Research Article
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Associates of Adult Seperation Anxiety Disorder among University Students: A Case Control Study

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 181 - 188, 27.01.2022

Tugba Bozkir Nuryil Yilmaz Nesim Kugu

https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1004855

Abstract

Purpose: Separation anxiety is a state of extreme anxiety, felt by an individual in case of separation from attachment figure. It was aimed to investigate attachment styles, temperament traits, childhood trauma and dissociative experiences of university students diagnosed with adult separation anxiety disorder (ASAD).
Methods: Sixty five university students, diagnosed to have ASAD by a structured clinical interview were compared with healthy students via˝Adult Attachment Style Questionnaire (AAQ)," "Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)," "Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego Auto-questionnaire (TEMPS-A)," and "Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES)."
Results: Twenty two (33.8%) students with ASAD had problems with orientation and getting used to university. According to AAQ, students with ASAD had higher prevalence of insecure attachment styles, and especially high ambivalent attachment styles and to CTQ, students with ASAD had significantly higher scores in all subscales except physical abuse. Overall DES score was higher in students with ASAD compared to the control group. DES score and history of physical disease in the family were independent associates of ASAD.
Conclusion: DES score and history of physical disease in the family were independent associates of ASAD among university students. Hence, early awareness of dissociative symptoms and family history might help early identify students with ASAD.

Keywords

Adult separation anxiety disorder attachment temperament traits separation anxiety

References

  • 1. Bowlby J. Separation, Anxiety and Anger. Attachment and Loss; Basic Books, New York, 1973.
  • 2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th Ed. (DSM-IV). American Psychiatric Association. Washington DC., 1994.
  • 3. Manicavasagar V, Silove D. Is there an adult form of separation anxiety disorder, A brief clinical report. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 31: 299- 303.
  • 4. Silove DM, Marnane CL, Wagner R, Manicavasagar V, Rees S. The prevalence and correlates of adult separation anxiety disorder in an anxiety clinic. BMC Psychiatry 2010; 10: 21.
  • 5. Manicavasagar V, Silove D, Curtis J, Wagner R. Continuities of separation anxiety from early life into adulthood. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2000; 14: 1-18.
  • 6. Cyranowski JM, Shear MK, Rucci P, Fagiolini A, Frank E, Grochocinski VJ. Adult separation anxiety, Psychometric properties of a new structured clinical interview. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2002; 36: 77-86.
  • 7. Shear K, Jin R, Ruscio AM, Walters E, Kessler RC. Prevalence and correlates of estimated DSM-IV child and adult separation anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1074-1083.
  • 8. Ollendick TH, Mattis S, King N. Panic in children and adolescents. A review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1990; 35: 113-134.
  • 9. Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, Foote J, Lovejoy M, Wenzel K. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1132-1136.
  • 10. Şar V, Öztürk E, İkikardeş E. Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Travma Ölçeğinin (CTQ) Türkçe Uyarlamasının Geçerlik Ve Güvenilirliği [Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)]. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 2012; 32. 4: 1054-1063.
  • 11. Bernstein EM, Putnam FW. Development, reliability and validity of a Dissociation Scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1986; 174: 727-73.
  • 12. Yargıç LI, Tutkun H, Şar V. The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the dissociative experiences scale. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders 1995; 8: 10-13.
  • 13. Hazan C, Shaver P. Romantic love conceptualized as attachment process. Journal of personality and social psychology 1987; 52: 511-524.
  • 14. Mikulincer M, Florian F, Weller A. Attachment styles, coping strategies, and posttraumatic psychological distress: The impact of the Gulf War in Israel. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993; 64: 817-826.
  • 15. Akiskal HS. The temperamental foundations of affective disorders: Interpersonal factors in the origin and course of affective disorders, Mundt, C. et al. (Ed), London, 1996; 3-30.
  • 16. Vahip S, Kesebir S, Alkan M, Yazıcı O, Akiskal KK, Akiskal HS. Affective temperaments in clinically-well subjects in Turkey: initial psychometric data on the TEMPS-A. Journal of Affective Disorders 2005; 85. (1): 113-125.
  • 17. Diriöz M. Ayrılma Anksiyetesi için Yapılandırılmış Klinik Görüşme, Çocukluk ve Yetişkin Ayrılma Anksiyetesi Ölçekleri‟nin Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirliği [Structured Clinical Interview for Separation Anxiety, Validity and Reliability of the Childhood and Adult Separation Anxiety Scales]. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Klinik Sinirbilimleri AD, İzmir, 2010.
  • 18. Last CG, Perrin S, Hersen M, Kazdin AE. DSM III-R anxiety disorders in children: Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1991; 31. (6): 1070-1076.
  • 19. Poulton R, Milne BJ, Craske MG, Menzies RG. A longitudinal study of the etiology of separation anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2001; 39: 1395-1410.
  • 20. Santorelli NT. Developmental Antecedents of Symptoms of Adult Separation Anxiety in Young Adult College Students. Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2010.
  • 21. Brumariu LE, Kerns KA. Mother-Child Attachment Patterns and Different Types of Anxiety Symptoms: Is There Specificity of Relations? . Child Psychiatry & Human Development 2010; 41: 663-674.
  • 22. Manicavasagar V, Silove D, Wagner R, Pavlovic DH. Parental representations associated with adult separation anxiety and panic disorder-agoraphobia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 33: 422-428.
  • 23. Santorelli NT. Developmental Antecedents of Symptoms of Adult Separation Anxiety in Young Adult College Students. Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2010.
  • 24. Mertol S. Yetişkin Ayrılma Ankiyetesi Bozukluğu Hastalarında Mizaç ve Karakter Özellikleri [Temperament Traits and Characteristics in Patients with Adult Separation Attachment Disorder]. Uzmanlık tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, İzmir, 2011.
  • 25. Ok NE. Panik Bozukluğuna Eşlik Eden Yetişkin Ayrılma Anksiyetesi Bozukluğunda Bağlanma Biçimleri, Mizaç, Çocukluk Travmaları ve Erken Yaşam Olayları [Attachment Styles, Temperament, Childhood Traumas and Early Life Events in Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder Accompanying the Panic Disorder]. Uzmanlık tezi, Başkent Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, 2016.
  • 26. Lochner C, Seedat S, Allgulander C, Kidd M, Stein D, Gerdner A. Childhood trauma in adults with social anxiety disorder and panic disorder: a cross-national study. African Journal of Psychiatry 2010; 13: 376-381.
  • 27. Mathews CA, Kaur N, Stein M. Childhood trauma and obsessıve-compulsıve symptoms. Depressıon and Anxıety 2008; 25: 742–751.
  • 28. Çakmak B. Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları ile Yetişkin Ayrılma Anksiyetesi Arasındaki İlişki [The Relationship Between Childhood Traumas and Adult Separation Anxiety]. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Klinik Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul, 2016.
  • 29. Merckelbach H, Muris P. The causal link between self-reported trauma and dissociation: a critical review. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2001; 39: 245–254.
  • 30. Silove D, Momartin S, Marnane C, Steel Z, Manicavasagar V. Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder Among War-Affected Bosnian Refugees: Comorbidity With PTSD and Associations With Dimensions of Trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2010; 23: 169-172.

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 181 - 188, 27.01.2022

Tugba Bozkir Nuryil Yilmaz Nesim Kugu

https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1004855

Abstract

References

  • 1. Bowlby J. Separation, Anxiety and Anger. Attachment and Loss; Basic Books, New York, 1973.
  • 2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th Ed. (DSM-IV). American Psychiatric Association. Washington DC., 1994.
  • 3. Manicavasagar V, Silove D. Is there an adult form of separation anxiety disorder, A brief clinical report. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 31: 299- 303.
  • 4. Silove DM, Marnane CL, Wagner R, Manicavasagar V, Rees S. The prevalence and correlates of adult separation anxiety disorder in an anxiety clinic. BMC Psychiatry 2010; 10: 21.
  • 5. Manicavasagar V, Silove D, Curtis J, Wagner R. Continuities of separation anxiety from early life into adulthood. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 2000; 14: 1-18.
  • 6. Cyranowski JM, Shear MK, Rucci P, Fagiolini A, Frank E, Grochocinski VJ. Adult separation anxiety, Psychometric properties of a new structured clinical interview. Journal of Psychiatric Research 2002; 36: 77-86.
  • 7. Shear K, Jin R, Ruscio AM, Walters E, Kessler RC. Prevalence and correlates of estimated DSM-IV child and adult separation anxiety disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. American Journal of Psychiatry 2006; 163: 1074-1083.
  • 8. Ollendick TH, Mattis S, King N. Panic in children and adolescents. A review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1990; 35: 113-134.
  • 9. Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, Foote J, Lovejoy M, Wenzel K. Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1132-1136.
  • 10. Şar V, Öztürk E, İkikardeş E. Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Travma Ölçeğinin (CTQ) Türkçe Uyarlamasının Geçerlik Ve Güvenilirliği [Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)]. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi 2012; 32. 4: 1054-1063.
  • 11. Bernstein EM, Putnam FW. Development, reliability and validity of a Dissociation Scale. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1986; 174: 727-73.
  • 12. Yargıç LI, Tutkun H, Şar V. The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the dissociative experiences scale. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders 1995; 8: 10-13.
  • 13. Hazan C, Shaver P. Romantic love conceptualized as attachment process. Journal of personality and social psychology 1987; 52: 511-524.
  • 14. Mikulincer M, Florian F, Weller A. Attachment styles, coping strategies, and posttraumatic psychological distress: The impact of the Gulf War in Israel. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1993; 64: 817-826.
  • 15. Akiskal HS. The temperamental foundations of affective disorders: Interpersonal factors in the origin and course of affective disorders, Mundt, C. et al. (Ed), London, 1996; 3-30.
  • 16. Vahip S, Kesebir S, Alkan M, Yazıcı O, Akiskal KK, Akiskal HS. Affective temperaments in clinically-well subjects in Turkey: initial psychometric data on the TEMPS-A. Journal of Affective Disorders 2005; 85. (1): 113-125.
  • 17. Diriöz M. Ayrılma Anksiyetesi için Yapılandırılmış Klinik Görüşme, Çocukluk ve Yetişkin Ayrılma Anksiyetesi Ölçekleri‟nin Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirliği [Structured Clinical Interview for Separation Anxiety, Validity and Reliability of the Childhood and Adult Separation Anxiety Scales]. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Klinik Sinirbilimleri AD, İzmir, 2010.
  • 18. Last CG, Perrin S, Hersen M, Kazdin AE. DSM III-R anxiety disorders in children: Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 1991; 31. (6): 1070-1076.
  • 19. Poulton R, Milne BJ, Craske MG, Menzies RG. A longitudinal study of the etiology of separation anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2001; 39: 1395-1410.
  • 20. Santorelli NT. Developmental Antecedents of Symptoms of Adult Separation Anxiety in Young Adult College Students. Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2010.
  • 21. Brumariu LE, Kerns KA. Mother-Child Attachment Patterns and Different Types of Anxiety Symptoms: Is There Specificity of Relations? . Child Psychiatry & Human Development 2010; 41: 663-674.
  • 22. Manicavasagar V, Silove D, Wagner R, Pavlovic DH. Parental representations associated with adult separation anxiety and panic disorder-agoraphobia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1999; 33: 422-428.
  • 23. Santorelli NT. Developmental Antecedents of Symptoms of Adult Separation Anxiety in Young Adult College Students. Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2010.
  • 24. Mertol S. Yetişkin Ayrılma Ankiyetesi Bozukluğu Hastalarında Mizaç ve Karakter Özellikleri [Temperament Traits and Characteristics in Patients with Adult Separation Attachment Disorder]. Uzmanlık tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, İzmir, 2011.
  • 25. Ok NE. Panik Bozukluğuna Eşlik Eden Yetişkin Ayrılma Anksiyetesi Bozukluğunda Bağlanma Biçimleri, Mizaç, Çocukluk Travmaları ve Erken Yaşam Olayları [Attachment Styles, Temperament, Childhood Traumas and Early Life Events in Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder Accompanying the Panic Disorder]. Uzmanlık tezi, Başkent Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Psikiyatri Anabilim Dalı, Ankara, 2016.
  • 26. Lochner C, Seedat S, Allgulander C, Kidd M, Stein D, Gerdner A. Childhood trauma in adults with social anxiety disorder and panic disorder: a cross-national study. African Journal of Psychiatry 2010; 13: 376-381.
  • 27. Mathews CA, Kaur N, Stein M. Childhood trauma and obsessıve-compulsıve symptoms. Depressıon and Anxıety 2008; 25: 742–751.
  • 28. Çakmak B. Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları ile Yetişkin Ayrılma Anksiyetesi Arasındaki İlişki [The Relationship Between Childhood Traumas and Adult Separation Anxiety]. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Klinik Psikoloji Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul, 2016.
  • 29. Merckelbach H, Muris P. The causal link between self-reported trauma and dissociation: a critical review. Behaviour Research and Therapy 2001; 39: 245–254.
  • 30. Silove D, Momartin S, Marnane C, Steel Z, Manicavasagar V. Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder Among War-Affected Bosnian Refugees: Comorbidity With PTSD and Associations With Dimensions of Trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2010; 23: 169-172.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Tugba Bozkir This is me 0000-0002-0167-1477

Nuryil Yilmaz 0000-0002-6229-9197

Nesim Kugu 0000-0002-3582-235X

Publication Date January 27, 2022
Submission Date October 10, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Bozkir, T., Yilmaz, N., & Kugu, N. (2022). Associates of Adult Seperation Anxiety Disorder among University Students: A Case Control Study. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 6(1), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1004855
AMA Bozkir T, Yilmaz N, Kugu N. Associates of Adult Seperation Anxiety Disorder among University Students: A Case Control Study. JBACHS. January 2022;6(1):181-188. doi:10.30621/jbachs.1004855
Chicago Bozkir, Tugba, Nuryil Yilmaz, and Nesim Kugu. “Associates of Adult Seperation Anxiety Disorder Among University Students: A Case Control Study”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 6, no. 1 (January 2022): 181-88. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1004855.
EndNote Bozkir T, Yilmaz N, Kugu N (January 1, 2022) Associates of Adult Seperation Anxiety Disorder among University Students: A Case Control Study. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 6 1 181–188.
IEEE T. Bozkir, N. Yilmaz, and N. Kugu, “Associates of Adult Seperation Anxiety Disorder among University Students: A Case Control Study”, JBACHS, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 181–188, 2022, doi: 10.30621/jbachs.1004855.
ISNAD Bozkir, Tugba et al. “Associates of Adult Seperation Anxiety Disorder Among University Students: A Case Control Study”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 6/1 (January 2022), 181-188. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1004855.
JAMA Bozkir T, Yilmaz N, Kugu N. Associates of Adult Seperation Anxiety Disorder among University Students: A Case Control Study. JBACHS. 2022;6:181–188.
MLA Bozkir, Tugba et al. “Associates of Adult Seperation Anxiety Disorder Among University Students: A Case Control Study”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, vol. 6, no. 1, 2022, pp. 181-8, doi:10.30621/jbachs.1004855.
Vancouver Bozkir T, Yilmaz N, Kugu N. Associates of Adult Seperation Anxiety Disorder among University Students: A Case Control Study. JBACHS. 2022;6(1):181-8.
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