New advances in the diagnosis, medical management and follow-up of medullary thyroid cancer
Abstract
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), which behaves more aggressively than the other well-differentiated thyroid cancers of follicular cell origin, accounts for 10% of all thyroid cancer-related deaths. Most MTCs are sporadic however approximately 25% is hereditary as part of the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2 (MEN 2a and 2b). Both sporadic and inherited forms of MTC have a propensity for lymphatic and distant metastasis. The primary treatment of MTC is total thyroidectomy and removal of all neoplastic tissues present in the neck. After surgical treatment, measurements of serum calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen are of paramount importance in the postoperative follow-up since these markers reflect the presence of persistent or recurrent disease. Systemic chemotherapy with dacarbazine, 5-fluorouracil and doxorubicin, either alone or in combination, has shown very limited efficacy, producing only partial responses in the range of 10-20% and of short duration. Although current treatment options for patients with metastatic and refractory MTC are limited, recent advances in molecular oncology have fostered the invention of novel small molecules which target specific pathways which are thought to be essential in the MTC carcinogenesis. Several kinase inhibitors are currently under evaluation and preliminary results are promising.
Keywords: Medullary thyroid cancer, thyrosine kinase inhibitors
Özet
Medüller Tiroid Kanseri (MTC) folikül hücrelerinden kaynaklanan iyi diferansiye tiroid kanserlerinden daha agresif seyreder ve tiroid hastalıklarına bağlı oluşan ölümlerin yaklaşık %10’unu oluşturur. MTC’rinin çoğu sporadik olarak ortaya çıkar fakat %25’i MEN Tip 2’nin bir parçası olarak herediter olabilir. MTC’nin her 2 formunda da lenf nodu metastazı ve uzak metastaz görülebilir. Hem sporadik hem de herediter formun primer tedavisi total tiroidektomi ve boyundaki tümör dokusunun tamamının çıkarılmasıdır. Total tiroidektomi sonrası serum CT (kalsitonin) ve CEA ölçümü MTC hastaların operasyon sonrası takibinde önemlidir çünkü bu belirteçlerdeki artış persistan veya rekürren hastalık olduğunu düşündürür. Dakarbazin, 5-florourasil ve doksorubisinle (tek veya kombinasyon şeklinde) sistemik kemoterapinin etkisi oldukça sınırlıdır, kısmi cevap %10-20 arasındadır ve kısa sürelidir. Metastatik veya rekürren MTC hastalarında günümüzde tedavi seçenekleri sınırlı olmasına rağmen moleküler onkolojideki son ilerlemeler MTC tümör oluşumunda önemli olduğu düşünülen spesifik yolaklara yönelik küçük moleküllerin gelişimini hızlandırmıştır. Bazı kinaz inhibitörleri MTC’lerinde denenmektedir ve ön sonuçlar ümit vericidir.
Anahtar sözcükler: Medüller tiroid kanseri, tirozin kinaz inhibitörleri
Keywords
References
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
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Journal Section
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Publication Date
November 29, 2011
Submission Date
November 29, 2011
Acceptance Date
-
Published in Issue
Year 1970 Volume: 33 Number: 4