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The seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum in clinically healthy dogs from Sinop region of Turkey

Year 2011, Volume: 33 Issue: 4, 396 - 401, 27.07.2011

Turabi Güneş , Ömer Poyraz , Adem Babacan

Abstract

Abstract

Aim. Ixodes ricinus ticks are frequently encountered in the Black Sea Region of Turkey, including the province of Sinop. The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs living in eight villages of Sinop and to clarify epidemiological similarities between both infectious agents. Methods. In August 2007, blood samples were collected from 93 dogs, which appeared clinically healthy. Serum samples were tested by the ELISA method for the presence of B. burgdorferi s.l. and A. phagocytophilum IgG antibodies. Results. B. burgdorferi s.l. IgG antibodies were detected in 26 of 93 dogs (28.0%) and A. phagocytophilum IgG antibodies in 28 of them (30.1%). Only B. burgdorferi s.l antibodies were detected in 7 dogs (7.5%), only A. phagocytophilum antibodies in 9 dogs (9.7%) and co-seroprevalence was seen in 19 dogs (20.4%). Seroprevalence of A. phagocytophilum was higher in the seropositive dogs to B. burgdorferi s.l. than the group of seronegative dogs (X2= 28.90, p= 0.001) and there was a positive correlation between both infectious agent (Phi coefficient= 0.584, p= 0.001). Conclusion. Dogs of Sinop in Turkey are under high risk to get infected with B. burgdorferi s.l. and A. phagocytophilum and most probably in similar climatic regions of the country. Also the seroprevalence rates in dogs are important to be an indicator of endemic status of a given region for humans, too.

Keywords: Canine borreliosis, canine anaplasmosis, borrelia burgdorferi s.l., anaplasma phagocytophilum, tick-borne infections, co-seroprevalence, Turkey

 

Özet

Amaç. Sinop’unda içinde olduğu Türkiye’nin Karadeniz bölgesinde Ixodes ricinus türü kenelere sıklıkla rastlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Sinop’un sekiz köyünde yaşayan köpeklerde Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum’un seroprevalansını araştırmak ve her iki enfeksiyon etkeni arasındaki epidemiyolojik benzerlikleri ortaya koymaktır. Yöntem. Sinop’ta, 2007 yılının Ağustos ayında klinik olarak sağlıklı görünen 93 köpekten kan örneği alınmıştır. Serum örneklerinde ELISA yöntemiyle B. burgdorferi s.l. ve A. phagocytophilum IgG antikorları araştırılmıştır. Bulgular. 93 köpeğin 26’sında (%28,0) B. burgdorferi s.l. ve 28’inde (%30,1) A. phagocytophilum IgG antikorları saptanmıştır. 7 köpekte (%7,5) sadece B. burgdorferi s.l., 9 köpekte (%9,7) sadece A. phagocytophilum antikorları ve 19 köpekte (%20,4) ise ko-seroprevalans tespit edilmiştir. B. burgdorferi s.l. seropozitifliği gösteren köpeklerde, seronegatif olanlarına göre A. phagocytophilum seropozitifliği daha yüksek bulunmuş olup (X2= 28,90, P= 0,001), her iki enfeksiyon etkenleri arasında pozitif yönde bir korelasyon saptanmıştır (Phi korelasyon= 0,584, p=,0.001). Sonuç. Sonuç olarak, Sinop ve benzer iklimsel bölgelerde, köpekler yüksek derecede B. burgdorferi s.l. ve A. phagocytophilum enfeksiyonu riski altındadırlar. Ayrıca köpeklerdeki seroprevalans oranları, belirli bir bölgenin endemik durumunun göstergesi olarak insanlar için de önem taşır.

Anahtar sözcükler: Köpek borreliosisi, köpek anaplasmosisi, borrelia burgdorferi s.l., anaplasma phagocytophilum, kene kökenli enfeksiyonlar, ko-seroprevalans, Türkiye

Keywords

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References

  • Shaw SE, Day MJ, Birtles RJ, Breitschwerdt EB. Tick-borne infectious diseases of dogs. Trends Parasitol 2001; 17: 74-80.
  • Skotarczak B. Canine ehrlichiosis. Ann Agric Environ Med 2003; 10: 137-41.
  • Bushmich SL. Lyme borreliosis in domestic animals. J Spirochet Tick-borne Dis 1994; 1: 24-8.
  • Wang G, van Dam AP, Schwartz I, Dankert J. Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: taxonomic, epidemiological, and clinical implication. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12: 633-53.
  • Aydin L, Bakirci S. Geographical distribution of ticks in Turkey. Parasitol Res 2007; 101: S163-6.
  • Gunes T, Kaya S, Poyraz O, Engin A. The Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus Ticks in the Sinop Region of Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2007; 31: 153-8.
  • Carrade DD, Foley JE, Borjesson DL, Sykes JE. Canine granulocytic anaplasmosis: a review. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23: 1129-41.
  • Gunes T, Poyraz O, Kaya S, Gencer L, Alim A. Investigation of vectors for Borrelia burgdorferi and Lyme seropositivity in Sivas region. Mikrobiyol Bul 2005; 39: 503-8.
  • Hansen K, Dietz HH. Serosurvey for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in Danish dogs. APMIS 1989; 97: 281-5.
  • Kybicova K, Schanilec P, Hulinska D, Uherkova L, Kurzova Z, Spejchalova S. Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato in Dogs in the Czech Republic. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2009; 9: 655-61.
  • M'ghirbi Y, Ghorbel A, Amouri M, Nebaoui A, Haddad S, Bouattour A. Clinical, serological, and molecular evidence of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in dogs in Tunisia. Parasitol Res 2009; 104: 767-74.
  • Aktas M, Vatansever Z, Altay K, Aydin MF, Dumanli N. Molecular evidence for Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes ricinus from Turkey. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010; 104: 10-5.
  • Gokce HI, Genc O, Akca A, Vatansever Z, Unver A, Erdogan HM. Molecular and serological evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of farm animals in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Acta Vet Hung 2008; 56: 281-92.
  • Bhide M, Yilmaz Z, Golcu E, Torun S, Mikula I. Seroprevalence of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in dogs and horses in Turkey. Ann Agric Environ Med 2008; 15: 85-90.
  • Greene RT, Levine JF, Breitschwerdt EB, Walker RL, Berkhoff HA, Cullen J, Nicholson WL. Clinical and serologic evaluations of induced Borrelia burgdorferi infection in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1988; 49: 752-7.
  • Poitout FM, Shinozaki JK, Stockwell PJ, Holland CJ, Shukla SK. Genetic variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infecting dogs in Western Washington State. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 796-801.
  • Derdakova M, Halanova M, Stanko M, Stefancikova A, Cislakova L, Pet'ko B. Molecular evidence for Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks from eastern Slovakia. Ann Agric Environ Med 2003; 10: 269-71.
  • Koci J, Movila A, Taragelova V, Toderas I, Uspenskaia I, Derdakova M, Labuda M. First report of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and its co-infections with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Republic of Moldova. Exp Appl Acarol 2007; 41: 147-52.
  • Magnarelli LA, Flavell RA, Padula SJ, Anderson JF, Fikrig E. Serologic diagnosis of canine and equine borreliosis: use of recombinant antigens in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 169-73.
  • Joppert AM, Hagiwara MK, Yoshinari NH. Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in dogs from Cotia county, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2001; 43: 251-5.
  • Dumler JS, Asanovich KM, Bakken JS, Richter P, Kimsey R, Madigan JE. Serologic cross-reactions among Ehrlichia equi, Ehrlichia phagocytophila, and human granulocytic Ehrlichia. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1098-103.

Türkiye’nin Sinop yöresinde, klinik olarak sağlıklı görülen köpeklerde Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato ve anaplasma phagocytophilum seroprevalansı ve her iki enfeksiyon etkeninin epidemiyolojik benzerlikleri

Year 2011, Volume: 33 Issue: 4, 396 - 401, 27.07.2011

Turabi Güneş , Ömer Poyraz , Adem Babacan

Abstract

Amaç. Sinop’unda içinde olduğu Türkiye’nin Karadeniz bölgesinde Ixodes ricinus türü kenelere sıklıkla rastlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Sinop’un sekiz köyünde yaşayan köpeklerde Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (s.l.) and Anaplasma phagocytophilum’un seroprevalansını araştırmak ve her iki enfeksiyon etkeni arasındaki epidemiyolojik benzerlikleri ortaya koymaktır. Yöntem. Sinop’ta, 2007 yılının Ağustos ayında klinik olarak sağlıklı görünen 93 köpekten kan örneği alınmıştır. Serum örneklerinde ELISA yöntemiyle B. burgdorferi s.l. ve A. phagocytophilum IgG antikorları araştırılmıştır. Bulgular. 93 köpeğin 26’sında (%28,0) B. burgdorferi s.l. ve 28’inde (%30,1) A. phagocytophilum IgG antikorları saptanmıştır. 7 köpekte (%7,5) sadece B. burgdorferi s.l., 9 köpekte (%9,7) sadece A. phagocytophilum antikorları ve 19 köpekte (%20,4) ise ko-seroprevalans tespit edilmiştir. B. burgdorferi s.l. seropozitifliği gösteren köpeklerde, seronegatif olanlarına göre A. phagocytophilum seropozitifliği daha yüksek bulunmuş olup (X2= 28,90, P= 0,001), her iki enfeksiyon etkenleri arasında pozitif yönde bir korelasyon saptanmıştır (Phi korelasyon= 0,584, p=,0.001). Sonuç. Sonuç olarak, Sinop ve benzer iklimsel bölgelerde, köpekler yüksek derecede B. burgdorferi s.l. ve A. phagocytophilum enfeksiyonu riski altındadırlar. Ayrıca köpeklerdeki seroprevalans oranları, belirli bir bölgenin endemik durumunun göstergesi olarak insanlar için de önem taşır.

Keywords

Köpek borreliosisi köpek anaplasmosisi borrelia burgdorferi s.l. anaplasma phagocytophilum kene kökenli enfeksiyonlar ko-seroprevalans Türkiye

References

  • Shaw SE, Day MJ, Birtles RJ, Breitschwerdt EB. Tick-borne infectious diseases of dogs. Trends Parasitol 2001; 17: 74-80.
  • Skotarczak B. Canine ehrlichiosis. Ann Agric Environ Med 2003; 10: 137-41.
  • Bushmich SL. Lyme borreliosis in domestic animals. J Spirochet Tick-borne Dis 1994; 1: 24-8.
  • Wang G, van Dam AP, Schwartz I, Dankert J. Molecular typing of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato: taxonomic, epidemiological, and clinical implication. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12: 633-53.
  • Aydin L, Bakirci S. Geographical distribution of ticks in Turkey. Parasitol Res 2007; 101: S163-6.
  • Gunes T, Kaya S, Poyraz O, Engin A. The Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus Ticks in the Sinop Region of Turkey. Turk J Vet Anim Sci 2007; 31: 153-8.
  • Carrade DD, Foley JE, Borjesson DL, Sykes JE. Canine granulocytic anaplasmosis: a review. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23: 1129-41.
  • Gunes T, Poyraz O, Kaya S, Gencer L, Alim A. Investigation of vectors for Borrelia burgdorferi and Lyme seropositivity in Sivas region. Mikrobiyol Bul 2005; 39: 503-8.
  • Hansen K, Dietz HH. Serosurvey for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in Danish dogs. APMIS 1989; 97: 281-5.
  • Kybicova K, Schanilec P, Hulinska D, Uherkova L, Kurzova Z, Spejchalova S. Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato in Dogs in the Czech Republic. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2009; 9: 655-61.
  • M'ghirbi Y, Ghorbel A, Amouri M, Nebaoui A, Haddad S, Bouattour A. Clinical, serological, and molecular evidence of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in dogs in Tunisia. Parasitol Res 2009; 104: 767-74.
  • Aktas M, Vatansever Z, Altay K, Aydin MF, Dumanli N. Molecular evidence for Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes ricinus from Turkey. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010; 104: 10-5.
  • Gokce HI, Genc O, Akca A, Vatansever Z, Unver A, Erdogan HM. Molecular and serological evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of farm animals in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Acta Vet Hung 2008; 56: 281-92.
  • Bhide M, Yilmaz Z, Golcu E, Torun S, Mikula I. Seroprevalence of anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in dogs and horses in Turkey. Ann Agric Environ Med 2008; 15: 85-90.
  • Greene RT, Levine JF, Breitschwerdt EB, Walker RL, Berkhoff HA, Cullen J, Nicholson WL. Clinical and serologic evaluations of induced Borrelia burgdorferi infection in dogs. Am J Vet Res 1988; 49: 752-7.
  • Poitout FM, Shinozaki JK, Stockwell PJ, Holland CJ, Shukla SK. Genetic variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infecting dogs in Western Washington State. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 796-801.
  • Derdakova M, Halanova M, Stanko M, Stefancikova A, Cislakova L, Pet'ko B. Molecular evidence for Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks from eastern Slovakia. Ann Agric Environ Med 2003; 10: 269-71.
  • Koci J, Movila A, Taragelova V, Toderas I, Uspenskaia I, Derdakova M, Labuda M. First report of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and its co-infections with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Ixodes ricinus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Republic of Moldova. Exp Appl Acarol 2007; 41: 147-52.
  • Magnarelli LA, Flavell RA, Padula SJ, Anderson JF, Fikrig E. Serologic diagnosis of canine and equine borreliosis: use of recombinant antigens in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 169-73.
  • Joppert AM, Hagiwara MK, Yoshinari NH. Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in dogs from Cotia county, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2001; 43: 251-5.
  • Dumler JS, Asanovich KM, Bakken JS, Richter P, Kimsey R, Madigan JE. Serologic cross-reactions among Ehrlichia equi, Ehrlichia phagocytophila, and human granulocytic Ehrlichia. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1098-103.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Basic Science Research Articles
Authors

Turabi Güneş

Ömer Poyraz

Adem Babacan

Publication Date July 27, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011Volume: 33 Issue: 4

Cite

AMA Güneş T, Poyraz Ö, Babacan A. The seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and anaplasma phagocytophilum in clinically healthy dogs from Sinop region of Turkey. CMJ. December 2011;33(4):396-401.