Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 114 - 121, 28.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1059505

Abstract

Supporting Institution

Bulunmamaktadır.

Project Number

Bulunmamaktadır.

Thanks

Değerli katkılarından ötürü, Emine Emsal Demirel'e teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Loesche WJ. Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol Rev. 1986;50(4):353–380. DOI: 10.1128/mr.50.4.353-380.1986.
  • Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, Ekstrand K, Weintraub JA, Ramos-Gomez F, Tagami J, Twetman S, Tsakos G, Ismail A. Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3(1):17030. DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.30.
  • Anil S, Anand PS. Early childhood caries: Prevalence, risk factors, and prevention. Front Pediatr. 2017;5:157. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00157.
  • Vergnes JN, Kaminski M, Lelong N, Musset AM, Sixou M, Nabet C. Frequency and risk indicators of tooth decay among pregnant women in France: A cross-sectional analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e33296. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033296.
  • Steinberg BJ, Hilton IV, Iida H, Samelson R. Oral health and dental care during pregnancy. Dent Clin North Am. 2013;57(2):195–210. DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2013.01.002.
  • Enabulele J, Ibhawoh L. Resident obstetricians’ awareness of the oral health component in management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:388. DOI: 10.1186/s12884-014-0388-9.
  • Orloff NC, Flammer A, Hartnett J, Liquorman S, Samelson R, Hormes JM. Food cravings in pregnancy: Preliminary evidence for a role in excess gestational weight gain. Appetite. 2016;105:259–265. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.040.
  • Tadakamadla SK, Agarwal P, Jain P, Balasubramanyam G, Duraiswamy P, Kulkarni S. Dental status and its socio-demographic influences among pregnant women attending a maternity hospital in India. Rev Clín Pesq Odontol. 2007;3:183–192.
  • Holmes RD. Tooth brushing frequency and risk of new carious lesions. Evid Based Dent. 2016;17(4):98–99. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ebd.6401196.
  • König KG. Role of fluoride toothpastes in a caries-preventive strategy. Caries Res. 1993;27(1):23–28. DOI: 10.1159/000261598.
  • Twetman S, Axelsson S, Dahlgren H, Holm AK, Källestål C, Lagerlöf F, Lingström P, Mejàre I, Nordenram G, Norlund A, Petersson LG, Söder B. Caries-preventive effect of fluoride toothpaste: A systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand. 2003;61(6):347–355. DOI: 10.1080/00016350310007590.
  • Hatipoğlu Z, Özbay Yavlal G, Kargül B. Effects of different fluoride-containing toothpastes on in vitro enamel remineralization. Bezmialem Science. 2019;7(1):12–17. DOI: 10.14235/bas.galenos.2018.1810.
  • Abanto Alvarez J, Rezende KM, Marocho SM, Alves FB, Celiberti P, Ciamponi AL. Dental fluorosis: Exposure, prevention and management. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009;14(2):E103–107.
  • Unde MP, Patil RU, Dastoor PP. The untold story of fluoridation: Revisiting the changing perspectives. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2018;22(3):121–127. DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.IJOEM_124_18.
  • Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Sheiham A, Logan S. One topical fluoride (toothpastes, or mouthrinses, or gels, or varnishes) versus another for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;2004(1):CD002780. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002780.pub2.
  • Cuzzolin L, Francini-Pesenti F, Verlato G, Joppi M, Baldelli P, Benoni G. Use of herbal products among 392 Italian pregnant women: focus on pregnancy outcome. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010;19(11):1151–1158. DOI: 10.1002/pds.2040.
  • Cronin C, McCarthy G. First-time pregnant women -identifying their needs, perceptions and experiences. J Clin Nurs. 2003;12(2):260–267. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00684.x.
  • Wilkins C. A qualitative study exploring the support needs of first-time pregnant women on their journey towards intuitive parenting. Midwifery. 2006;22(2):169–180. DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2005.07.001.
  • Feng XL, Wen C. Evaluation of a pilot program that integrated prenatal screening into routine antenatal care in western rural China: An interrupted time-series study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2020;6:100075. DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100075.
  • Novick G. Women’s experience of prenatal care: An integrative review. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2009;54(3):226–237. DOI:10.1016/j.jmwh.2009.02.003.
  • Artieta-Pinedo I, Paz-Pascual C, Grandes G, Espinosa M. Framework for the establishment of a feasible, tailored and effective perinatal education programme. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):58. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2009.02.003.
  • Afaya A, Azongo TB, Dzomeku VM, Afaya RA, Salia SM, Adatara P, Kaba Alhassan R, Amponsah AK, Atakro CA, Adadem D, Asiedu EO, Amuna P, Amogre Ayanore M. Women’s knowledge and its associated factors regarding optimum utilisation of antenatal care in rural Ghana: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0234575. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234575.
  • Glassman P, Miller CE. Effect of preventive dentistry training program for caregivers in community facilities on caregiver and client behavior and client oral hygiene. NY State Dent J. 2006;72(2):38–46.
  • Hitz-Lindenmüller I, Lambrecht JT. Oral care. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2011;40:107–115. DOI: 10.1159/000321060. Epub 2011 Feb 10.
  • TURKSTAT, TÜİK. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Birth-Statistics-2020-37229&dil=2 (Available: 18.01.2022).
  • Lakshmi SV, Srilatha A, Satyanarayana D, Reddy LS, Chalapathi SB, Meenakshi S. Oral health knowledge among a cohort of pregnant women in south India: A questionnaire survey. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(6):3015–3019. DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_329_20.
  • Gaszyńska E, Klepacz-Szewczyk J, Trafalska E, Garus-Pakowska A, Szatko F. Dental awareness and oral health of pregnant women in Poland. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2015;28(3):603–611. DOI: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00183.
  • Pentapati KC, Acharya S, Bhat M, Rao SK, Singh S. Knowledge of dental decay and associated factors among pregnant women: A study from rural India. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2013;11(2):161–168. DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a29734.
  • Turgut N, Güldür A, Çakmakçı H, Şerbetçi G, Yıldırım F, Ender Yumru A, Bebek A, Gülova SS. Gebe okulunda eğitim alan gebelerin bilgi düzeyleri üzerine bir araştırma (A study about knowledge level of pregnants that educated in pregnancy school). JAREN. 2017;3(1):1–8. (Turkish)
  • Edmunds W, Smedley PL. Fluoride in natural waters. Selinus O, Alloway B, Centeno JA, Finkelman RB, Fuge R, Lindh U, Smedley PL. Essentials of Medical Geology. Springer; 2013.p.311–336. DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-4375-5_13.
  • O’Mullane DM, Baez RJ, Jones S, Lennon MA, Petersen PE, Rugg-Gunn AJ, Whelton H, Whitford GM. Fluoride and oral health. Community Dent Health. 2016;33(2):69–99. DOI:10.1922/CDH_3707O’Mullane31
  • Yeung CA. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation. Evid Based Dent. 2008;9(2):39–43. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ebd.6400578.
  • Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Worthington HV, Walsh T, O’Malley L, Clarkson JE, Macey R, Alam R, Tugwell P, Welch V, Glenny AM. Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(6):CD010856. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010856.pub2.
  • World Health Organization. WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine Geneva: World Health Organization: 2019 Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  • Barnes J, McLachlan AJ, Sherwin CM, Enioutina EY. Herbal medicines: Challenges in the modern world. Part 1. Australia and New Zealand. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016;9(7):905–915. DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2016.1171712.
  • Teng L, Zu Q, Li G, Yu T, Job KM, Yang X, Di L, Sherwin CM, Enioutina EY. Herbal medicines: Challenges in the modern world. Part 3. China and Japan. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016;9(9):1225–1233. DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2016.1195263. Epub 2016 Jun 8.
  • Louik C, Gardiner P, Kelley K, Mitchell AA. Use of herbal treatments in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(5):439.e1–439.e10. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.01.055.
  • Abdollahi F, Yazdani Chareti J. The relationship between women’s characteristics and herbal medicines use during pregnancy. Women Health. 2019;59(6):579–590. DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2017.1421285. Epub 2019 Mar 27.
  • George J, Hegde S, Rajesh KS, Kumar A. The efficacy of a herbal-based toothpaste in the control of plaque and gingivitis: A clinico-biochemical study. Indian J Dent Res. 2009;20(4):480–482. DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.59460.
  • Laleman I, Teughels W. Novel natural product-based oral topical rinses and toothpastes to prevent periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000. 2020;84(1):102–123. DOI: 10.1111/prd.12339.
  • Celik ZC, Yavlal GO, Yanıkoglu F, Kargul B, Tagtekin D, Stookey GK, Peker S, Hayran O. Do ginger extract, natural honey and bitter chocolate remineralize enamel surface as fluoride toothpastes? An in-vitro study. Niger J Clin Pract. 2021;24(9):1283–1288. DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_683_20.
  • Tomassoni AJ, Simone K. Herbal medicines for children: An illusion of safety? Curr Opin Pediatr. 2001;13(2):162–169. DOI: 10.1097/00008480-200104000-00014.
  • Wapniarska K, Buła K, Hilt A. Parent’s pro-health awareness concerning oral health of their children in the light of survey research. Przegl Epidemiol. 2016;70(1):59–63,137–140.

Knowledge and Attitudes of Pregnant Women with and without Children about Fluoride and Herbal Toothpastes

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 114 - 121, 28.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1059505

Abstract

Objective: Objective: Pregnant women may be vulnerable to dental caries due to their inability to fully implement oral hygiene practices. Toothpastes are main component of oral hygiene and the most important tool for the primary prevention of caries. The study aimed to examine the knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women with children (PC) and without children (PNC) about fluoride and herbal toothpastes.
Methods: A self-administered and validated 20-item questionnaire was completed by a total of 219 pregnant participants, 85 PC and 134 PNC. Statistical analyses were performed using the SciPy v1.2.3. program.
Results: Most of the PC (57.65%; 69.41%) and PNC (72.39%; 47.76%) participants responded with “no idea” when asked about fluoride sources and the optimal amount of fluoride added to tap water by local health authorities (p= .006). The majority of the PC (62.4%) and the PNC (47.0%) had no preference for herbal toothpastes during pregnancy (p= .03). In addition, 86.6% of the PNC showed low knowledge about the nonfluoride content of herbal toothpastes (p= .023). While 51.5% of the PNC responded with “no idea” about a preference for herbal toothpastes for their children, 56.47% of the PC stated that they might not prefer using herbal toothpastes for their children’s routine oral hygiene.
Conclusion: The findings show that both PC and PNC participants had little knowledge of toothpastes and their contents. Considering that toothpastes are the most common self-applied oral hygiene tools, knowledge and awareness of fluoride and herbal toothpastes should be raised via antenatal programs.

Project Number

Bulunmamaktadır.

References

  • Loesche WJ. Role of Streptococcus mutans in human dental decay. Microbiol Rev. 1986;50(4):353–380. DOI: 10.1128/mr.50.4.353-380.1986.
  • Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, Ekstrand K, Weintraub JA, Ramos-Gomez F, Tagami J, Twetman S, Tsakos G, Ismail A. Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3(1):17030. DOI: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.30.
  • Anil S, Anand PS. Early childhood caries: Prevalence, risk factors, and prevention. Front Pediatr. 2017;5:157. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2017.00157.
  • Vergnes JN, Kaminski M, Lelong N, Musset AM, Sixou M, Nabet C. Frequency and risk indicators of tooth decay among pregnant women in France: A cross-sectional analysis. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e33296. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033296.
  • Steinberg BJ, Hilton IV, Iida H, Samelson R. Oral health and dental care during pregnancy. Dent Clin North Am. 2013;57(2):195–210. DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2013.01.002.
  • Enabulele J, Ibhawoh L. Resident obstetricians’ awareness of the oral health component in management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:388. DOI: 10.1186/s12884-014-0388-9.
  • Orloff NC, Flammer A, Hartnett J, Liquorman S, Samelson R, Hormes JM. Food cravings in pregnancy: Preliminary evidence for a role in excess gestational weight gain. Appetite. 2016;105:259–265. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.040.
  • Tadakamadla SK, Agarwal P, Jain P, Balasubramanyam G, Duraiswamy P, Kulkarni S. Dental status and its socio-demographic influences among pregnant women attending a maternity hospital in India. Rev Clín Pesq Odontol. 2007;3:183–192.
  • Holmes RD. Tooth brushing frequency and risk of new carious lesions. Evid Based Dent. 2016;17(4):98–99. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ebd.6401196.
  • König KG. Role of fluoride toothpastes in a caries-preventive strategy. Caries Res. 1993;27(1):23–28. DOI: 10.1159/000261598.
  • Twetman S, Axelsson S, Dahlgren H, Holm AK, Källestål C, Lagerlöf F, Lingström P, Mejàre I, Nordenram G, Norlund A, Petersson LG, Söder B. Caries-preventive effect of fluoride toothpaste: A systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand. 2003;61(6):347–355. DOI: 10.1080/00016350310007590.
  • Hatipoğlu Z, Özbay Yavlal G, Kargül B. Effects of different fluoride-containing toothpastes on in vitro enamel remineralization. Bezmialem Science. 2019;7(1):12–17. DOI: 10.14235/bas.galenos.2018.1810.
  • Abanto Alvarez J, Rezende KM, Marocho SM, Alves FB, Celiberti P, Ciamponi AL. Dental fluorosis: Exposure, prevention and management. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009;14(2):E103–107.
  • Unde MP, Patil RU, Dastoor PP. The untold story of fluoridation: Revisiting the changing perspectives. Indian J Occup Environ Med. 2018;22(3):121–127. DOI: 10.4103/ijoem.IJOEM_124_18.
  • Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Sheiham A, Logan S. One topical fluoride (toothpastes, or mouthrinses, or gels, or varnishes) versus another for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;2004(1):CD002780. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002780.pub2.
  • Cuzzolin L, Francini-Pesenti F, Verlato G, Joppi M, Baldelli P, Benoni G. Use of herbal products among 392 Italian pregnant women: focus on pregnancy outcome. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010;19(11):1151–1158. DOI: 10.1002/pds.2040.
  • Cronin C, McCarthy G. First-time pregnant women -identifying their needs, perceptions and experiences. J Clin Nurs. 2003;12(2):260–267. DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2702.2003.00684.x.
  • Wilkins C. A qualitative study exploring the support needs of first-time pregnant women on their journey towards intuitive parenting. Midwifery. 2006;22(2):169–180. DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2005.07.001.
  • Feng XL, Wen C. Evaluation of a pilot program that integrated prenatal screening into routine antenatal care in western rural China: An interrupted time-series study. Lancet Reg Health West Pac. 2020;6:100075. DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2020.100075.
  • Novick G. Women’s experience of prenatal care: An integrative review. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2009;54(3):226–237. DOI:10.1016/j.jmwh.2009.02.003.
  • Artieta-Pinedo I, Paz-Pascual C, Grandes G, Espinosa M. Framework for the establishment of a feasible, tailored and effective perinatal education programme. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;17(1):58. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmwh.2009.02.003.
  • Afaya A, Azongo TB, Dzomeku VM, Afaya RA, Salia SM, Adatara P, Kaba Alhassan R, Amponsah AK, Atakro CA, Adadem D, Asiedu EO, Amuna P, Amogre Ayanore M. Women’s knowledge and its associated factors regarding optimum utilisation of antenatal care in rural Ghana: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0234575. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234575.
  • Glassman P, Miller CE. Effect of preventive dentistry training program for caregivers in community facilities on caregiver and client behavior and client oral hygiene. NY State Dent J. 2006;72(2):38–46.
  • Hitz-Lindenmüller I, Lambrecht JT. Oral care. Curr Probl Dermatol. 2011;40:107–115. DOI: 10.1159/000321060. Epub 2011 Feb 10.
  • TURKSTAT, TÜİK. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Birth-Statistics-2020-37229&dil=2 (Available: 18.01.2022).
  • Lakshmi SV, Srilatha A, Satyanarayana D, Reddy LS, Chalapathi SB, Meenakshi S. Oral health knowledge among a cohort of pregnant women in south India: A questionnaire survey. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9(6):3015–3019. DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_329_20.
  • Gaszyńska E, Klepacz-Szewczyk J, Trafalska E, Garus-Pakowska A, Szatko F. Dental awareness and oral health of pregnant women in Poland. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2015;28(3):603–611. DOI: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00183.
  • Pentapati KC, Acharya S, Bhat M, Rao SK, Singh S. Knowledge of dental decay and associated factors among pregnant women: A study from rural India. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2013;11(2):161–168. DOI: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a29734.
  • Turgut N, Güldür A, Çakmakçı H, Şerbetçi G, Yıldırım F, Ender Yumru A, Bebek A, Gülova SS. Gebe okulunda eğitim alan gebelerin bilgi düzeyleri üzerine bir araştırma (A study about knowledge level of pregnants that educated in pregnancy school). JAREN. 2017;3(1):1–8. (Turkish)
  • Edmunds W, Smedley PL. Fluoride in natural waters. Selinus O, Alloway B, Centeno JA, Finkelman RB, Fuge R, Lindh U, Smedley PL. Essentials of Medical Geology. Springer; 2013.p.311–336. DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-4375-5_13.
  • O’Mullane DM, Baez RJ, Jones S, Lennon MA, Petersen PE, Rugg-Gunn AJ, Whelton H, Whitford GM. Fluoride and oral health. Community Dent Health. 2016;33(2):69–99. DOI:10.1922/CDH_3707O’Mullane31
  • Yeung CA. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation. Evid Based Dent. 2008;9(2):39–43. DOI: 10.1038/sj.ebd.6400578.
  • Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Worthington HV, Walsh T, O’Malley L, Clarkson JE, Macey R, Alam R, Tugwell P, Welch V, Glenny AM. Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(6):CD010856. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010856.pub2.
  • World Health Organization. WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine Geneva: World Health Organization: 2019 Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  • Barnes J, McLachlan AJ, Sherwin CM, Enioutina EY. Herbal medicines: Challenges in the modern world. Part 1. Australia and New Zealand. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016;9(7):905–915. DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2016.1171712.
  • Teng L, Zu Q, Li G, Yu T, Job KM, Yang X, Di L, Sherwin CM, Enioutina EY. Herbal medicines: Challenges in the modern world. Part 3. China and Japan. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016;9(9):1225–1233. DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2016.1195263. Epub 2016 Jun 8.
  • Louik C, Gardiner P, Kelley K, Mitchell AA. Use of herbal treatments in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202(5):439.e1–439.e10. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.01.055.
  • Abdollahi F, Yazdani Chareti J. The relationship between women’s characteristics and herbal medicines use during pregnancy. Women Health. 2019;59(6):579–590. DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2017.1421285. Epub 2019 Mar 27.
  • George J, Hegde S, Rajesh KS, Kumar A. The efficacy of a herbal-based toothpaste in the control of plaque and gingivitis: A clinico-biochemical study. Indian J Dent Res. 2009;20(4):480–482. DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.59460.
  • Laleman I, Teughels W. Novel natural product-based oral topical rinses and toothpastes to prevent periodontal diseases. Periodontol 2000. 2020;84(1):102–123. DOI: 10.1111/prd.12339.
  • Celik ZC, Yavlal GO, Yanıkoglu F, Kargul B, Tagtekin D, Stookey GK, Peker S, Hayran O. Do ginger extract, natural honey and bitter chocolate remineralize enamel surface as fluoride toothpastes? An in-vitro study. Niger J Clin Pract. 2021;24(9):1283–1288. DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_683_20.
  • Tomassoni AJ, Simone K. Herbal medicines for children: An illusion of safety? Curr Opin Pediatr. 2001;13(2):162–169. DOI: 10.1097/00008480-200104000-00014.
  • Wapniarska K, Buła K, Hilt A. Parent’s pro-health awareness concerning oral health of their children in the light of survey research. Przegl Epidemiol. 2016;70(1):59–63,137–140.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zeynep Ceren Çelik 0000-0002-6900-2632

Çiğdem Elbek Çubukçu 0000-0002-1480-2907

Halil Çelik This is me 0000-0002-3127-5950

Gül Dinç Ata 0000-0003-0025-5356

Project Number Bulunmamaktadır.
Publication Date March 28, 2023
Submission Date January 18, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çelik, Z. C., Elbek Çubukçu, Ç., Çelik, H., Dinç Ata, G. (2023). Knowledge and Attitudes of Pregnant Women with and without Children about Fluoride and Herbal Toothpastes. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 13(1), 114-121. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1059505
AMA Çelik ZC, Elbek Çubukçu Ç, Çelik H, Dinç Ata G. Knowledge and Attitudes of Pregnant Women with and without Children about Fluoride and Herbal Toothpastes. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. March 2023;13(1):114-121. doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1059505
Chicago Çelik, Zeynep Ceren, Çiğdem Elbek Çubukçu, Halil Çelik, and Gül Dinç Ata. “Knowledge and Attitudes of Pregnant Women With and Without Children about Fluoride and Herbal Toothpastes”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 2023): 114-21. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1059505.
EndNote Çelik ZC, Elbek Çubukçu Ç, Çelik H, Dinç Ata G (March 1, 2023) Knowledge and Attitudes of Pregnant Women with and without Children about Fluoride and Herbal Toothpastes. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 13 1 114–121.
IEEE Z. C. Çelik, Ç. Elbek Çubukçu, H. Çelik, and G. Dinç Ata, “Knowledge and Attitudes of Pregnant Women with and without Children about Fluoride and Herbal Toothpastes”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 114–121, 2023, doi: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1059505.
ISNAD Çelik, Zeynep Ceren et al. “Knowledge and Attitudes of Pregnant Women With and Without Children about Fluoride and Herbal Toothpastes”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 13/1 (March 2023), 114-121. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1059505.
JAMA Çelik ZC, Elbek Çubukçu Ç, Çelik H, Dinç Ata G. Knowledge and Attitudes of Pregnant Women with and without Children about Fluoride and Herbal Toothpastes. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2023;13:114–121.
MLA Çelik, Zeynep Ceren et al. “Knowledge and Attitudes of Pregnant Women With and Without Children about Fluoride and Herbal Toothpastes”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 13, no. 1, 2023, pp. 114-21, doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1059505.
Vancouver Çelik ZC, Elbek Çubukçu Ç, Çelik H, Dinç Ata G. Knowledge and Attitudes of Pregnant Women with and without Children about Fluoride and Herbal Toothpastes. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2023;13(1):114-21.

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