Immunohistochemical approach to obesity disease in terms of expression levels of glutathione s-transferase (sigma, zeta, theta) isozymes

Mahammad Davudov; Hakan Buluş; Onur Dirican; Pınar Kaygın; Gülçin Güler Şimşek; Sezen Yılmaz Sarıaltın; Fatıma Nurdan Gürbüz; Serpil Oğuztüzün

doi:10.18621/eurj.1121110

Research Article

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 543 - 554, 04.05.2023

Mahammad Davudov Hakan Buluş Onur Dirican Pınar Kaygın Gülçin Güler Şimşek Sezen Yılmaz Sarıaltın Fatıma Nurdan Gürbüz Serpil Oğuztüzün

https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.1121110

Abstract

References

1. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA 2004;291:2847-50.
2. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, Banel D, Jensen MD, Pories WJ, et al. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 2009;122:248-56.
3. Campfield LA, Smith FJ. The pathogenesis of obesity. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;13:13-30.
4. Toshima S, Hasegawa A, Kurabayashi M, Itabe H, Takano T, Sugano J, et al. Circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein levels. A biochemical risk marker for coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:2243-7.
5. Björntorp P. International Textbook of Obesity. John Wıley and Sons Ltd, 2001: pp. 305-14.
6. Goran MI. Energy Metabolism and obesity. Med Clin North Am 2000;84:333-45.
7. Hill JO, Peters JC. Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science 1998;280:1371-4.
8. Schrauwen P and Westerterp KR. The role of high-fat diets and physical activity in the regulation of body weigt. BJ Nutr 2000;84:417-27.
9. Fletcher GF, Grundy SM, Hayman LL. Obesity: Impact on cardiovascular disease. American Heart Association. Futura Publising Company, Armonk NY, 1999: pp. 3-46.
10. Steinbrook R. Surgery for severe obesity. N Eng J Med 2004;350:1075-9.
11. Seaver LC, Imlay JA. Are respiratory enzymes the primary sources of intracellular hydrogen peroxide? J Biol Chem 2004;279:48742-50.
12. Messner KR, Imlay A. Mechanism of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide formation by fumarate reductase, succinate dehydrogenase, and aspartate oxidase. J Biol Chem 2002;277:42563-71.
13. Imlay JA. Pathways of oxidative damage. Ann Rev Microbiol 2003;57:395-418.
14. Martemucci G, Costagliola C, Mariano M, D’andrea L, Napolitano P, D’Alessandro AG. Free radical properties, source and targets, antioxidant consumption and health. Oxygen 2022;2: 48-78.
15. Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2006;160:1-40.
16. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007;39:44-84.
17. Djordjevic VB. Free radicals in cell biology. Int Rev Cytol 2004;237:57-89.
18. Wellman NS, Friedberg B. Causes and consequences of adult obesity: health, social and economic impacts in the United States. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002;11:S705-S709.
19. Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M, Iwaki M, Yamada Y, Nakajima Y, et al. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2004;114:1752-61.
20. Maddux BA, See W, Lawrence JC Jr, Goldfine AL, Goldfine ID, Evans JL. Protection against oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance in rat L6 muscle cells by mircomolar concentrations of alpha-lipoic acid. Diabetes 2001;50:404-10.
21. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsén B, Lahti K, Nissén M, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2001;24:683-9.
22. Grundy SM. Atherosclerosis imaging and the future of lipid management. Circulation 2004;110:3509-11.
23. Hansel B, Giral P, Nobecourt E, Chantepie S, Bruckert E, Chapman MJ, et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with elevated oxidative stress and dysfunctional dense high-density lipoprotein particles displaying impaired antioxidative activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:4963-71.
24. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, Niskanen LK, Kumpusalo E, Tuomilehto J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 2002;288:2709-16.
25. Vincent HK, Taylor AG. Biomarkers and potential mechanisms of obesity-induced oxidant stress in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006;30:400-18.
26. Myara I, Alamowitch C, Michel O, Heudes D, Bariety J, Guy-Grand B, et al. Lipoprotein oxidation and plasma vitamin E in nondiabetic normotensive obese patients. Obes Res 2003;11:112-20.
27. RussellAP, Gastaldi G, Bobbioni-Harsch E, Arboit P, Gobelet C, Dériaz O, et al. Lipid peroxidation in skeletal muscle of obese as compared to endurance-trained humans: a case of good vs. bad lipids? FEBS Lett 2003;11:104-6.
28. Birdwell K. Role of pharmacogenomics in dialysis and transplantation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2014;23:570-7.
29. Parkinson A, Ogilvie BW, Buckley DB, Kazmi F, Czerwinski M, Parkinson O. Biotransformation of Xenobiotics. In: Klaassen CD, Watkins III JB, eds. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology. 3rd ed. United States, 2015: pp. 79-108.
30. Prakash C, Zuniga B, Song CS, Jiang S, Cropper J, Park S, et al. Nuclear receptors in drug metabolism, drug response and drug interactions. Nucl Receptor Res 2015;2101178.
31. Haddad JJ, Land SC. O(2)-evoked regulation of HIF-1alpha and NF-kappaB in perinatal lung epithelium requires glutathione biosynthesis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000;278:L492-L503.
32. May JM. Ascorbate function and metabolism in the human erythrocyte. Front Biosci 1998;3:d1-10.
33. Powis G, Gasdaska JR, Gasdaska PY, Berggren M, Kirkpatrick DL, Engman L, et al. Selenium and the thioredoxin redox system: effects on cell growth and death. Oncol Res 1997;9:303-12.
34. Haddad JJ, Harb HL. L-gama-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione; GSH) and GSH-related enzymes in the regulation of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines: a signaling transcriptional scenario for redox(y) immunologic sensor(s)? Mol Immunol 2005;42:987-1014.
35. Croom E. Metabolism of xenobiotics of human environments. Prog Mol BiolTransl Sci 2012;112:31-88.
36. Hoffmann MF, Preissner SC, Nickel J, Dunkel M, Preissner R, Preissner S. The transformer database: biotransformation of xenobiotics. Nucleic Acids Res 2014;42:1113-7.
37. Worku M, Aynalem M, Biset S, Woldu B, Adane T, Tigabu A. Role of complete blood cell count parameters in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. BMC Pediatr 2022;22:411.
38. Alston MC, Redman LM, Sones JL. An overview of obesity, cholesterol, and systemic inflammation in preeclampsia. Nutrients 2022;14:2087.
39. Klein S, Gastaldelli A, Yki-Järvinen H, Scherer PE. Why does obesity cause diabetes? Cell Metab 2022;34:11-20.
40. Lu D, Yuan Z, Gao Y, Liu W, Zhang J. Central obesity is associated with variations in TSH and ACTH levels among euthyroid obese individuals. Int J Endocrinol 2022;2022:3830380.
41. El-Zawawy HT, El-Aghoury AA, Katri KM, El-Sharkawy EM, Gad SMS. Cortisol/DHEA ratio in morbidly obese patients before and after bariatric surgery: relation to metabolic parameters and cardiovascular performance. Int J Obes 2022;46:381-92.
42. Sun Y, Teng D, Zhao L, Shi X, Li Y, Shan Z et al. Thyroid Disorders, Iodine Status and Diabetes Epidemiological Survey Group (TIDE) . Impaired Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones Is Associated with Hyperuricemia, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Subjects with Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Thyroid2022 32(4), 376-384.
43. Genchi VA, Rossi E, Lauriola C, D’Oria R, Palma G, Borrelli Aetal. Adipose tissue dysfunction and obesity-related male hypogonadism. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:8194.
44. Esposito K, Ciotola M, Schisano B, Misso L, Giannetti G, Ceriello A, et al. Oxidative stress in the metabolic syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2006;29:791-5.
45. Pihl E, Zilmer K, Kullisaar T, Kairane C, Magi A, Zilmer M. Atherogenic inflammatory and oxidative stres markers in relation to overweight values in male former athletes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006;30:141-6.
46. Chrysohoou C, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, SkoumasI, Papademetriou L, Economou M, et al. The implication of obesity on total antioxidant capacity apparently healthy men and women: The ATTICA study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2007;17:590-7.
47. Hartwich J, Goralska J, Siedlecka D, Gruca A, Trzos M, Dembinska-Kiec A. Effect of supplementation with vitamin E and C on plasma hsCPR level and cobalt-albumin binding score as markers of plasma oxidative stress in obesity. Genes Nutr 2007;2:151-4.
48. Vincent H, Vincent K, Vourguignon C, Braith R. Obesity and postexercise oxidative stress in older women. Med Sci Sports Exer 2005;37:213-9.
49. Raunio H, Pasanen M, Maenpaa J, Hakkola J, Pelkonen O. Expression of extrahepatic cytochrome P450 in humans. In: Pacifici GM and Fracchia GN (eds) Advances in Drug Metabolism in Man: 234-287. European Commission, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1995.
50. Imaoka S, Yamada T, Hiroi T, Hayashi K, Sakaki T, Yabusaki Y, et al. Multiple forms of human P450 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, systematic characterization and comparison with those of the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1996;51:1041-50.
51. Butura A, Nilsson K, Morgan K, Morgan TR, French SW, Johansson I, et al. The impact of CYP2E1 on the development of alcoholic liver disease as studied in a transgenic mouse model. J Hepatol 2009;50:572-83.

Immunohistochemical approach to obesity disease in terms of expression levels of glutathione s-transferase (sigma, zeta, theta) isozymes

Year 2023, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 543 - 554, 04.05.2023

Mahammad Davudov Hakan Buluş Onur Dirican Pınar Kaygın Gülçin Güler Şimşek Sezen Yılmaz Sarıaltın Fatıma Nurdan Gürbüz Serpil Oğuztüzün

https://doi.org/10.18621/eurj.1121110

Abstract

Objectives: Obesity is a complex multifactorial disease with recently increasing prevalence and incidence. Several studies have been conducted to explain the ethiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology, molecular and genetic mechanisms, and effective treatments of obesity. Glutathione S-transferase (GST) S1, GSTZ1, and GSTT1 are essential enzymes for oxidative stress and metabolism-related disorders. For this purpose, we aimed to reveal the role of GSTS1, GSTZ1, and GSTT1 in obesity.

Methods: The gastric tissue samples were taken from the patients diagnosed with obesity who underwent bariatric surgery in Ankara Keçiören Training and Research Hospital General Surgery Clinic between 2017 and 2019. Immunostaining was performed on paraffin-embedded tissues to evaluate GSTS1, GSTZ1, and GSTT1 expressions. Laboratory data of the patients were recorded. All the results were analyzed statistically.

Results: Weak GSTS1 expression was observed in 38.1% of tissues and moderate in 6.3%. 37.3% of the tissues presented weak GSTZ1 expression, and 11 (8.7%) displayed moderate. There were weak GSTT1 expressions in 7.1% of the tissues and moderate 0.8% of them. A positive and statistically significant correlation was observed between GSTS1 and GSTT1 expression levels ((r)=0.028, p = 0.010; p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between expression levels and gender, age, comorbidities, and medication usage (p > 0.05).

Conclusions: GSTs, in particular GSTS1, GSTT1, and GSTZ1, might contribute to molecular mechanisms and the progression of obesity. In our study, GSTS1, GSTT1, and GSTZ1 were found to be moderately expressed in gastric tissues taken from obese patients. However, new studies using more samples and advanced techniques are needed to elucidate the relationship.

Keywords

Obesity, xenobiotics, phase II enzymes, GSTS1, GSTZ1, GSTT1, immunohistochemistry

References

1. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA 2004;291:2847-50.
2. Buchwald H, Estok R, Fahrbach K, Banel D, Jensen MD, Pories WJ, et al. Weight and type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 2009;122:248-56.
3. Campfield LA, Smith FJ. The pathogenesis of obesity. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;13:13-30.
4. Toshima S, Hasegawa A, Kurabayashi M, Itabe H, Takano T, Sugano J, et al. Circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein levels. A biochemical risk marker for coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:2243-7.
5. Björntorp P. International Textbook of Obesity. John Wıley and Sons Ltd, 2001: pp. 305-14.
6. Goran MI. Energy Metabolism and obesity. Med Clin North Am 2000;84:333-45.
7. Hill JO, Peters JC. Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science 1998;280:1371-4.
8. Schrauwen P and Westerterp KR. The role of high-fat diets and physical activity in the regulation of body weigt. BJ Nutr 2000;84:417-27.
9. Fletcher GF, Grundy SM, Hayman LL. Obesity: Impact on cardiovascular disease. American Heart Association. Futura Publising Company, Armonk NY, 1999: pp. 3-46.
10. Steinbrook R. Surgery for severe obesity. N Eng J Med 2004;350:1075-9.
11. Seaver LC, Imlay JA. Are respiratory enzymes the primary sources of intracellular hydrogen peroxide? J Biol Chem 2004;279:48742-50.
12. Messner KR, Imlay A. Mechanism of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide formation by fumarate reductase, succinate dehydrogenase, and aspartate oxidase. J Biol Chem 2002;277:42563-71.
13. Imlay JA. Pathways of oxidative damage. Ann Rev Microbiol 2003;57:395-418.
14. Martemucci G, Costagliola C, Mariano M, D’andrea L, Napolitano P, D’Alessandro AG. Free radical properties, source and targets, antioxidant consumption and health. Oxygen 2022;2: 48-78.
15. Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izakovic M, Mazur M. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem Biol Interact 2006;160:1-40.
16. Valko M, Leibfritz D, Moncol J, Cronin MT, Mazur M, Telser J. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2007;39:44-84.
17. Djordjevic VB. Free radicals in cell biology. Int Rev Cytol 2004;237:57-89.
18. Wellman NS, Friedberg B. Causes and consequences of adult obesity: health, social and economic impacts in the United States. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2002;11:S705-S709.
19. Furukawa S, Fujita T, Shimabukuro M, Iwaki M, Yamada Y, Nakajima Y, et al. Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome. J Clin Invest 2004;114:1752-61.
20. Maddux BA, See W, Lawrence JC Jr, Goldfine AL, Goldfine ID, Evans JL. Protection against oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance in rat L6 muscle cells by mircomolar concentrations of alpha-lipoic acid. Diabetes 2001;50:404-10.
21. Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsén B, Lahti K, Nissén M, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2001;24:683-9.
22. Grundy SM. Atherosclerosis imaging and the future of lipid management. Circulation 2004;110:3509-11.
23. Hansel B, Giral P, Nobecourt E, Chantepie S, Bruckert E, Chapman MJ, et al. Metabolic syndrome is associated with elevated oxidative stress and dysfunctional dense high-density lipoprotein particles displaying impaired antioxidative activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:4963-71.
24. Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, Niskanen LK, Kumpusalo E, Tuomilehto J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 2002;288:2709-16.
25. Vincent HK, Taylor AG. Biomarkers and potential mechanisms of obesity-induced oxidant stress in humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006;30:400-18.
26. Myara I, Alamowitch C, Michel O, Heudes D, Bariety J, Guy-Grand B, et al. Lipoprotein oxidation and plasma vitamin E in nondiabetic normotensive obese patients. Obes Res 2003;11:112-20.
27. RussellAP, Gastaldi G, Bobbioni-Harsch E, Arboit P, Gobelet C, Dériaz O, et al. Lipid peroxidation in skeletal muscle of obese as compared to endurance-trained humans: a case of good vs. bad lipids? FEBS Lett 2003;11:104-6.
28. Birdwell K. Role of pharmacogenomics in dialysis and transplantation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2014;23:570-7.
29. Parkinson A, Ogilvie BW, Buckley DB, Kazmi F, Czerwinski M, Parkinson O. Biotransformation of Xenobiotics. In: Klaassen CD, Watkins III JB, eds. Casarett & Doull’s Essentials of Toxicology. 3rd ed. United States, 2015: pp. 79-108.
30. Prakash C, Zuniga B, Song CS, Jiang S, Cropper J, Park S, et al. Nuclear receptors in drug metabolism, drug response and drug interactions. Nucl Receptor Res 2015;2101178.
31. Haddad JJ, Land SC. O(2)-evoked regulation of HIF-1alpha and NF-kappaB in perinatal lung epithelium requires glutathione biosynthesis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000;278:L492-L503.
32. May JM. Ascorbate function and metabolism in the human erythrocyte. Front Biosci 1998;3:d1-10.
33. Powis G, Gasdaska JR, Gasdaska PY, Berggren M, Kirkpatrick DL, Engman L, et al. Selenium and the thioredoxin redox system: effects on cell growth and death. Oncol Res 1997;9:303-12.
34. Haddad JJ, Harb HL. L-gama-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione; GSH) and GSH-related enzymes in the regulation of pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines: a signaling transcriptional scenario for redox(y) immunologic sensor(s)? Mol Immunol 2005;42:987-1014.
35. Croom E. Metabolism of xenobiotics of human environments. Prog Mol BiolTransl Sci 2012;112:31-88.
36. Hoffmann MF, Preissner SC, Nickel J, Dunkel M, Preissner R, Preissner S. The transformer database: biotransformation of xenobiotics. Nucleic Acids Res 2014;42:1113-7.
37. Worku M, Aynalem M, Biset S, Woldu B, Adane T, Tigabu A. Role of complete blood cell count parameters in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. BMC Pediatr 2022;22:411.
38. Alston MC, Redman LM, Sones JL. An overview of obesity, cholesterol, and systemic inflammation in preeclampsia. Nutrients 2022;14:2087.
39. Klein S, Gastaldelli A, Yki-Järvinen H, Scherer PE. Why does obesity cause diabetes? Cell Metab 2022;34:11-20.
40. Lu D, Yuan Z, Gao Y, Liu W, Zhang J. Central obesity is associated with variations in TSH and ACTH levels among euthyroid obese individuals. Int J Endocrinol 2022;2022:3830380.
41. El-Zawawy HT, El-Aghoury AA, Katri KM, El-Sharkawy EM, Gad SMS. Cortisol/DHEA ratio in morbidly obese patients before and after bariatric surgery: relation to metabolic parameters and cardiovascular performance. Int J Obes 2022;46:381-92.
42. Sun Y, Teng D, Zhao L, Shi X, Li Y, Shan Z et al. Thyroid Disorders, Iodine Status and Diabetes Epidemiological Survey Group (TIDE) . Impaired Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormones Is Associated with Hyperuricemia, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Subjects with Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Thyroid2022 32(4), 376-384.
43. Genchi VA, Rossi E, Lauriola C, D’Oria R, Palma G, Borrelli Aetal. Adipose tissue dysfunction and obesity-related male hypogonadism. Int J Mol Sci 2022;23:8194.
44. Esposito K, Ciotola M, Schisano B, Misso L, Giannetti G, Ceriello A, et al. Oxidative stress in the metabolic syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 2006;29:791-5.
45. Pihl E, Zilmer K, Kullisaar T, Kairane C, Magi A, Zilmer M. Atherogenic inflammatory and oxidative stres markers in relation to overweight values in male former athletes. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006;30:141-6.
46. Chrysohoou C, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, SkoumasI, Papademetriou L, Economou M, et al. The implication of obesity on total antioxidant capacity apparently healthy men and women: The ATTICA study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2007;17:590-7.
47. Hartwich J, Goralska J, Siedlecka D, Gruca A, Trzos M, Dembinska-Kiec A. Effect of supplementation with vitamin E and C on plasma hsCPR level and cobalt-albumin binding score as markers of plasma oxidative stress in obesity. Genes Nutr 2007;2:151-4.
48. Vincent H, Vincent K, Vourguignon C, Braith R. Obesity and postexercise oxidative stress in older women. Med Sci Sports Exer 2005;37:213-9.
49. Raunio H, Pasanen M, Maenpaa J, Hakkola J, Pelkonen O. Expression of extrahepatic cytochrome P450 in humans. In: Pacifici GM and Fracchia GN (eds) Advances in Drug Metabolism in Man: 234-287. European Commission, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg, 1995.
50. Imaoka S, Yamada T, Hiroi T, Hayashi K, Sakaki T, Yabusaki Y, et al. Multiple forms of human P450 expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, systematic characterization and comparison with those of the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1996;51:1041-50.
51. Butura A, Nilsson K, Morgan K, Morgan TR, French SW, Johansson I, et al. The impact of CYP2E1 on the development of alcoholic liver disease as studied in a transgenic mouse model. J Hepatol 2009;50:572-83.

There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Other)
Journal Section	Original Articles
Authors	Mahammad Davudov 0000-0001-7194-7814 Hakan Buluş 0000-0001-7439-8099 Onur Dirican 0000-0003-0511-6611 Pınar Kaygın 0000-0003-0127-1753 Gülçin Güler Şimşek 0000-0001-7710-4631 Sezen Yılmaz Sarıaltın 0000-0002-8387-4146 Fatıma Nurdan Gürbüz 0000-0001-5649-954X Serpil Oğuztüzün 0000-0002-5892-3735
Publication Date	May 4, 2023
Submission Date	May 25, 2022
Acceptance Date	August 10, 2022
Published in Issue	Year 2023 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

AMA	Davudov M, Buluş H, Dirican O, Kaygın P, Güler Şimşek G, Yılmaz Sarıaltın S, Gürbüz FN, Oğuztüzün S. Immunohistochemical approach to obesity disease in terms of expression levels of glutathione s-transferase (sigma, zeta, theta) isozymes. Eur Res J. May 2023;9(3):543-554. doi:10.18621/eurj.1121110

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