Beyin-Bağırsak-Mikrobiyota Ekseni: Genel Bakış

Mehmet Ekici; Hacer Baş Ekici

Review

Beyin-Bağırsak-Mikrobiyota Ekseni: Genel Bakış

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 16 - 22, 30.06.2021

Mehmet Ekici Hacer Baş Ekici

Abstract

Bağırsak-beyin ekseni, bağırsak sistemi ile merkezi sinir sistemi arasında duygusal ve bilişsel beyin bölgeleri ile periferik bağırsak fonksiyonlarını etkileyen biyokimyasal çift yönlü bir iletişim ağıdır. Bağırsak, mikrobiyota ve beyin arasındaki bu çift yönlü iletişim, endokrin, immün-humoral bağlantılar ve metabolitlerle sağlanır. Bağırsak mikrobiyotası poliaminler, nöropeptid benzeri bileşikler, nörotransmitterler ve nöromodülatör maddeler üretme yeteneğine sahiptir. Öncelikle bu metabolitler ve maddeler mikrobiyota-bağırsak etkileşim alanına yol açar ve beyin-bağırsak-mikrobiyota eksenini oluşturur. Beyin, sağlıklı bir enterik sistem ve sürdürülebilir dengeli bir mikrobiyota popülasyonu düzenleyicisidir. Benzer şekilde, enterik sistem ve mikrobiyota, normal merkezi sinir sistemi işleyişini düzenler ve tüm organizmanın homeokinesisini sürdürmek için merkezi sinir sistemi ile etkileşime girer. Ayrıca araştırmalar bağırsak mikrobiyotasının iltihaplı bağırsak hastalığından kansere ve şizofreniye kadar birçok fizyopatolojik süreçte önemli roller oynadığını da ortaya koymaktadır. Bağırsak mikrobiyotasının basit manipülasyonlarının, birçok karmaşık bağırsak ve merkezi sinir sistemi hastalığı için yeni tedavi yöntemlerine ilişkin bilgiler sağlayabileceği düşünülmektedir. Sonuç olarak; beyin-bağırsak-mikrobiyota ekseninin organizmanın homeokinesisinin sürdürülmesinde çok önemli olduğu ve bu eksendeki bozuklukların bazı hastalıkların oluşmasında kritik rol oynadığı açıktır. Bu derlemede beyin-bağırsak-mikrobiyota arasında iyi bilinen fizyolojik ve fizyopatolojik etkileşimlerin özetlenerek açıklanması amaçlandı.

Keywords

Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası, Beyin-Bağırsak Ekseni, Enterik Sistem, Merkezi Sinir Sistemi

References

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Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis: An Overview

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 16 - 22, 30.06.2021

Mehmet Ekici Hacer Baş Ekici

Abstract

The gut-brain axis is a biochemical bidirectional communication network between the intestinal system and the central nervous system, affecting emotional and cognitive brain regions and peripheral bowel functions. The brain is provided by endocrine, immune, humoral connections, and metabolites in this bidirectional communication between the gut and microbiota. The intestinal microbiota can produce polyamines, neuropeptide-like compounds, neurotransmitters, and neuromodulatory substances. First, these metabolites and substances lead to the microbiota-gut interaction area and form the brain-gut-microbiota axis. Similarly, the enteric system and microbiota interact with the central nervous system to maintain normal central nervous system functioning and homeokinesis of organismus totale. In addition, studies reveal that the intestinal microbiota plays an important role in many physiopathological processes, from inflammatory bowel disease to cancer and schizophrenia. Simple manipulations of the gut microbiota can provide information on new treatment methods for many complex intestinal and central nervous system diseases. As a result; It is clear that the brain-gut-microbiota axis is critical in maintaining the homeokinesis of the organism and disorders in this axis play a critical role in the development of some diseases. This review, it is aimed to summarize and explain well-known physiological and physiopathological interactions between brain-gut-microbiota.

Keywords

Central Nervous System, Enteric System, Gut-Brain Axis, Intestinal Microbiota

References

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14. Talley NJ, Fodor AA. Bugs, stool, and the irritable bowel syndrome: too much is as bad as too little? Gastroenterology 2011; 141: 1555–1559. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.09.019.
15. Zhu Q, Gao R, Wu W, Qin H. The role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Tumour biology : The journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine 2013; 34: 1285–1300. doi:10.1007/s13277-013-0684-4.
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17. Lyte M. Microbial endocrinology and nutrition: a perspective on new mechanisms by which diet can influence gut-to-brain communication. Pharma Nutrition 2013; 1: 35–39. doi:10.1016/j.phanu.2012.11.002.
18. Collins SM, Surette M, Bercik P. The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2012; 10: 735–742. doi:10.1038/nrmicro2876.
19. Lyte M, Erickson AK, Arulanandam BP, Frank CD, Crawford MA, et al. Norepinephrine-induced expression of the K99 pilus adhesin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1997; 232: 682–686. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1997.6356.
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21. Collins SM, Kassam Z, Bercik P. The adoptive transfer of behavioral phenotype via the intestinal microbiota: experimental evidence and clinical implications. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2013; 16: 240–245. doi:10.1016/j.mib.2013.06.004.
22. Bravo JA, Forsythe P, Chew MV, Escaravage E, Savignac HM, et al. Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011; 108: 16050–16055. doi:10.1073/pnas.1102999108.
23. Shalaby AR. Significance of biogenic amines in food safety and human health. Food Research International 1996; 29: 675–690. doi:10.1016/S0963-9969(96)00066-X.
24. Mertz H. Role of the brain and sensory pathways in gastrointestinal sensory disorders in humans. Gastroenterology 2002; 51: 29–33. doi:10.1136/gut.51.suppl_1.i29.
25. Raybould HE. Gut chemosensing: interactions between gut endocrine cells and visceral afferents. Autonomic Neuroscience 2010; 153: 41–46. doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2009.07.007.
26. Wren AM, Bloom SR. Gut hormones and appetite control. Gastroenterology 2007; 132: 2116–2130. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.03.048.
27. Holzer P, Reichmann F, Farzi A. Neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide in the gut-brain axis. Neuropeptides 2012; 46: 261–274. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2012.08.005.
28. Lutter M, Sakata I, Osborne-Lawrence S, Rovinsky SA, Anderson JG, et al. The orexigenic hormone ghrelin defends against depressive symptoms of chronic stress. Nature Neuroscience 2008; 11: 752–753. doi:10.1038/nn.2139.
29. Gulec G, Isbil-Buyukcoskun N, Kahveci N. Effects of centrally-injected glucagon-like peptide-1 on pilocarpine-induced seizures, anxiety and locomotor and exploratory activity in rat. Neuropeptides 2010; 44: 285–291. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2010.02.002.
30. Iwai T, Hayashi Y, Narita S, Kasuya Y, Jin K, et al. Antidepressant-like effects of glucagon-like peptide-2 in mice occur via monoamine pathways. Behavioural Brain Research 2009; 204: 235–240. doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.06.020.
31. Eisenhofer G, Kopin IJ, Goldstein DS. Catecholamine metabolism: a contemporary view with implications for physiology and medicine. Pharmacological Reviews 2004; 56: 331–349. doi:10.1124/pr.56.3.1.
32. Hughes DT, Sperandio V. Interkingdom signalling: communication between bacteria and their hosts. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2008; 6: 111–120. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1836.
33. Cogan TA, Thomas AO, Rees LEN, Taylor AH, Jepson MA, et al. Norepinephrine increases the pathogenic potential of Campylobacter jejuni. Gut 2007; 56: 1060–1065. doi:10.1136/gut.2006.114926.
34. Smith DK, Kassam T, Singh B, Elliott JF. Escherichia coli has two homologous glutamate decarboxylase genes that map to distinct loci. Journal of Bacteriology 1992; 174: 5820–5826. doi:10.1128/jb.174.18.5820-5826.1992.
35. Yokoyama S, Hiramatsu J, Hayakawa K. Production of gamma-aminobutyric acid from alcohol distillery lees by Lactobacillus brevis IFO-12005. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 2002; 93: 95–97. 36. Mayer EA, Tillisch K. The brain-gut axis in abdominal pain syndromes. Annual Review of Medicine 2011; 62: 381–383. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-012309-103958.
37. Dotson VM, Beydoun MA, Zonderman AB. Recurrent depressive symptoms and the incidence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Neurology 2010; 75: 27–34. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181e62124.
38. McLean PG, Borman RA, Lee K. 5-HT in the enteric nervous system: gut function and neuropharmacology. Trends in Neurosciences 2007; 30: 9–13. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2006.11.002.
39. Folks DG. The interface of psychiatry and irritable bowel syndrome. Current Psychiatry Reports 2004; 6: 210–215. doi:10.1007/s11920-004-0066-0.
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Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Veterinary Sciences
Journal Section	Reviews
Authors	Mehmet Ekici 0000-0002-2163-6214 Hacer Baş Ekici 0000-0003-1941-1830
Publication Date	June 30, 2021
Submission Date	April 25, 2021
Published in Issue	Year 2021 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver	Ekici M, Ekici HB. Beyin-Bağırsak-Mikrobiyota Ekseni: Genel Bakış. Bozok Vet Sci. 2021;2(1):16-22.

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