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Congenital toxoplasmosis

Year 2015, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 62 - 69, 25.06.2016

Abstract

Abstract

Congenital toxoplasmosis is a disease that can be seen worldwide. Fetus, newborn and infants with congenital Toxoplasma infection are at risk in terms of infection-related complications. As the gestational age increases, infection development risk of the fetus increases but the severity of the disease decreases. Most of the fetuses that are infected at the early stages of pregnancy and can’t be treated are lost in utero or in the neonatal period or severe neurologic and ophthalmologic sequel develops. Diagnosis must be made to differentiate the toxoplasmosis from the other intrauterine infections that present similar findings in the newborns and other causes of the retinal lesions. It is suggested to initiate the treatment in newborns diagnosed prenatally with congenital toxoplasmosis regardless of whether the mothers received treatment during pregnancy and to apply antiparasitic treatment in patients with confirmed diagnosis and strongly suspicious diagnosis.

Keywords: Congenital toxoplasmosis, diagnosis.

Özet

Konjenital toxoplazmosiz yagın görülebilen bir hastalıktır. Konjenital toxoplasma enfeksiyonuna maruz kalmış fetus, yenidoğan ve infantlar, komplikasyonlar yönünden risk altındadırlar. Gebelik haftası arttıkca, hastalığın şiddeti azalmasına ragmen, fetusda enfeksiyon gelişme riski artar. Erken gebelik haftalında enfekte olmuş fetusların çoğunda,  tedavi edilemeyenlerde, inutero veya yenidoğan döneminde tedavide geç kalındığı durumlara beyinde ve gözlerde sekeller gelişir. Toxoplazmosiz diğer intrauterine enfeksiyonlaradan ayırdedilmelidir. Yenidoğanda tedaviye başlamak için, gebeliği sırasında, süpheli ve kesin tanıyla tedavi alıp almamasına bakılmaksızın, konjenital topzoplazmosisin prenatal tanısının konması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar sözcükler: Konjenital toksoplazmozis,tanı

References

  • 1. Berger F, Goulet V, Le Strat Y, Desenclos JC. Toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in France: risk factors and change of prevalence between 1995 and 2003. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2009; 57:241.
  • 2. Remington JS, McLeod R, Wilson CB, Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. In: Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, 7th ed, Remington, JS, Klein, JO, Wilson, CB, et al (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia 2011. p.918.
  • 3. McAuley JB, Boyer KM, Remington JS, McLeod RL. Toxoplasmosis. In: Feigin and Cherry’s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 7th, Cherry JD, Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, et al. (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia 2014. p.2987.
  • 4. Kuman HA, Altıntaş N. Protozoan hastalıkları, Bornova-İzmir, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi; 1996: 112-144
  • 5. Kılıçturgay K., Göral G., Gökırmak F ve ark. Bursa Yöresinde toksoplazma antikoraraştırılması. T Parazitol Derg 1989; 13:23.
  • 6. Toksoplazmoz Paneli, Elazığ 2002
  • 7. Altıntaş N., Yalasığmaz A. İzmir ve çevresindeki insanlarda Toxoplasma antikorlarının araştırılması. Türkiye Perinatoloji Dergisi. 1998: 22 (3); 229-232.
  • 8. Dubey JP, Jones JL. Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:1257.
  • 9. American Academy of Pediatrics. Toxoplasma gondii infections (toxoplasmosis). In: Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 29th, Pickering LK. (Ed), American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL 2012. p.720.
  • 10. Montoya JG, Remington JS. Management of Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:554.
  • 11. SYROCOT (Systematic Review on Congenital Toxoplasmosis) study group, Thiébaut R, Leproust S, et al. Effectiveness of prenatal treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis: a meta-analysis of individual patients' data. Lancet 2007; 369:115.
  • 12. Lynfield R, Ogunmodede F, Guerina NG. Toxoplasmosis. In: Oski's Pediatrics Principles and Practice, 4th ed, McMillan JA, Feigin RD, DeAngelis CD, Jones MD (Eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2006. p.1351.
  • 13. Jamieson SE, de Roubaix LA, Cortina-Borja M, et al. Genetic and epigenetic factors at COL2A1 and ABCA4 influence clinical outcome in congenital toxoplasmosis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2285.
  • 14. Gilbert RE, Freeman K, Lago EG, et al. Ocular sequelae of congenital toxoplasmosis in Brazil compared with Europe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e277.
  • 15. Tamma P. Toxoplasmosis. Pediatr Rev 2007; 28:470.
  • 16. Couvreur J, Desmonts G, Tournier G, Szusterkac M. [A homogeneous series of 210 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis in 0 to 11-month-old infants detected prospectively]. Ann Pediatr (Paris) 1984; 31:815.
  • 17. Alford CA Jr, Stagno S, Reynolds DW. Congenital toxoplasmosis: clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic considerations, with special reference to subclinical disease. Bull N Y Acad Med 1974; 50:160.
  • 18. Guerina NG, Hsu HW, Meissner HC, et al. Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. The New England Regional Toxoplasma Working Group. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1858.
  • 19. Wilson CB, Remington JS, Stagno S, Reynolds DW. Development of adverse sequelae in children born with subclinical congenital Toxoplasma infection. Pediatrics 1980; 66:767.
  • 20. Eichenwald HF. A study of congenital toxoplasmosis with particular emphasis on clinical manifestations, sequelae and therapy. In: Human Toxoplasmosis, Siim JC (Ed), Munksgaard, Copenhagen 1959.
  • 21. McAuley JB. Toxoplasmosis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008; 27:161.
  • 22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory identification of parasites of public health concern. Toxoplasmosis [Toxoplasma gondii]. http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Toxoplasmosis.htm (Accessed on December 13, 2010).
  • 23. Wong SY, Hajdu MP, Ramirez R, et al. Role of specific immunoglobulin E in diagnosis of acute toxoplasma infection and toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2952.
  • 24. Contopoulos-Ioannidis D, Montoya JG. Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis). In: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 4th, Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG. (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Edinburgh 2012. p.1308.
  • 25. Wilson CB, Remington JS, Stagno S, Reynolds DW. Development of adverse sequelae in children born with subclinical congenital Toxoplasma infection. Pediatrics 1980; 66:767.
  • 26. Koppe JG, Loewer-Sieger DH, de Roever-Bonnet H. Results of 20-year follow-up of congenital toxoplasmosis. Lancet 1986; 1:254
  • 27. McAuley J, Boyer KM, Patel D, et al. Early and longitudinal evaluations of treated infants and children and untreated historical patients with congenital toxoplasmosis: the Chicago Collaborative Treatment Trial. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18:38.
  • 28. Remington JS, McLeod R, Wilson CB, Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. In: Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, 7th ed, Remington, JS, Klein, JO, Wilson, CB, et al (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia 2011. p.918.
  • 29. Contopoulos-Ioannidis D, Montoya JG. Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis). In: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 4th, Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG. (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Edinburgh 2012. p.1308.
  • 30. Department of Health and Human Services. Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/oi_guidelines_pediatrics.pdf (Accessed on November 20, 2013).
  • 31. McLeod R, Boyer K, Karrison T, et al. Outcome of treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis, 1981-2004: the National Collaborative Chicago-Based, Congenital Toxoplasmosis Study. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:1383.
  • 32. Dannemann B, McCutchan JA, Israelski D, et al. Treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. A randomized trial comparing pyrimethamine plus clindamycin to pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine. The California Collaborative Treatment Group. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116:33.
Year 2015, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 62 - 69, 25.06.2016

Abstract

References

  • 1. Berger F, Goulet V, Le Strat Y, Desenclos JC. Toxoplasmosis among pregnant women in France: risk factors and change of prevalence between 1995 and 2003. Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2009; 57:241.
  • 2. Remington JS, McLeod R, Wilson CB, Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. In: Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, 7th ed, Remington, JS, Klein, JO, Wilson, CB, et al (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia 2011. p.918.
  • 3. McAuley JB, Boyer KM, Remington JS, McLeod RL. Toxoplasmosis. In: Feigin and Cherry’s Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 7th, Cherry JD, Harrison GJ, Kaplan SL, et al. (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia 2014. p.2987.
  • 4. Kuman HA, Altıntaş N. Protozoan hastalıkları, Bornova-İzmir, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi; 1996: 112-144
  • 5. Kılıçturgay K., Göral G., Gökırmak F ve ark. Bursa Yöresinde toksoplazma antikoraraştırılması. T Parazitol Derg 1989; 13:23.
  • 6. Toksoplazmoz Paneli, Elazığ 2002
  • 7. Altıntaş N., Yalasığmaz A. İzmir ve çevresindeki insanlarda Toxoplasma antikorlarının araştırılması. Türkiye Perinatoloji Dergisi. 1998: 22 (3); 229-232.
  • 8. Dubey JP, Jones JL. Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans and animals in the United States. Int J Parasitol 2008; 38:1257.
  • 9. American Academy of Pediatrics. Toxoplasma gondii infections (toxoplasmosis). In: Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 29th, Pickering LK. (Ed), American Academy of Pediatrics, Elk Grove Village, IL 2012. p.720.
  • 10. Montoya JG, Remington JS. Management of Toxoplasma gondii infection during pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:554.
  • 11. SYROCOT (Systematic Review on Congenital Toxoplasmosis) study group, Thiébaut R, Leproust S, et al. Effectiveness of prenatal treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis: a meta-analysis of individual patients' data. Lancet 2007; 369:115.
  • 12. Lynfield R, Ogunmodede F, Guerina NG. Toxoplasmosis. In: Oski's Pediatrics Principles and Practice, 4th ed, McMillan JA, Feigin RD, DeAngelis CD, Jones MD (Eds), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia 2006. p.1351.
  • 13. Jamieson SE, de Roubaix LA, Cortina-Borja M, et al. Genetic and epigenetic factors at COL2A1 and ABCA4 influence clinical outcome in congenital toxoplasmosis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2285.
  • 14. Gilbert RE, Freeman K, Lago EG, et al. Ocular sequelae of congenital toxoplasmosis in Brazil compared with Europe. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e277.
  • 15. Tamma P. Toxoplasmosis. Pediatr Rev 2007; 28:470.
  • 16. Couvreur J, Desmonts G, Tournier G, Szusterkac M. [A homogeneous series of 210 cases of congenital toxoplasmosis in 0 to 11-month-old infants detected prospectively]. Ann Pediatr (Paris) 1984; 31:815.
  • 17. Alford CA Jr, Stagno S, Reynolds DW. Congenital toxoplasmosis: clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic considerations, with special reference to subclinical disease. Bull N Y Acad Med 1974; 50:160.
  • 18. Guerina NG, Hsu HW, Meissner HC, et al. Neonatal serologic screening and early treatment for congenital Toxoplasma gondii infection. The New England Regional Toxoplasma Working Group. N Engl J Med 1994; 330:1858.
  • 19. Wilson CB, Remington JS, Stagno S, Reynolds DW. Development of adverse sequelae in children born with subclinical congenital Toxoplasma infection. Pediatrics 1980; 66:767.
  • 20. Eichenwald HF. A study of congenital toxoplasmosis with particular emphasis on clinical manifestations, sequelae and therapy. In: Human Toxoplasmosis, Siim JC (Ed), Munksgaard, Copenhagen 1959.
  • 21. McAuley JB. Toxoplasmosis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008; 27:161.
  • 22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory identification of parasites of public health concern. Toxoplasmosis [Toxoplasma gondii]. http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Toxoplasmosis.htm (Accessed on December 13, 2010).
  • 23. Wong SY, Hajdu MP, Ramirez R, et al. Role of specific immunoglobulin E in diagnosis of acute toxoplasma infection and toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2952.
  • 24. Contopoulos-Ioannidis D, Montoya JG. Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis). In: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 4th, Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG. (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Edinburgh 2012. p.1308.
  • 25. Wilson CB, Remington JS, Stagno S, Reynolds DW. Development of adverse sequelae in children born with subclinical congenital Toxoplasma infection. Pediatrics 1980; 66:767.
  • 26. Koppe JG, Loewer-Sieger DH, de Roever-Bonnet H. Results of 20-year follow-up of congenital toxoplasmosis. Lancet 1986; 1:254
  • 27. McAuley J, Boyer KM, Patel D, et al. Early and longitudinal evaluations of treated infants and children and untreated historical patients with congenital toxoplasmosis: the Chicago Collaborative Treatment Trial. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18:38.
  • 28. Remington JS, McLeod R, Wilson CB, Desmonts G. Toxoplasmosis. In: Infectious Diseases of the Fetus and Newborn Infant, 7th ed, Remington, JS, Klein, JO, Wilson, CB, et al (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia 2011. p.918.
  • 29. Contopoulos-Ioannidis D, Montoya JG. Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis). In: Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 4th, Long SS, Pickering LK, Prober CG. (Eds), Elsevier Saunders, Edinburgh 2012. p.1308.
  • 30. Department of Health and Human Services. Panel on Opportunistic Infections in HIV-Exposed and HIV-Infected Children. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-exposed and HIV-infected children. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/oi_guidelines_pediatrics.pdf (Accessed on November 20, 2013).
  • 31. McLeod R, Boyer K, Karrison T, et al. Outcome of treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis, 1981-2004: the National Collaborative Chicago-Based, Congenital Toxoplasmosis Study. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:1383.
  • 32. Dannemann B, McCutchan JA, Israelski D, et al. Treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. A randomized trial comparing pyrimethamine plus clindamycin to pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine. The California Collaborative Treatment Group. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116:33.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Clinical Sciences
Authors

Çağlar Yıldız

Özlem Bozoklu Akkar

Savaş Karakuş This is me

Ali Cetin

Publication Date June 25, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yıldız, Ç., Akkar, Ö. B., Karakuş, S., Cetin, A. (2016). Congenital toxoplasmosis. Basic and Clinical Sciences, 4(1), 62-69.
AMA Yıldız Ç, Akkar ÖB, Karakuş S, Cetin A. Congenital toxoplasmosis. Basic and Clinical Sciences. June 2016;4(1):62-69.
Chicago Yıldız, Çağlar, Özlem Bozoklu Akkar, Savaş Karakuş, and Ali Cetin. “Congenital Toxoplasmosis”. Basic and Clinical Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 2016): 62-69.
EndNote Yıldız Ç, Akkar ÖB, Karakuş S, Cetin A (June 1, 2016) Congenital toxoplasmosis. Basic and Clinical Sciences 4 1 62–69.
IEEE Ç. Yıldız, Ö. B. Akkar, S. Karakuş, and A. Cetin, “Congenital toxoplasmosis”, Basic and Clinical Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 62–69, 2016.
ISNAD Yıldız, Çağlar et al. “Congenital Toxoplasmosis”. Basic and Clinical Sciences 4/1 (June 2016), 62-69.
JAMA Yıldız Ç, Akkar ÖB, Karakuş S, Cetin A. Congenital toxoplasmosis. Basic and Clinical Sciences. 2016;4:62–69.
MLA Yıldız, Çağlar et al. “Congenital Toxoplasmosis”. Basic and Clinical Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, 2016, pp. 62-69.
Vancouver Yıldız Ç, Akkar ÖB, Karakuş S, Cetin A. Congenital toxoplasmosis. Basic and Clinical Sciences. 2016;4(1):62-9.