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A Psikolojik Yıldırma Ölçeği'nin Geliştirilmesi ve Psikometrik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi

Year 2017, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 79 - 88, 31.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.25203/idd.328590

Abstract

 Amaç :Bu çalışmada psikolojik
yıldırma ile ilgili Türkçe araçların az sayıda olması göz önünde bulundurularak
psikolojik yıldırmanın ölçülmesine yönelik bir ölçek geliştirilmesi ve ölçeğin
temel psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Tasarım/Yöntem:Çalışma, madde havuzu
oluşturma ve seçilen maddelerin psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi olarak
iki süreç içermiştir. Hazırlanan 180 maddeden oluşan madde havuzu ilk
uygulamada 23-56 yaşları arasındaki 134 kadın, 187 erkek toplam 321 çalışan
kişiye verilmiştir. Veri, madde analizi ve madde tepki kuramı ile incelenerek
madde sayısı 133'e indirilmiştir. 133 Maddeli yeni form ikinci uygulamada 18-63
yaşları arasındaki 617 kadın, 663 erkek, toplam 1280 çalışan kişiye
uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca bu çalışmada kriter bağıntılı geçerlik çalışması için tüm
çalışan kişiler gözden geçirilmiş İşyeri Zorbalığı Ölçeği'ni cevaplamıştır.

Sonuçlar:Bu çalışmada son form
olarak 30 madde seçilmiştir. Son formda ölçeğin alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı 0,96
ve madde-ölçek toplam puan bağıntısı ise 0,53 ile 0,75 arasında hesaplanmıştır.
Ayrıca, son form ölçek ile kriter olarak alınan diğer ölçekle arasında 0,65
korelasyon katsayısı hesaplanmıştır.

Özgün Değer:
Elde edilen sonuçlar ölçeğin
temel psikometrik gereklilikleri karşıladığını göstermiştir.




References

  • Acar, A., & Dündar, G. (2008). İşyerinde psikolojik yıldırmaya (mobbing) maruz kalma sıklığı ile demografik özellikler arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 111-120.
  • Adoric, V. C., & Kvartuc, T. (2007). Effects of mobbing on justice beliefs and adjustment. European Psychologist, 12(4), 261-271.
  • Akgeyik, T., Delen, M.G., Uşen, Ş., & Omay, U. (2009). İşyerinde psikolojik taciz olgusu; niteliği, yaygınlığı ve mücadele stratejisi. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 56(1), 91-150.
  • Aydın, O., & Öcel, H. (2009). İşyeri zorbalığı ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 12(24), 94-103.
  • Aygün, H. A. (2012). Psikolojik yıldırma (mobbing) üzerine nitel bir araştırma. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi, 5(1), 92-121.
  • Bortoluzzi, G., Caporale, L., & Palese, A. (2014). Does participative leadership reduce the onset of mobbing risk among nurse working teams? Journal of Nursing Management, 22(5), 643-652.
  • Branch, S., Ramsay, S., & Barker, M. (2013). Workplace bullying, mobbing and general harassment: a review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(3), 280- 299.
  • Brousse, G., Fontana, L., Ouchchane, L., Boisson, C., Gerbaud, L., Bourguet, D., Perrier, A., Schmitt, A., Llorca, P. M., & Chamoux, A. (2008). Psychopathological features of a patient. Occupational Medicine, 58, 122-128.
  • Charilaos, K., Michael, G., Chryssa, B. T., Panagiota, D., George, C. P., & Christina, D. (2015). Validation of the negative acts questionnaire (NAQ) in a sample of Greek teachers. Psychology, 6(1), 63-74.
  • Cogenli, M. Z., & Barlı, Ö. (2013). The exposure of psychological violence (mobbing) in universities and an application to the academicians. Prodecia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 1174-1178.
  • Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396.
  • Crawshaw, L. (2009). Workplace bullying? mobbing? harassment? distraction by a thousand definitions. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 61(3), 263-267.
  • Çiftçi, G. E., Öneren, M., & Önem, A. (2013). Çalışanlarda psikolojik yıldırma ve endişe düzeyi. “İş, Güç” Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 15(2), 63-81.
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Notelaers, G. (2009). Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. Work and Stress, 23(1), 24-44.
  • Erdoğan, G. (2009). Mobbing ( işyerinde psikolojik taciz). TBB Dergisi, 83, 318-352.
  • Escartín, J., Rodríguez-Carballeira, Á., Gómez-Benito, J., & Zapf, D. (2010). Development and validation of the workplace bullying scale EAPA-T. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 10(3), 519-539.
  • Ferris, P. A. (2009). The role of the consulting psychologist in the prevention, detection, and correction of bullying and mobbing in the workplace. Comsulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 61(3), 169-189.
  • Giorgi, G., Ando, M., Arenas, A., Shoss, M. K., & Leon-Perez, J. M. (2013). Exploring personal and organizational determinants of workplace bullying and its prevalence in a japanese sample. Psychology of Violence, 3(2), 185-197.
  • Giorgi, G., Arenas, A., & Leon-Perez, J. M. (2011). An operative measure of workplace bullying: the negative acts questionnaire across Italian companies. Industrial Health, 49(6), 686-695.
  • Göktürk, Y. G., & Bulut, S. (2012). Mobbing (iş yerinde psikolojik taciz). Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(1), 53-70.
  • Griend, K. M. V., & Messias, D. K. H. (2014). Expanding the conceptualization of workplace violence: implications for research, policy, and practice. Sex Roles, 71, 33-42.
  • Gül, H. (2009). İş sağlığında önemli bir psikososyal risk: mobbing-psikolojik yıldırma. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 8(6), 515-520.
  • Gülşen, C., & Kılıç, M. A. (2014). Perception of pre-school teachers to mobbing in terms of psycho-violence. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114, 446-451.
  • Jiménez, B. M., Muñoz, A. R., Gamarra, M. M., & Herrer, M. G. (2007). Assessing workplace bullying: Spanish validation of a reduced version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10(2), 449-457.
  • Laleoğlu, A., & Özmete, E. (2013). Mobbing ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları, 31(1), 9-31.
  • Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 119-126.
  • Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165- 184.
  • Lippel, K., Vezina, M., Bourbonnais, R., & Funes, A. (2016). Workplace psychological harassment: gendered exposures and implications for policy. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 46, 74-87.
  • Manotas, E. M. A. (2015). Mobbing in organizations: analysis of particular cases in a higher education institution. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 1607-1612.
  • Mercanlıoğlu, Ç. (2010). Çalışma hayatında psikolojik tacizin (mobbing) nedenleri, sonuçları ve Türkiye’deki hukuksal gelişimi. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 37-46.
  • Mulder, R., Pouwelse, M., Lodewijkx, H., & Bolman, C. (2014). Workplace mobbing and bystanders’ helping behaviour towards victims: the role of gender , perceived responsibility and anticipated stigma by association. İnternational Journal of Psychology, 49(4), 304-312.
  • Norton, P., Costa, V., Teixeira, J., Azevedo, A., Roma-Torres, A., Amaro, J., & Cunha, L. (2017). Prevalence and Determinants of Bullying Among Health Care Workers in Portugal. Workplace Health and Safety, 65(5), 188-196.
  • Notelaers, G., Einarsen, S., De Witte, H., & Vermunt, J. K. (2006). Measuring exposure to bullying at work: The validity and advantages of the latent class cluster approach. Work and Stress, 20(4), 289-302.
  • Penney, L. M., & Spector, P. E. (2005). Job stress, incivility, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB): The moderating role of negative affectivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(7), 777-796.
  • Shallcross, L., Ramsay, S., & Barker, M. (2013). Severe workplace conflict: the experience of mobbing. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 6(3), 191-213.
  • Shepard, M. F., & Campbell, J. A. (1992). The Abusive Behavior Inventory: A measure of psychological and physical abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7(3), 291-305.
  • Sperry, L. (2009). Mobbing and bullying: the influence of indıvıdual, work group, and organizational dynamics on abusive workplace behavior. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 61(3), 190-201.
  • Tetik, S. (2010). Mobbing kavramı: birey ve örgütler açısından önemi. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(18), 81-89.
  • Tınaz, P. (2006). İşyerinde psikolojik taciz (mobbing). Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi, 4(1), 13-28.
  • Trepanier, S., Fernet, C., & Austin, S. (2013). Workplace bullying and psychological health at work: the mediating role of satisfaction of needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness. Work and Stress, 27(2), 123-140.
  • Tsuno, K., Kawakami, N., Inoue, A., & Abe, K. (2010). Measuring workplace bullying: reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the negative acts questionnaire. Journal of Occupational Health, 52(4), 216-226.
  • Tutar, H. (2004). İşyerinde psikolojik şiddet sarmalı: nedenleri ve sonuçları. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 101-128.
  • Zapf, D. (1999). Organizational, work group related and personal causes of mobbing/bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20(1/2), 70-85.

Development of A Mobbing Scale and Examination of Its Psychometric Properties

Year 2017, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 79 - 88, 31.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.25203/idd.328590

Abstract

Objective of the study: Due to the absence of
Turkish psychometric devices assessing mobbing, in the present study it was
aimed to develop a mobbing scale and examine its basic psychometric properties.

Design and Methodolgy: Current study included two processes, formation of
item pool and examination of psychometric properties of the selected items. An
item pool of 180 items were prepared and applied to 134 women and to 187 men, a
total of 321 employ people ranging in age from 23 to 56 years. The data of this
study is examined by item analysis and Item Response Theory and number of items
is reduced to 133. The new form of 133 items was applied to 1280 employ people,
617 women and 663 men, ranging in age from 18 to 63. Further, in this study for
criterion related validity all employ people completed the Negative Acts
Questionnaire-Revised.



Findings: In this study, last
form 30 items were selected. Alpha internal consistency of last form scale was
0.96 item-total correlation was found between 0.53 and 0.75. In addition,
correlation coefficient 0.65 between the last form scale and other criterion
scale.

Originality: The results showed
that the new scale met the basic psychometric requirements.

References

  • Acar, A., & Dündar, G. (2008). İşyerinde psikolojik yıldırmaya (mobbing) maruz kalma sıklığı ile demografik özellikler arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 37(2), 111-120.
  • Adoric, V. C., & Kvartuc, T. (2007). Effects of mobbing on justice beliefs and adjustment. European Psychologist, 12(4), 261-271.
  • Akgeyik, T., Delen, M.G., Uşen, Ş., & Omay, U. (2009). İşyerinde psikolojik taciz olgusu; niteliği, yaygınlığı ve mücadele stratejisi. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 56(1), 91-150.
  • Aydın, O., & Öcel, H. (2009). İşyeri zorbalığı ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 12(24), 94-103.
  • Aygün, H. A. (2012). Psikolojik yıldırma (mobbing) üzerine nitel bir araştırma. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Elektronik Dergisi, 5(1), 92-121.
  • Bortoluzzi, G., Caporale, L., & Palese, A. (2014). Does participative leadership reduce the onset of mobbing risk among nurse working teams? Journal of Nursing Management, 22(5), 643-652.
  • Branch, S., Ramsay, S., & Barker, M. (2013). Workplace bullying, mobbing and general harassment: a review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(3), 280- 299.
  • Brousse, G., Fontana, L., Ouchchane, L., Boisson, C., Gerbaud, L., Bourguet, D., Perrier, A., Schmitt, A., Llorca, P. M., & Chamoux, A. (2008). Psychopathological features of a patient. Occupational Medicine, 58, 122-128.
  • Charilaos, K., Michael, G., Chryssa, B. T., Panagiota, D., George, C. P., & Christina, D. (2015). Validation of the negative acts questionnaire (NAQ) in a sample of Greek teachers. Psychology, 6(1), 63-74.
  • Cogenli, M. Z., & Barlı, Ö. (2013). The exposure of psychological violence (mobbing) in universities and an application to the academicians. Prodecia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 93, 1174-1178.
  • Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396.
  • Crawshaw, L. (2009). Workplace bullying? mobbing? harassment? distraction by a thousand definitions. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 61(3), 263-267.
  • Çiftçi, G. E., Öneren, M., & Önem, A. (2013). Çalışanlarda psikolojik yıldırma ve endişe düzeyi. “İş, Güç” Endüstri İlişkileri ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 15(2), 63-81.
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Notelaers, G. (2009). Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised. Work and Stress, 23(1), 24-44.
  • Erdoğan, G. (2009). Mobbing ( işyerinde psikolojik taciz). TBB Dergisi, 83, 318-352.
  • Escartín, J., Rodríguez-Carballeira, Á., Gómez-Benito, J., & Zapf, D. (2010). Development and validation of the workplace bullying scale EAPA-T. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 10(3), 519-539.
  • Ferris, P. A. (2009). The role of the consulting psychologist in the prevention, detection, and correction of bullying and mobbing in the workplace. Comsulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 61(3), 169-189.
  • Giorgi, G., Ando, M., Arenas, A., Shoss, M. K., & Leon-Perez, J. M. (2013). Exploring personal and organizational determinants of workplace bullying and its prevalence in a japanese sample. Psychology of Violence, 3(2), 185-197.
  • Giorgi, G., Arenas, A., & Leon-Perez, J. M. (2011). An operative measure of workplace bullying: the negative acts questionnaire across Italian companies. Industrial Health, 49(6), 686-695.
  • Göktürk, Y. G., & Bulut, S. (2012). Mobbing (iş yerinde psikolojik taciz). Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(1), 53-70.
  • Griend, K. M. V., & Messias, D. K. H. (2014). Expanding the conceptualization of workplace violence: implications for research, policy, and practice. Sex Roles, 71, 33-42.
  • Gül, H. (2009). İş sağlığında önemli bir psikososyal risk: mobbing-psikolojik yıldırma. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 8(6), 515-520.
  • Gülşen, C., & Kılıç, M. A. (2014). Perception of pre-school teachers to mobbing in terms of psycho-violence. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114, 446-451.
  • Jiménez, B. M., Muñoz, A. R., Gamarra, M. M., & Herrer, M. G. (2007). Assessing workplace bullying: Spanish validation of a reduced version of the Negative Acts Questionnaire. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10(2), 449-457.
  • Laleoğlu, A., & Özmete, E. (2013). Mobbing ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları, 31(1), 9-31.
  • Leymann, H. (1990). Mobbing and psychological terror at workplaces. Violence and Victims, 5(2), 119-126.
  • Leymann, H. (1996). The content and development of mobbing at work. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165- 184.
  • Lippel, K., Vezina, M., Bourbonnais, R., & Funes, A. (2016). Workplace psychological harassment: gendered exposures and implications for policy. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 46, 74-87.
  • Manotas, E. M. A. (2015). Mobbing in organizations: analysis of particular cases in a higher education institution. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 191, 1607-1612.
  • Mercanlıoğlu, Ç. (2010). Çalışma hayatında psikolojik tacizin (mobbing) nedenleri, sonuçları ve Türkiye’deki hukuksal gelişimi. Organizasyon ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 37-46.
  • Mulder, R., Pouwelse, M., Lodewijkx, H., & Bolman, C. (2014). Workplace mobbing and bystanders’ helping behaviour towards victims: the role of gender , perceived responsibility and anticipated stigma by association. İnternational Journal of Psychology, 49(4), 304-312.
  • Norton, P., Costa, V., Teixeira, J., Azevedo, A., Roma-Torres, A., Amaro, J., & Cunha, L. (2017). Prevalence and Determinants of Bullying Among Health Care Workers in Portugal. Workplace Health and Safety, 65(5), 188-196.
  • Notelaers, G., Einarsen, S., De Witte, H., & Vermunt, J. K. (2006). Measuring exposure to bullying at work: The validity and advantages of the latent class cluster approach. Work and Stress, 20(4), 289-302.
  • Penney, L. M., & Spector, P. E. (2005). Job stress, incivility, and counterproductive work behavior (CWB): The moderating role of negative affectivity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 26(7), 777-796.
  • Shallcross, L., Ramsay, S., & Barker, M. (2013). Severe workplace conflict: the experience of mobbing. Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 6(3), 191-213.
  • Shepard, M. F., & Campbell, J. A. (1992). The Abusive Behavior Inventory: A measure of psychological and physical abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7(3), 291-305.
  • Sperry, L. (2009). Mobbing and bullying: the influence of indıvıdual, work group, and organizational dynamics on abusive workplace behavior. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 61(3), 190-201.
  • Tetik, S. (2010). Mobbing kavramı: birey ve örgütler açısından önemi. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(18), 81-89.
  • Tınaz, P. (2006). İşyerinde psikolojik taciz (mobbing). Çalışma ve Toplum Dergisi, 4(1), 13-28.
  • Trepanier, S., Fernet, C., & Austin, S. (2013). Workplace bullying and psychological health at work: the mediating role of satisfaction of needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness. Work and Stress, 27(2), 123-140.
  • Tsuno, K., Kawakami, N., Inoue, A., & Abe, K. (2010). Measuring workplace bullying: reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the negative acts questionnaire. Journal of Occupational Health, 52(4), 216-226.
  • Tutar, H. (2004). İşyerinde psikolojik şiddet sarmalı: nedenleri ve sonuçları. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 101-128.
  • Zapf, D. (1999). Organizational, work group related and personal causes of mobbing/bullying at work. International Journal of Manpower, 20(1/2), 70-85.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Arkun Tatar

Meltem Namlı This is me

Mehmet Talha Özüdoğru This is me

Ayşe Refia Uysal This is me

Gülru Yeşilkanat This is me

Erdi Bahadır

Bilal Kalender

Sümeyye Aydın This is me

Publication Date December 31, 2017
Acceptance Date November 23, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tatar, A., Namlı, M., Özüdoğru, M. T., Uysal, A. R., et al. (2017). A Psikolojik Yıldırma Ölçeği’nin Geliştirilmesi ve Psikometrik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. İş’te Davranış Dergisi, 2(2), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.25203/idd.328590

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