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COVID-19 Pandemisi Döneminde Riskli Gebe İzlemi Ve Yönetimi

Year 2020, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 378 - 387, 25.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.38136/jgon.724118

Abstract

Koronavirüs hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19) tüm dünyayı etkisi altına almış olan bir pandemidir. İlk ortaya çıktığı 2019 yılı sonundan günümüze kadar çok hızlı bir yayılım göstermiş, ülkelerdeki sağlık sistemleri üzerinde ciddi bir yük oluşturmuştur. Öte yandan enfekte ettiği hastaların %15’ine yakınında pnömoni tablosu yaratmış, %5’ine yakınında da mortal olarak seyretmiştir. Virüsün ana bulaş yolu enfekte solunum damlacıklarının göz, burun ve ağızdaki müköz membranlar ile temasıdır. Daha çok komorbit hastalığı mevcut olan ileri yaş hastalarda kötü prognoz göstermekle beraber genç hastalarda da ağır klinik tablolara yol açabilmekte ve daha önemlisi bu hastalar üzerinden risk grubundaki bireylere bulaş göstererek ciddi bir toplum sağlığı sorunu oluşturabilmektedir. Şu an için hastalığın aktif bir tedavisi ve aşısı mevcut değildir. Enfeksiyonla mücadelede en önemli adım bulaşı önlemek olarak görünmektedir. Hidroksiklorokin, azitromisin, oseltamivir, favipravir ve lopinavir/ritonavir gibi ilaçlar üzerinde hastalığın prognozu için olumlu olabilecekleri yönünde çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bilindiği üzere gebelik pek çok immünolojik adaptif değişikliği beraberinde getirmektedir ve gebe popülasyon enfeksiyon hastalıklarına karşı daha duyarlıdır. Bu yüzden hastalığın gebe hastalardaki gidişatı, obstetrik komplikasyonlarla ilişkisi, güvenli tedavi yaklaşımları, prenatal takip ve intrapartum yönetim gibi konular üzerinde tartışmalar devam etmektedir. Virüsün gebelerde genel popülasyon ile benzer semptomlara yol açtığı düşünülmektedir. Çoğunlukla soğuk algınlığı ve grip benzeri bir klinik tablo mevcuttur. Buna karşın bazı çalışmalarda fetal distres ve preterm eylem riskini arttırabileceği gösterilmiştir. Yine bu vakalarda artmış sezaryen oranları dikkat çekmektedir. Vertikal geçiş ile ilgili net bilgi olmamakla beraber literatürde şüpheli vakalar mevcuttur. Sadece 30 hafta 3 günlük gebeliği olan bir vakada maternal ölüm bildirilmiştir. Gebe hastaların tedavisinde hidroksiklorokin ve lopinavir/ritonavir kombinasyonu tercih edilmektedir. Gebe popülasyonu korumak amacı ile prenatal takip sayısının ve muayene süresinin azaltılması önerilmektedir. Ayrıca hem sağlık personeli hem de muayene olan gebeler bulaş riskini azaltmak için gerekli kişisel önlemlerini almalıdır. Yine sağlık kuruluşları personelini ve diğer hasta popülasyonu korumak amacı ile uygun yönetim şeması oluşturmalıdır. Şüpheli vakaların yönetimi multidisipliner bir ekip tarafından sağlanmalıdır. Doğum yapacak hastalarda maternal sağlığın yanında sağlık personelinin de korunması hedeflenmeli, hastaneler bu hastaların doğumu için negatif basınçlı izole özel alanlar belirlemelidir. Kişisel koruyucu ekipman kullanımı konusunda gerekli bilgilendirme yapılmalı, bu hastaların yönetiminde belirlenmiş olan kurallara titizlikle uyulmalıdır. Postpartum dönemde neonatal bulaş riski ile beraber emzirmenin önemi de göz önünde bulundurulmalı, gerekli önlemler alınarak anne-bebek bağlanması sağlanmalıdır. Bu derlemeyi yazmamızdaki amaç COVID-19 enfeksiyonu olan gebelerin sonuçlarını uluslararası literatür bazında gözden geçirmek ve bahsi geçen gebelerin obstetrik olarak yönetiminde klinisyenlere katkıda bulunmaktır.

References

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Year 2020, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 378 - 387, 25.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.38136/jgon.724118

Abstract

References

  • 1. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) technical guidance 2020 [Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance 2. Guan Wei-jie, Ni Zheng-yi, Hu Yu, Liang Wen-hua, Ou Chun-quan, He Jian-xing, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine. 2020. 3. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksiyonu) Rehberi 2020 [Available from: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf. 4. Zhou P., Yang X. L., Wang X. G., Hu B., Zhang L., Zhang W., et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270-3. 5. van Doremalen N., Bushmaker T., Morris D. H., Holbrook M. G., Gamble A., Williamson B. N., et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. The New England journal of medicine. 2020. 6. Chen W., Lan Y., Yuan X., Deng X., Li Y., Cai X., et al. 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Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London, England). 2020;395(10223):497-506. 12. Zhao W., Zhong Z., Xie X., Yu Q., Liu J. Relation Between Chest CT Findings and Clinical Conditions of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Multicenter Study. AJR American journal of roentgenology. 2020:1-6. 13. Zhao J., Yuan Q., Wang H., Liu W., Liao X., Su Y., et al. Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients of novel coronavirus disease 2019. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2020. 14. Liu D., Li L., Wu X., Zheng D., Wang J., Yang L., et al. Pregnancy and Perinatal Outcomes of Women With Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pneumonia: A Preliminary Analysis. AJR American journal of roentgenology. 2020:1-6. 15. Breslin Noelle, Baptiste Caitlin, Gyamfi-Bannerman Cynthia, Miller Russell, Martinez Rebecca, Bernstein Kyra, et al. COVID-19 infection among asymptomatic and symptomatic pregnant women: Two weeks of confirmed presentations to an affiliated pair of New York City hospitals. 16. COVID CDC. Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019—United States, February 12–March 28, 2020. 2020. 17. Mullins E., Evans D., Viner R. M., O'Brien P., Morris E. Coronavirus in pregnancy and delivery: rapid review. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2020. 18. Liu H., Wang L. L., Zhao S. J., Kwak-Kim J., Mor G., Liao A. H. Why are pregnant women susceptible to COVID-19? An immunological viewpoint. J Reprod Immunol. 2020;139:103122. 19. Qiao Jie. What are the risks of COVID-19 infection in pregnant women? The Lancet. 2020;395(10226):760-2. 20. Obstetricians American College of, Gynecologists. 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The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on pre-eclampsia: A pragmatic guide for first-trimester screening and prevention. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2019;145:1. 26. Gebelikte Coronavirüs Enfeksiyonu (COVID-19) Hakkında Görüş (3. Bilgilendirme,03.04.2020) Türkiye2020 [Available from: http://www.tmftp.org/tr/covid-19-detay/3-bilgilendirme-icin-tiklayin. 27. Zaigham M, Andersson O. Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes with COVID-19: a systematic review of 108 pregnancies. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica. 2020. 28. Karami P., Naghavi M., Feyzi A., Aghamohammadi M., Novin M. S., Mobaien A., et al. Mortality of a pregnant patient diagnosed with COVID-19: A case report with clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020:101665. 29. 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Translational pediatrics. 2020;9(1):51. 34. Zambrano Lysien I, Fuentes-Barahona Itzel Carolina, Bejarano-Torres Daysi Anabell, Bustillo Carolina, Gonzales Gloria, Vallecillo-Chinchilla Gissela, et al. A pregnant woman with COVID-19 in Central America. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;101639. 35. Gidlöf Sebastian, Savchenko Julia, Brune Thomas, Josefsson Hampus. COVID-19 in pregnancy with comorbidities: More liberal testing strategy is needed. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica. 2020. 36. Yu Nan, Li Wei, Kang Qingling, Xiong Zhi, Wang Shaoshuai, Lin Xingguang, et al. Clinical features and obstetric and neonatal outcomes of pregnant patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective, single-centre, descriptive study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2020. 37. Breslin Noelle, Baptiste Caitlin, Miller Russell, Fuchs Karin, Goffman Dena, Gyamfi-Bannerman Cynthia, et al. COVID-19 in pregnancy: early lessons. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM. 2020:100111. 38. 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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Journal Section Review
Authors

Atakan Tanacan 0000-0001-8209-8248

Seyit Ahmet Erol 0000-0002-2494-4896

Aykan Yücel 0000-0002-5888-692X

Publication Date June 25, 2020
Submission Date April 20, 2020
Acceptance Date April 28, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 17 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Tanacan A, Erol SA, Yücel A. COVID-19 Pandemisi Döneminde Riskli Gebe İzlemi Ve Yönetimi. JGON. 2020;17(2):378-87.