credit crisis as an opportunity to catch economic geography's next boat?. Journal of Economic Geography, 9 (5), 587-595. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbp037
  • Er, B., Şahin, Y. E., Mutlu, M. (2015). Girişimciler için alternatif finansman kaynakları: Mevcut durum ve öneriler. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 1 (1), 31-54. doi: 10.20979/ueyd.182890
  • Eroğlu, M. Y. (2018). Kurumsal iktisatta açılan yeni bir pencere: Douglass C. North perspektifinden kurumların değerlendirilmesi. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 163-178. doi: 10.17541/optimum.390618
  • Fraser, S., Bhaumik, S. K., Wright, M. (2015). What do we know about entrepreneurial finance and its relationship with growth?. International Small Business Journal, 33 (1), 70-88. doi: 10.1177/0266242614547827
  • Frimanslund, T., Kwiatkowski, G. Oklevik, O. (2022). The role of finance in the literature of entrepreneurial ecosystems, European Planning Studies, 31 (2), 372-391. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2022.2055962
  • Gorodnichenko, Y., Schnitzer, M. (2013). Financial constraints and innovation: Why poor countries don’t catch up. Journal of the European Economic Association, 11(5), 1115-1152. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24538808 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Gönel Doğaner, F. (2016). Kalkınma Ekonomisi. 3. Baskı, Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
  • Hur, J., Raj, M., Riyanto, Y. E. (2006). Finance and trade: A cross-country empirical analysis on the impact of financial development and asset tangibility on international trade. World Development, 34 (10), 1728-1741. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.02.003
  • Jinjarak, Y., Wignaraja, G. (2016). An empirical assessment of the export—financial constraint relationship: How different are small and medium enterprises?. World Development, 79, 152-163. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.012
  • Kapitsinis, N., Munday, M., Roberts, A. (2021). Exploring a low SME equity equilibrium in Wales. European Planning Studies, 29 (10), 1777-1797. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2021.1882945
  • Kaygalak, İ. (2013). Kurumsal Rkonomik Coğrafya Yaklaşımı: Tanımı, Kavramsal Çerçevesi ve İçeriği, Prof.Dr.Asaf Koçman’a Armağan (Edt. Ertuğ Öner), Ege Üniversitesi Yayınları, No 180, Bornova-İzmir, 347-360
  • Krishnan, K., Nandy, D. K., Puri, M. (2015). Does financing spur small business productivity? Evidence from a natural experiment. The Review of Financial Studies, 28 (6), 1768-1809. doi: 10.1093/rfs/hhu087
  • Lee, N., Brown, R. (2017). Innovation, SMEs and the liability of distance: the demand and supply of bank funding in UK peripheral regions, Journal of Economic Geography, 17 (1), 233–260. doi:10.1093/jeg/lbw011
  • Lee, N., Sameen, H., Cowling, M. (2015). Access to finance for innovative SMEs since the financial crisis. Research Policy, 44 (2), 370-380. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.09.008
  • Lee, R., Clark, G. L., Pollard, J., Leyshon, A. (2009). The remit of financial geography before and after the crisis. Journal of Economic Geography, 9 (5), 723-747. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbp035
  • Lee, N., Luca, D. (2019). The big-city bias in access to finance: Evidence from firm perceptions in almost 100 countries. Journal of Economic Geography, 19(1), 199-224.
  • Leendertse, J., Schrijvers, M., Stam, E. (2022). Measure twice, cut once: Entrepreneurial ecosystem metrics. Research Policy, 51, 104336, 1-27. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2021.104336
  • Levine, O., Warusawitharana, M. (2021). Finance and productivity growth: Firm-level evidence. Journal of Monetary Economics, 117, 91-107. doi: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2019.11.009
  • Leyshon, A., French, S., Signoretta, P. (2008). Financial exclusion and the geography of bank and building society branch closure in Britain. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 33 (4), 447-465. https://www.jstor.org/stable/30135327 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Leyshon, A., Thrift, N. (1994). Access to financial services and financial infrastructure withdrawal: Problems and policies. Area, 26 (3), 268-275. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/20003457.pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Leyshon, A., Thrift, N. (1995). Geographies of financial exclusion: financial abandonment in Britain and the United States. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20 (3), 312-341. doi: 10.2307/622654
  • Lök, H. (2018). Finansmana erişim çerçevesinde Dünya Bankası kaynaklı özel sektör proje kredileri: Türkiye uygulaması. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7 (4). 355-373 https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mjss/issue/43010/520786 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • MacKinnon, D., Cumbers, A. (2018). An Introduction to Economic Geography: Globalisation, Uneven Development and Place. Routledge. ss.47-48
  • Minetti, R., Zhu, S. C. (2011). Credit constraints and firm export: Microeconomic evidence from Italy. Journal of International Economics, 83 (2), 109-125. doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2010.12.004
  • North, D. C. (2002). Kurumlar Kurumsal Değişim ve Ekonomik Performans. İstanbul: Sabancı Üniversitesi. Pike, A., Pollard, J. (2010). Economic geographies of financialization. Economic Geography, 86 (1), 29-51. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01057.x
  • Rioja, F., Valev, N. (2004). Does one size fit all?: A reexamination of the finance and growth relationship. Journal of Development Economics, 74 (2), 429-447. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.06.006
  • Sokol, M. (2013). Towards a ‘newer’ economic geography? Injecting finance and financialisation into economic geographies. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy And Society, 6 (3), 501-515. doi: 10.1093/cjres/rst022
  • Turner, G. (2011). Financial geography and access as determinants of exports. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 4 (2), 269-286. doi:10.1093/cjres/rsr007
  • Tuysuz, S. (2017a). Kalkınmada ve rekabetçilikte girişimci derneklerinin rolü: Kayseri örneği, Ankara Üniversitesi, osyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Coğrafya (Bölgesel) Anabilim Dalı, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara.
  • Tuysuz, S. (2017b). Kurumsal ve ilişkisel ekonomik coğrafya yaklaşımları ve işlemselleştirilmesi. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 15 (2), 1-16. doi: 10.1501/Cogbil_0000000184
  • Xiao, L., Ritchie, B. (2009). Access to finance for high-tech SMEs: regional differences in China. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 27 (2), 246-262. doi: 10.1068/c0817b
  • Zhao, T., Jones-Evans, D. (2017). SMEs, banks and the spatial differentiation of access to finance. Journal of Economic Geography, 17 (4), 791-824. doi: 10.1093/jeg/lbw029
  • URL 1, 23.02.2023 tarihinde https://genderdata.worldbank.org/indicators/fin22a-t-a adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • URL 2, 23.02.2023 tarihinde https://genderdata.worldbank.org/indicators/fin22c-a adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • URL 3, 23.02.2023 tarihinde https://genderdata.worldbank.org/indicators/fin22b-t-a adresinden edinilmiştir.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Human Geography, Economic Geography
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Suat Tuysuz 0000-0002-6598-0746

Ecem Balaban 0000-0003-2851-5041

Early Pub Date July 17, 2023
Publication Date October 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 21 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tuysuz, S., & Balaban, E. (2023). Finansmana Erişim Kanalları Ülkelerin Gelişmişlik Düzeyine Göre Farklılaşıyor Mu?. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 21(2), 235-247. https://doi.org/10.33688/aucbd.1262617