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Evaluation of The Elderly Individuals the Covid-19 Pandemic in Terms of Depression and Sleep Quality

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 1 - 7, 28.09.2023

Havva Tel Meral Kelleci Özge Kısaoğlu Deniz Kurtaran

Abstract

Aim: Along with the pandemic, factors such as social isolation, disconnection from society, physical distancing and loss of usual social opportunities have negatively affected elderly individuals, who are a vulnerable group. In this study, aimed to evaluate depression and sleep quality in elderly who constitute the primary risk group during the COVID-19 period.
Materials and Methods: 332 elderly individuals included in this retrospective and descriptive study. Data were collected using the Elderly Information Form, Geriatric Depression Scale and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test and Pearson correlation analysis were used in the analysis of the data.
Results: The mean age of the participants was 71.09±5.831, and 54.8% were female. 70.2% are married, 42.8% are primary school graduates, 93.4% are unemployed, 75.3% have a chronic physical disease. While 53.6% of the elderly individuals had depression symptoms, 68.7% of them had poor sleep quality. Women have worse sleep quality than men. Significant differences were found between age and educational status and PSQI scores (p<0.05). It was determined that an increase in the depression score worsened the sleep quality (r=.165; p<0.005).
Conclusion: In the COVID-19 pandemic, it was determined that depression symptoms were high and sleep quality was poor in elderly individuals.

Keywords

COVID-19 elderly mental health depression sleep.

Project Number

yok

References

  • Ağargün, M.Y. (1996). Pittsburgh uyku kalitesi indeksinin geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7, 107-115.
  • Aksüllü, N., Doğan, S. (2004). Huzurevinde ve evde yaşayan yaşlılarda algılanan sosyal destek etkenleri ile depresyon arasındaki ilişki. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 5, 76-84.
  • Alexander, J.L., Dennerstein, L., Kotz, K., Richardson, G., Praschak-Rieder, K., & Markowitz. (2007). Women, anxiety and mood: A review of nomenclature, comorbidity and epidemiology. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 7(sup1), S45–S58. doi:10.1586/ 14737175.7.11s.S45
  • Altena, E., Baglioni, C., Espie, C. A., Ellis, J., Gavriloff, D., Holzinger, B., Schlarb, A., Frase, L., Jernelöv, S., & Riemann, D. (2020). Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Academy. Journal of Sleep Research, 29(4), e13052. https://doi.org/10.1111 /jsr.13052
  • Armitage, R., & Nellums, L. B. (2020). COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. The Lancet. Public Health, 5(5), e256. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2468-2667(20)30061-X
  • Assariparambil, A. R., Noronha, J. A., Kamath, A., Adhikari, P., Nayak, B. S., Shankar, R., & George, A. (2021). Depression among older adults: a systematic review of South Asian countries. Psychogeriatrics: the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society, 21(2), 201–219. https://doi.org/10.1111 /psyg.12644
  • Aylaz, R. (2020). Salgın döneminde yaşlı ve bakımı. Yeni koronavirüs hastalığını toplum üzerine etkileri ve hemşirelik yaklaşımları. Malatya.
  • Becker, N. B., Jesus, S. N., João, K. A. D. R., Viseu, J. N., & Martins, R. I. S. (2017). Depression and sleep quality in older adults: a meta-analysis. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 22(8), 889–895. https://doi.org/10.1080 /13548506.2016.1274042
  • Cellini, N., Canale, N., Mioni, G., & Costa, S. (2020). Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Journal of Sleep Research, 29(4), e13074. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/jsr.13074
  • DSÖ (2021, April 17). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation dashboard. World Health Organization website. https: //who. sprinklr.com/
  • DSÖ (2021). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/ detail /ageing-and-health
  • DSÖ (2021). Mental health of older adults. https://www.who.int/ news-room/fact-sheets/detail /mental-health-of-older-adults.
  • Grossman, E. S., Hoffman, Y. S. G., Palgi, Y., & Shrira, A. (2021). COVID-19 related loneliness and sleep problems in older adults: Worries and resilience as potential moderators. Personality and individual differences, 168, 110371. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.paid. 2020.110371
  • Gustavsson, J., & Beckman, L. (2020). Compliance to recommendations and mental health consequences among elderly in sweden during the ınitial phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Cross Sectional Online Survey.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155380
  • Hosseini Moghaddam, F., Amiri Delui ,M., Sadegh Moghadam, L., Kameli, F., Moradi, M., Khajavian N, et al .(2021) Prevalence of depression and its related factors during the COVID-19 quarantine among the elderly in Iran. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 16 (1), 140-151.
  • Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., Xiao, Y., Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London, England), 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10. 1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
  • Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.psychres.2020. 112954
  • Kluge, H.H.P. (2020). Statement-Older people are at highest risk from COVID-19, but all must act to prevent community spread [Internet] http://www.euro.who.int/en/healthtopics /health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/statements/ statement-older-peopleare-at-highest-risk-from-covid-19,-but-all-must-act-to-prevent-community-spread Erişim: 26.2. 2021
  • Kong, F., Xu, L., Kong, M., Li, S., Zhou, C., Li, J., Sun, L., & Qin, W. (2019). The relationship between socioeconomic status, mental health, and need for long-term services and supports among the chinese elderly in shandong province-A Cross-sectional study . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(4), 526. https://doi.org /10.3390/ijerph16040526
  • Lee, E. E., Depp, C., Palmer, B. W., Glorioso, D., Daly, R., Liu, J., Tu, X. M., Kim, H. C., Tarr, P., Yamada, Y., & Jeste, D. V. (2019). High prevalence and adverse health effects of loneliness in community-dwelling adults across the lifespan: role of wisdom as a protective factor. International Psychogeriatrics, 31(10), 1447–1462. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218002120
  • Levkovich, I., Shinan-Altman, S., Essar Schvartz, N., & Alperin, M. (2021). Depression and health-related quality of life among elderly patients during the covid-19 pandemic in israel: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 12, 2150132721995448. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/21501327219 95448
  • Lim, G. Y., Tam, W. W., Lu, Y., Ho, C. S., Zhang, M. W., & Ho, R. C. (2018). Prevalence of depression in the community from 30 countries between 1994 and 2014. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1–10. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21243-x
  • Liu, S., Yang, L., Zhang, C., et al. (2020). Mental health care in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-036(20)30077-8
  • Meng, H., Xu, Y., Dai, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, B., & Yang, H. (2020). The psychological effect of COVID-19 on the elderly in China. Psychiatry Research, 289, 112983.
  • Nutt, D., Wilson, S., & Paterson, L. (2008). Sleep disorders as core symptoms of depression. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 10(3), 329–336. https://doi.org/10. 31887/DCNS .2008.10.3/dnutt
  • Parveen, S., George, S.M. & Chand, S. (2021) Was sleep a problem for the elderly during COVID-19?. Sleep Vigilance https: //doi.org/10.1007/s41782-021-00164
  • Peretti-Watel, P., Alleaume, C., Léger, D., Beck, F., & Verger, P. (2020). Anxiety, depression and sleep problems: a second wave of COVID-19. Psychiatry, 33, 100299. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100299
  • Pieh, C., Budimir, S., & Probst, T. (2020). The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 136, 110186. https://doi.org /10.1016/j. jpsychores.2020.110186
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136 /gpsych-2020-100213
  • Tekin-Kaya, N., Örsal, Ö. (2018). “Sosyal bir sorun: yaşlı ayrımcılığı”. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 4 (16), 1350-1355.
  • Torun, F. (2020). “Covid-19 pandemisinin ruh sağlığı üzerine etkisi ve öneriler”. Erişim tarihi: 4 Mayıs 2021, https://t24.com.tr/ yazarlar/fuat-torun/covid-19-pandemisinin-ruh-sagligi-uzerine-etkisi-veoneriler, 26113 United Nations Population Fund (2020). Küresel teknik bilgi notu covıd-19’un yaşlılar açısından sonuçları: salgına müdahale, https://turkey.unfpa.org/sites /default/files/pu- bpdf/ UNFPA_Technical_Guide_Older_Per- sons_and_COVID19_ Turkish.pdf, 2020, (Erişim tarihi:20.07.2020)
  • Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-ınfected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1061–1069. https://doi.org/10.1001 /jama.2020.1585
  • Watanabe, M., Shobugawa, Y., Tashiro, A., Ota, A., Suzuki, T., Tsubokawa, T., Kondo, K., & Saito, R. (2020). Association between neighborhood environment and quality of sleep in older adult residents living in Japan: The JAGES 2010 cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1398. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ ijerph17041398
  • Xu, X.-W., Wu, -X.-X., Jiang, X.-G., Xu, K.-J., Ying, L.-J., Ma, C.-L., Gao, H.-N. (2020). Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: Retrospective case series. Bmj, 368, 1-7

Covıd-19 Pandemisinde Yaşlıların Depresyon ve Uyku Kalitesi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 1 - 7, 28.09.2023

Havva Tel Meral Kelleci Özge Kısaoğlu Deniz Kurtaran

Abstract

Amaç: Pandemi ile birlikte sosyal izolasyon, toplumla bağlantılarının koparılması, fiziksel uzaklaşma ve her zamanki sosyal fırsatların kaybı gibi faktörler incinebilir bir grup olan yaşlı bireyleri ruhsal anlamda olumsuz etkilemiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı COVID-19 döneminde öncelikli risk grubunu oluşturan yaşlı bireylerde depresyon ve uyku kalitesini değerlendirmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Retrospektif ve tanımlayıcı tasarımdaki bu çalışmaya 332 yaşlı birey alınmıştır. Veriler Yaşlı bilgi formu, Geriatrik depresyon ölçeği ve Pittsburg uyku kalite indeksi kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, ki kare testi ve Pearson korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 71.09±5.831 olup, 54.8%’i kadın. 70.2%’si evli, 42.8%’si ilkokul mezunu ve 93.4% çalışmamakta, 75.3%’ü bir kronik fiziksel hastalığa sahiptir. Yaşlı bireylerin %53.6’sında depresyon belirtileri saptanırken, %68,7’sinde uyku kalitesinin kötü olduğu belirlenmiştir. Kadınlar erkeklere göre daha kötü uyku kalitesine sahiptir. Yaş ve eğitim durumu ile PUKİ puanları arasında anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Depresyon puanının artmasının uyku kalitesini kötüleştirdiği belirlenmiştir (r=.165; p<0.005).
Sonuç: COVID-19 salgınında yaşlı bireylerde depresyon belirtilerinin yüksek ve uyku kalitesinin kötü olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

COVID-19 yaşlı ruh sağlığı depresyon uyku.

Supporting Institution

yok

Project Number

yok

Thanks

yok

References

  • Ağargün, M.Y. (1996). Pittsburgh uyku kalitesi indeksinin geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 7, 107-115.
  • Aksüllü, N., Doğan, S. (2004). Huzurevinde ve evde yaşayan yaşlılarda algılanan sosyal destek etkenleri ile depresyon arasındaki ilişki. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 5, 76-84.
  • Alexander, J.L., Dennerstein, L., Kotz, K., Richardson, G., Praschak-Rieder, K., & Markowitz. (2007). Women, anxiety and mood: A review of nomenclature, comorbidity and epidemiology. Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics, 7(sup1), S45–S58. doi:10.1586/ 14737175.7.11s.S45
  • Altena, E., Baglioni, C., Espie, C. A., Ellis, J., Gavriloff, D., Holzinger, B., Schlarb, A., Frase, L., Jernelöv, S., & Riemann, D. (2020). Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT-I Academy. Journal of Sleep Research, 29(4), e13052. https://doi.org/10.1111 /jsr.13052
  • Armitage, R., & Nellums, L. B. (2020). COVID-19 and the consequences of isolating the elderly. The Lancet. Public Health, 5(5), e256. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2468-2667(20)30061-X
  • Assariparambil, A. R., Noronha, J. A., Kamath, A., Adhikari, P., Nayak, B. S., Shankar, R., & George, A. (2021). Depression among older adults: a systematic review of South Asian countries. Psychogeriatrics: the official journal of the Japanese Psychogeriatric Society, 21(2), 201–219. https://doi.org/10.1111 /psyg.12644
  • Aylaz, R. (2020). Salgın döneminde yaşlı ve bakımı. Yeni koronavirüs hastalığını toplum üzerine etkileri ve hemşirelik yaklaşımları. Malatya.
  • Becker, N. B., Jesus, S. N., João, K. A. D. R., Viseu, J. N., & Martins, R. I. S. (2017). Depression and sleep quality in older adults: a meta-analysis. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 22(8), 889–895. https://doi.org/10.1080 /13548506.2016.1274042
  • Cellini, N., Canale, N., Mioni, G., & Costa, S. (2020). Changes in sleep pattern, sense of time and digital media use during COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Journal of Sleep Research, 29(4), e13074. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/jsr.13074
  • DSÖ (2021, April 17). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation dashboard. World Health Organization website. https: //who. sprinklr.com/
  • DSÖ (2021). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/ detail /ageing-and-health
  • DSÖ (2021). Mental health of older adults. https://www.who.int/ news-room/fact-sheets/detail /mental-health-of-older-adults.
  • Grossman, E. S., Hoffman, Y. S. G., Palgi, Y., & Shrira, A. (2021). COVID-19 related loneliness and sleep problems in older adults: Worries and resilience as potential moderators. Personality and individual differences, 168, 110371. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.paid. 2020.110371
  • Gustavsson, J., & Beckman, L. (2020). Compliance to recommendations and mental health consequences among elderly in sweden during the ınitial phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic-A Cross Sectional Online Survey.International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(15), 5380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155380
  • Hosseini Moghaddam, F., Amiri Delui ,M., Sadegh Moghadam, L., Kameli, F., Moradi, M., Khajavian N, et al .(2021) Prevalence of depression and its related factors during the COVID-19 quarantine among the elderly in Iran. Salmand: Iranian Journal of Ageing, 16 (1), 140-151.
  • Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., Gu, X., Cheng, Z., Yu, T., Xia, J., Wei, Y., Wu, W., Xie, X., Yin, W., Li, H., Liu, M., Xiao, Y., Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London, England), 395(10223), 497–506. https://doi.org/10. 1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
  • Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org /10.1016/j.psychres.2020. 112954
  • Kluge, H.H.P. (2020). Statement-Older people are at highest risk from COVID-19, but all must act to prevent community spread [Internet] http://www.euro.who.int/en/healthtopics /health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/statements/ statement-older-peopleare-at-highest-risk-from-covid-19,-but-all-must-act-to-prevent-community-spread Erişim: 26.2. 2021
  • Kong, F., Xu, L., Kong, M., Li, S., Zhou, C., Li, J., Sun, L., & Qin, W. (2019). The relationship between socioeconomic status, mental health, and need for long-term services and supports among the chinese elderly in shandong province-A Cross-sectional study . International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(4), 526. https://doi.org /10.3390/ijerph16040526
  • Lee, E. E., Depp, C., Palmer, B. W., Glorioso, D., Daly, R., Liu, J., Tu, X. M., Kim, H. C., Tarr, P., Yamada, Y., & Jeste, D. V. (2019). High prevalence and adverse health effects of loneliness in community-dwelling adults across the lifespan: role of wisdom as a protective factor. International Psychogeriatrics, 31(10), 1447–1462. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610218002120
  • Levkovich, I., Shinan-Altman, S., Essar Schvartz, N., & Alperin, M. (2021). Depression and health-related quality of life among elderly patients during the covid-19 pandemic in israel: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 12, 2150132721995448. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/21501327219 95448
  • Lim, G. Y., Tam, W. W., Lu, Y., Ho, C. S., Zhang, M. W., & Ho, R. C. (2018). Prevalence of depression in the community from 30 countries between 1994 and 2014. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1–10. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-21243-x
  • Liu, S., Yang, L., Zhang, C., et al. (2020). Mental health care in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Lancet Psychiatry, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-036(20)30077-8
  • Meng, H., Xu, Y., Dai, J., Zhang, Y., Liu, B., & Yang, H. (2020). The psychological effect of COVID-19 on the elderly in China. Psychiatry Research, 289, 112983.
  • Nutt, D., Wilson, S., & Paterson, L. (2008). Sleep disorders as core symptoms of depression. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 10(3), 329–336. https://doi.org/10. 31887/DCNS .2008.10.3/dnutt
  • Parveen, S., George, S.M. & Chand, S. (2021) Was sleep a problem for the elderly during COVID-19?. Sleep Vigilance https: //doi.org/10.1007/s41782-021-00164
  • Peretti-Watel, P., Alleaume, C., Léger, D., Beck, F., & Verger, P. (2020). Anxiety, depression and sleep problems: a second wave of COVID-19. Psychiatry, 33, 100299. https://doi.org/10.1136/gpsych-2020-100299
  • Pieh, C., Budimir, S., & Probst, T. (2020). The effect of age, gender, income, work, and physical activity on mental health during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in Austria. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 136, 110186. https://doi.org /10.1016/j. jpsychores.2020.110186
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213. https://doi.org/10.1136 /gpsych-2020-100213
  • Tekin-Kaya, N., Örsal, Ö. (2018). “Sosyal bir sorun: yaşlı ayrımcılığı”. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 4 (16), 1350-1355.
  • Torun, F. (2020). “Covid-19 pandemisinin ruh sağlığı üzerine etkisi ve öneriler”. Erişim tarihi: 4 Mayıs 2021, https://t24.com.tr/ yazarlar/fuat-torun/covid-19-pandemisinin-ruh-sagligi-uzerine-etkisi-veoneriler, 26113 United Nations Population Fund (2020). Küresel teknik bilgi notu covıd-19’un yaşlılar açısından sonuçları: salgına müdahale, https://turkey.unfpa.org/sites /default/files/pu- bpdf/ UNFPA_Technical_Guide_Older_Per- sons_and_COVID19_ Turkish.pdf, 2020, (Erişim tarihi:20.07.2020)
  • Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, X., & Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-ınfected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA, 323(11), 1061–1069. https://doi.org/10.1001 /jama.2020.1585
  • Watanabe, M., Shobugawa, Y., Tashiro, A., Ota, A., Suzuki, T., Tsubokawa, T., Kondo, K., & Saito, R. (2020). Association between neighborhood environment and quality of sleep in older adult residents living in Japan: The JAGES 2010 cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1398. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ ijerph17041398
  • Xu, X.-W., Wu, -X.-X., Jiang, X.-G., Xu, K.-J., Ying, L.-J., Ma, C.-L., Gao, H.-N. (2020). Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: Retrospective case series. Bmj, 368, 1-7
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Services and Systems (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Havva Tel 0000-0001-9171-2115

Meral Kelleci 0000-0001-8853-4645

Özge Kısaoğlu 0000-0002-3877-2706

Deniz Kurtaran 0000-0002-8577-5643

Project Number yok
Early Pub Date September 28, 2023
Publication Date September 28, 2023
Acceptance Date July 19, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tel, H., Kelleci, M., Kısaoğlu, Ö., Kurtaran, D. (2023). Covıd-19 Pandemisinde Yaşlıların Depresyon ve Uyku Kalitesi Açısından Değerlendirilmesi. Cumhuriyet Hemşirelik Dergisi, 7(1), 1-7.
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