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Covid Sürecinde Paramedik Öğrenci ve Paramediklerin Algıladıkları Stresin, Stresle Baş Etme Davranışlarına Etkisi

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 90 - 101, 25.08.2021

Abstract

Giriş: COVID pandemisinde özellikle paramedikler ve paramedik adayları ön safhalarda görev aldılar. Bu süreçte yüksek düzeyde kontaminasyona maruz kalarak hayati riskleri artmıştır. İçinde bulundukları risk yaşadıkları stresi ve stresle başa çıkma davranışlarını etkileyebilir. Hatta yaşadıkları stres meslek değiştirmelerine bile yol açabilir.
Amaç: Araştırma, paramedik adaylarının ve paramediklerin algıladıkları stresi ve stresle başa çıkma davranışlarını anlamak amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Yöntem: Temmuz-Aralık 2020 (n=390) tarihleri arasında online anket uygulandı. Veri toplamada Stresle Başa Çıkma Ölçeği ve Algılanan Stres Ölçeği kullanıldı. İstatiksel analizler için tanımlayıcı analizler kullanıldı.
Bulgular: COVID sonrası mesleğe bakış açılarını değiştirmedikleri anlaşılmaktadır. Katılımcıların gelir düzeyleri ve cinsiyetleri ile her iki ölçeğin ortalamaları arasında önemli fark vardır. Katılımcıların algılanan stress ve stresle başa çıkma düzeyleri arasında düşük düzeyde ve anlamlı bir ilişki vardır.
Sonuç ve Öneriler: Bulgular, mesleğini bırakma niyetinde olmayan katılımcıların genel olarak algılanan stresinin yüksek ve stresle başa çıkma düzeylerinin düşük olduğunu göstermektedir. COVID döneminde sağlık görevlileri tarafından algılanan stress ve başa çıkma seviyelerini belirlemek, işi bırakma ve çalışma motivasyonlarını etkileyebilir.

References

  • Anderson C, Pooley JA, Mills B, Anderson E, Smith EC. Do paramedics have a professional obligation to work during a pandemic? A qualitative exploration of community member expectations. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2020;14(3):406-412. DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.212
  • Aslan D, Sayek I. We need to rethink on medical education for pandemic preparedness: Lessons learnt from COVID-19. Balkan Medical Journa.l 2020; 37(4): 178. https://doi.org/10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2020.2020.4.002
  • Aslan R. Tarihten günümüze epidemiler, pandemiler ve Covid-19. Ayrıntı Dergisi. 2020; 8(85).
  • Aykut S, Aykut SS. Kovid-19 pandemisi ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu temelinde sosyal hizmetin önemi. Toplumsal Politika Dergisi. 2020; 1(1): 56-66. https: //dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpd/issue/54902/764078
  • Babore A, Lombardi L, Viceconti ML, et al. Psychological effects of the COVID-2019 pandemic: Perceived stress and coping strategies among healthcare professionals. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 29: 3113366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113366
  • Bakker AB, Demerouti E. Multiple levels in job demands-resources theory: Implications for employee well-being and performance. Handbook of well-being. 2018. Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers. DOI: nobascholar.com
  • Ballı AİK, Kılıç KC. Stresle başa çıkma yöntemleri ölçeğinin Türkçe ’ye uyarlanması: geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2016; 2(3): 273-286.
  • Bandura A. Regulation of Cognitive Processes Through Perceived Self-Efficacy. Dev. Psychol. 1989;25:729–735.
  • Bennett P, Williams Y, Page N, et al. Levels of mental health problems among UK emergency ambulance workers. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2004;21:235–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.2003.005645
  • Bielajs I, Burkle FM Jr, Archer FL, et al. Development of prehospital, population-based triage-management protocols for pandemics. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2008; 23(5): 420-430. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00006154
  • Bigham BL, Jensen JL, Tavares W, et al. Paramedic self-reported exposure to violence in the emergency medicalservices (EMS) workplace: a mixed-methods cross-sectional survey. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2014;18(4):489–94. https://doi.org/10.3109/10903127.2014.912703.
  • Bilge Y, Bilge Y. Koronavirüs salgını ve sosyal izolasyonun psikolojik semptomlar üzerindeki etkilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık ve stresle baş etme tarzları açısından incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2020;23(1):38-51. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.66934
  • Cho HY, Kang KA. The mediating effects of self-efficacy on the relationship between job stress and turnover intention of paramedics in hospitals. The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services. 2017;21(3):109-120. https: //doi.org/10.14408/KJEMS.2017.21.3.109
  • Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1983; (24): 385-396.
  • Coronavirus: 84 tonnes of PPE to arrive from Turkey. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-52340461 Accessed November 2, 2020.
  • Dikmen AU, Kına MH, Özkan S, et al. COVID-19 epidemiyolojisi: Pandemiden ne öğrendik. Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research. 2020;(4):29-36.
  • Dopelt K, Wacht O, Strugo R, Miller R, et al. Factors that affect Israeli paramedics’ decision to quit the profession: a mixed methods study. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research. 2019; 8(1): 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-019-0346-0
  • Duschek S, Bair A, Haux S, et al. Stress in paramedics: relationships with coping strategies and personality traits. International Journal of Emergency Services. 2020; 9(2): 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJES-06-2019-0029
  • Elhadi M, Msherghi A, Alkeelani M, et al. Assessment of healthcare workers’ levels of preparedness and awareness regarding COVID-19 infection in low-resource settings. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2020; 103(2): 828-833. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0330
  • Eskin M, Harlak H, Demirkıran F, et al. Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. In New/Yeni Symposium Journal. 2013; 51(3):132-140.
  • Flesia L, Fietta V, Colicino E, et al. Predicting perceived stress related to the Covid-19 outbreak through stable psychological traits and machine learning models. J. Clin. Med. 2020;9:3350. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yb2h8.
  • Gross domestic product. https://data.oecd.org/gdp/gross-domestic-product-gdp.htm Accessed November 2, 2020.
  • Huang L, Lin G, Tang L, et al. Special attention to nurses’ protection during the COVID-19 epidemic. Critical Care. 2020;24:120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2841-7
  • Kızıl M. İzmir 112 ambulanslarında çalışan paramedik ve acil tıp teknisyenlerinin anksiyete düzeyleri ve iş stresörleri. Hastane Öncesi Dergisi. 2016; 1(1): 43-54.
  • Korkmaz MF, Türe E, Dorum BA, et al. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 81 children with COVID-19 in a pandemic hospital in Turkey: an observational cohort study. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2020;(35):25. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e236
  • Labrague LJ, De Los Santos JAA. COVID‐19 anxiety among front‐line nurses:Predictive role of organisational support, personal resilience and social support. Journal of Nursing Management. 2020;28(7):1653-1661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13121
  • Lowe JJ, Jelden KC, Schenarts PJ, et al. Considerations for safe EMS transport of patients infected with Ebola virus. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2015; 19(2), 179-183. doi: 10.3109/10903127.2014.983661.
  • Mason R, Roodenburg J, Williams B. What personality types dominate among nurses and paramedics: A scoping review? Australasian Emergency Care. 2020;23(4):281-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.auec.2020.06.001
  • Menon V, Padhy SK. Ethical dilemmas faced by health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic: Issues, implications and suggestions. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 51: 102116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102116
  • Moos R. Coping responses inventory: Professional manual (2nd ed.). New York: PAR Assessment Resources. New York, 1993.
  • Orsini CA & Setlow B. Sex differences in animal models of decision making. Journal of neuroscience research 2017; 95(1-2): 260-269. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.23810
  • Portero de la Cruz S, Cebrino J, Herruzo J, & Vaquero-Abellán M. A Multicenter Study into Burnout, Perceived Stress, Job Satisfaction, Coping Strategies, and General Health among Emergency Department Nursing Staff. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(4): 1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041007
  • Presidency of the Rebuplic of Turkey, Presidency of Religious Affairs. Türkiye’de Dini Hayat Araştırması, 2014. http://dspace.ceid.org.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/340/ekutuphane3.5.1.2.15.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Russell H, Maître B, Watson D, Fahey É. Job stress and working conditions: Ireland in comparative perspective. An analysis of the European Working Conditions Survey (No. 84). 2018. Research Series. doi:10.26504/rs84
  • Saczuk K, Lapinska B, Wilmont P, et al. Relationship between Sleep Bruxism, Perceived Stress, and Coping Strategies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;(16)17:3193. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173193
  • Saeed AA, Bahnassy AA, Al-Hamdan, et al. Perceived stress and associated factors among medical students. Journal of Family & Community Medicine. 2016;23(3):166. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8229.189132
  • Selye H. Stress and distress. Comprehensive therapy.1975; 1(8): 9
  • Smith E, Burkle Jr F, Gebbie K, Ford D, & Bensimon C. A qualitative study of paramedic duty to treat during disaster response. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 2019;13(2), 191-196. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.15
  • Spoorthy MS, Pratapa SK, Mahant S. Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic–A review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 2020;51: 102119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102119
  • Tayeb MA, Al-Zamel E, Fareed MM, et al. A “good death”: perspectives of Muslim patients and health care providers. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 2010; 30(3): 215-221. https://doi.org/10.4103/0256-4947.62836
  • Thomas B, O’Meara P, Spelten E. Everyday dangers–the impact infectious disease has on the health of paramedics: a scoping review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2017; 32(2): 217-223. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X16001497
  • Turkey-Response to Covid-19 Pandemic. https://www.euro.who.int/en/countries/turkey/turkey-response-to-covid-19-pandemic Accessed September 14, 2020.
  • Urgancı Ç. İstanbul 112 Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri Çalışanlarının Mesleki Tükenmişlik Düzeyleri, Algılanan Stres Düzeyi Ve Stresle Başa Çıkma Stillerinin Evlilik Doyumunu Yordama Gücü (Doctoral Dissertation, İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) İstanbul, 2018.
  • Vagni M, Maiorano T, Giostra V, & Pajardi D. Coping with COVID-19: Emergency Stress, Secondary Trauma and Self-Efficacy in Healthcare and Emergency Workers in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020:11:566912. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566912
  • WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). https://covid19.who.int Accessed September 14, 2020.
  • Wu PE, Styra R, Gold WL. Mitigating the psychological effects of COVID-19 on health care workers. CMAJ. 2020;192(17): E459-E460. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200519
  • Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in January 2020 in China. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research. 2020; 26: e923921-1. doi: 10.12659/MSM.923921

The Perceived Stress of Paramedic Students and Paramedics on Their Stress Coping Behaviors During COVID

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 90 - 101, 25.08.2021

Abstract

Introduction: In the Covid pandemic, especially paramedics and paramedic students took part in the front stages. In the process, the risks of life have increased by being exposed to high levels of contamination. The risk they are in can affect the stress they experience and their behavior of coping with stress. The stress they experience may even lead to change of profession.
Purpose: The study was conducted to understand the perceived stress and coping behaviors of paramedic students and paramedics.
Methods: An online survey of participants was conducted between July-December 2020 (n=390). Data was collected Coping Response Inventory and Perceived Stress Scale were used. Descriptive statistics were used to statistical analysis.
Findings: It is understood that they did not change their perspective on the profession after COVID. There is significant difference between the income levels and gender of the participants and the averages of both scales. There were a low level and significant relationship between the perceived stress and stress coping levels of the participants.
Conclusions and Recommendations: The findings show that participants who do not intend to quit their profession generally have high perceived stress and low levels of coping with stress. Determining the stress and coping levels perceived by paramedics during the COVID period can affect their motivation to quit and work.

References

  • Anderson C, Pooley JA, Mills B, Anderson E, Smith EC. Do paramedics have a professional obligation to work during a pandemic? A qualitative exploration of community member expectations. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness. 2020;14(3):406-412. DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2020.212
  • Aslan D, Sayek I. We need to rethink on medical education for pandemic preparedness: Lessons learnt from COVID-19. Balkan Medical Journa.l 2020; 37(4): 178. https://doi.org/10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2020.2020.4.002
  • Aslan R. Tarihten günümüze epidemiler, pandemiler ve Covid-19. Ayrıntı Dergisi. 2020; 8(85).
  • Aykut S, Aykut SS. Kovid-19 pandemisi ve travma sonrası stres bozukluğu temelinde sosyal hizmetin önemi. Toplumsal Politika Dergisi. 2020; 1(1): 56-66. https: //dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tpd/issue/54902/764078
  • Babore A, Lombardi L, Viceconti ML, et al. Psychological effects of the COVID-2019 pandemic: Perceived stress and coping strategies among healthcare professionals. Psychiatry Research. 2020; 29: 3113366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113366
  • Bakker AB, Demerouti E. Multiple levels in job demands-resources theory: Implications for employee well-being and performance. Handbook of well-being. 2018. Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers. DOI: nobascholar.com
  • Ballı AİK, Kılıç KC. Stresle başa çıkma yöntemleri ölçeğinin Türkçe ’ye uyarlanması: geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2016; 2(3): 273-286.
  • Bandura A. Regulation of Cognitive Processes Through Perceived Self-Efficacy. Dev. Psychol. 1989;25:729–735.
  • Bennett P, Williams Y, Page N, et al. Levels of mental health problems among UK emergency ambulance workers. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2004;21:235–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/emj.2003.005645
  • Bielajs I, Burkle FM Jr, Archer FL, et al. Development of prehospital, population-based triage-management protocols for pandemics. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2008; 23(5): 420-430. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00006154
  • Bigham BL, Jensen JL, Tavares W, et al. Paramedic self-reported exposure to violence in the emergency medicalservices (EMS) workplace: a mixed-methods cross-sectional survey. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2014;18(4):489–94. https://doi.org/10.3109/10903127.2014.912703.
  • Bilge Y, Bilge Y. Koronavirüs salgını ve sosyal izolasyonun psikolojik semptomlar üzerindeki etkilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık ve stresle baş etme tarzları açısından incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2020;23(1):38-51. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.66934
  • Cho HY, Kang KA. The mediating effects of self-efficacy on the relationship between job stress and turnover intention of paramedics in hospitals. The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services. 2017;21(3):109-120. https: //doi.org/10.14408/KJEMS.2017.21.3.109
  • Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1983; (24): 385-396.
  • Coronavirus: 84 tonnes of PPE to arrive from Turkey. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-52340461 Accessed November 2, 2020.
  • Dikmen AU, Kına MH, Özkan S, et al. COVID-19 epidemiyolojisi: Pandemiden ne öğrendik. Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research. 2020;(4):29-36.
  • Dopelt K, Wacht O, Strugo R, Miller R, et al. Factors that affect Israeli paramedics’ decision to quit the profession: a mixed methods study. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research. 2019; 8(1): 78. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13584-019-0346-0
  • Duschek S, Bair A, Haux S, et al. Stress in paramedics: relationships with coping strategies and personality traits. International Journal of Emergency Services. 2020; 9(2): 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJES-06-2019-0029
  • Elhadi M, Msherghi A, Alkeelani M, et al. Assessment of healthcare workers’ levels of preparedness and awareness regarding COVID-19 infection in low-resource settings. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2020; 103(2): 828-833. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0330
  • Eskin M, Harlak H, Demirkıran F, et al. Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. In New/Yeni Symposium Journal. 2013; 51(3):132-140.
  • Flesia L, Fietta V, Colicino E, et al. Predicting perceived stress related to the Covid-19 outbreak through stable psychological traits and machine learning models. J. Clin. Med. 2020;9:3350. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yb2h8.
  • Gross domestic product. https://data.oecd.org/gdp/gross-domestic-product-gdp.htm Accessed November 2, 2020.
  • Huang L, Lin G, Tang L, et al. Special attention to nurses’ protection during the COVID-19 epidemic. Critical Care. 2020;24:120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2841-7
  • Kızıl M. İzmir 112 ambulanslarında çalışan paramedik ve acil tıp teknisyenlerinin anksiyete düzeyleri ve iş stresörleri. Hastane Öncesi Dergisi. 2016; 1(1): 43-54.
  • Korkmaz MF, Türe E, Dorum BA, et al. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 81 children with COVID-19 in a pandemic hospital in Turkey: an observational cohort study. Journal of Korean Medical Science. 2020;(35):25. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e236
  • Labrague LJ, De Los Santos JAA. COVID‐19 anxiety among front‐line nurses:Predictive role of organisational support, personal resilience and social support. Journal of Nursing Management. 2020;28(7):1653-1661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13121
  • Lowe JJ, Jelden KC, Schenarts PJ, et al. Considerations for safe EMS transport of patients infected with Ebola virus. Prehospital Emergency Care. 2015; 19(2), 179-183. doi: 10.3109/10903127.2014.983661.
  • Mason R, Roodenburg J, Williams B. What personality types dominate among nurses and paramedics: A scoping review? Australasian Emergency Care. 2020;23(4):281-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.auec.2020.06.001
  • Menon V, Padhy SK. Ethical dilemmas faced by health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic: Issues, implications and suggestions. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 51: 102116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102116
  • Moos R. Coping responses inventory: Professional manual (2nd ed.). New York: PAR Assessment Resources. New York, 1993.
  • Orsini CA & Setlow B. Sex differences in animal models of decision making. Journal of neuroscience research 2017; 95(1-2): 260-269. https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.23810
  • Portero de la Cruz S, Cebrino J, Herruzo J, & Vaquero-Abellán M. A Multicenter Study into Burnout, Perceived Stress, Job Satisfaction, Coping Strategies, and General Health among Emergency Department Nursing Staff. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(4): 1007. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041007
  • Presidency of the Rebuplic of Turkey, Presidency of Religious Affairs. Türkiye’de Dini Hayat Araştırması, 2014. http://dspace.ceid.org.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/340/ekutuphane3.5.1.2.15.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Russell H, Maître B, Watson D, Fahey É. Job stress and working conditions: Ireland in comparative perspective. An analysis of the European Working Conditions Survey (No. 84). 2018. Research Series. doi:10.26504/rs84
  • Saczuk K, Lapinska B, Wilmont P, et al. Relationship between Sleep Bruxism, Perceived Stress, and Coping Strategies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019;(16)17:3193. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173193
  • Saeed AA, Bahnassy AA, Al-Hamdan, et al. Perceived stress and associated factors among medical students. Journal of Family & Community Medicine. 2016;23(3):166. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8229.189132
  • Selye H. Stress and distress. Comprehensive therapy.1975; 1(8): 9
  • Smith E, Burkle Jr F, Gebbie K, Ford D, & Bensimon C. A qualitative study of paramedic duty to treat during disaster response. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 2019;13(2), 191-196. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.15
  • Spoorthy MS, Pratapa SK, Mahant S. Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic–A review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 2020;51: 102119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102119
  • Tayeb MA, Al-Zamel E, Fareed MM, et al. A “good death”: perspectives of Muslim patients and health care providers. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 2010; 30(3): 215-221. https://doi.org/10.4103/0256-4947.62836
  • Thomas B, O’Meara P, Spelten E. Everyday dangers–the impact infectious disease has on the health of paramedics: a scoping review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2017; 32(2): 217-223. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X16001497
  • Turkey-Response to Covid-19 Pandemic. https://www.euro.who.int/en/countries/turkey/turkey-response-to-covid-19-pandemic Accessed September 14, 2020.
  • Urgancı Ç. İstanbul 112 Acil Sağlık Hizmetleri Çalışanlarının Mesleki Tükenmişlik Düzeyleri, Algılanan Stres Düzeyi Ve Stresle Başa Çıkma Stillerinin Evlilik Doyumunu Yordama Gücü (Doctoral Dissertation, İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü) İstanbul, 2018.
  • Vagni M, Maiorano T, Giostra V, & Pajardi D. Coping with COVID-19: Emergency Stress, Secondary Trauma and Self-Efficacy in Healthcare and Emergency Workers in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020:11:566912. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.566912
  • WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). https://covid19.who.int Accessed September 14, 2020.
  • Wu PE, Styra R, Gold WL. Mitigating the psychological effects of COVID-19 on health care workers. CMAJ. 2020;192(17): E459-E460. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.200519
  • Xiao H, Zhang Y, Kong D, Li S, Yang N. Social capital and sleep quality in individuals who self-isolated for 14 days during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in January 2020 in China. Medical science monitor: international medical journal of experimental and clinical research. 2020; 26: e923921-1. doi: 10.12659/MSM.923921
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Dilek Baykal 0000-0001-5965-9318

Sema Koç Tütüncü 0000-0003-0038-3817

Publication Date August 25, 2021
Submission Date December 21, 2020
Acceptance Date March 21, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Baykal, D., & Koç Tütüncü, S. (2021). The Perceived Stress of Paramedic Students and Paramedics on Their Stress Coping Behaviors During COVID. Genel Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 90-101.


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