Abstract
References
- Vuppalanchi R, Chalasani N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Selected practical issues in their evaluation and management. Hepatology 2009; 49: 306-17.
- Chatrath H, Vuppalanchi R, Chalasani N. Dyslipidemia in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2012; 32: 22-9.
- Wree A, Broderick L, Canbay A, Hoffman HM, Feldstein AE. From NAFLD to NASH to cirrhosis-new insights into disease mechanisms. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10: 627−36.
- Mehta K, Van Thiel DH, Shah N, Mobarhan S. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathogenesis and the role of antioxidnats. Nutrition Reviews 2002; 60: 289-93.
- Emanuele E. Is biopsy always necessary? Toward a clinico-laboratory approach for diagnosing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obesity. Hepatology 2008; 48: 2086-7.
- Calès P, Boursier J, Chaigneau J, et al. Diagnosis of different liver fibrosis characteristics by blood tests in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver International 2010; 30: 1346-54.
- Dasarathy S, Dasarathy J, Khiyami A, Joseph R, Lopez R, McCullough AJ. Validity of real time ultrasound in the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis: a prospective study. J Hepatol 2009; 51: 1061–7.
- Ting YW, Wong SW, Anuar Zaini A, Mohamed R, Jalaludin MY. Metabolic syndrome is associated with advanced liver fibrosis among pediatric patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Pediatr 2019; 7: 491.
- Mui P, Hill SE, Thorpe RJ Jr. Overweight and obesity differences across ethnically diverse subgroups of Asian American men. Am J Mens Health 2018; 12: 1958-65.
- Ma H, Xu C, Xu L, et al. Independent association of HbA1c and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an elderly Chinese population. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13: 3.
- Ballestri S, Zona S, Targher G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an almost twofold increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31: 936–44.
- Mustapic S, Ziga S, Matic V, et al. Ultrasound grade of liver steatosis is independently associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018: 8490242.
- Madan K, Batra Y, Gupta SD, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease may not be a severe disease at presentation among Asian Indians. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 3400-5.
- Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 113-21.
- Collates R, Ong JP, Younossi ZM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the epidemic of obesitiy. Cleve J Med 2004; 71: 657-64.
- Weiß J, Rau M, Geier A. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: epidemiology, clinical course, investigation, and treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2014; 111: 447-52.
- Ong JP, Younossi ZM. Epidemiology and natural history of NAFLD and NASH. Clin Liver Dis 2007; 11: 1-16.
- Vajro P, Lenta S, Socha P, et al. Diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: position paper of the ESPGHAN Hepatology Committee. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012; 54: 700-13.
- Makkonen J, Pietiläinen KH, Rissanen A, Kaprio J, Yki-Järvinen H. Genetic factors contribute to variation in serum alanine aminotransferase activity independent of obesity and alcohol: a study in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 1035-104.
- Marchesini G, Brizi M, Bianchi G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a feature of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1844–50.
- Kissebah AH, Krakower GR. Regional adiposity and morbidity. Physiol Rev 1994; 74: 761–811.
- Kang SH, Cho Y, Jeong SW, Kim SU, Lee JW. Korean NAFLD Study Group. From nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: Big wave or ripple? Clin Mol Hepatol 2021; 27: 257-69.
- Pacifico L, Bonci E, Andreoli G, et al. Association of serum triglyceride-to-HDL cholesterol ratio with carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24: 737-43.
- Wong VW, Chu WC, Wong GL, et al. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and advanced fibrosis in Hong Kong Chinese: a population study using proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transient elastography. Gut 2012; 61: 409-15.
- Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2018; 67: 328-57.
- Musso G, Cassader M, Rosina F, Gambino R. Impact of current treatments on liver disease, glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Diabetologia 2012; 55: 885-904.
- European Association for Study of Liver; Asociacion Latinoamericana para el Estudio del Higado. EASL-ALEH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis. J Hepatol 2015; 63: 237-64.
- Mofrad P, Contos MJ, Haque M, et al. Clinical and histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with normal ALT values. Hepatology 2003; 37: 1286-92.
Comparison of non-invasive imaging methods and laboratory findings on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in childhood
Abstract
Aim: Diagnosis and follow-up of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children with practical and non-invasive methods have been researched for many years. Ultrasonography (USG), Shear wave elastography (SWE), and Magnetic Resonance (MR) are thought to help demonstrate the impairment which is also displayed in liver function tests. This study aims to identify the most effective imaging method among liver scanning methods in exhibiting the fatty condition of the liver and laboratory tests.
Material and Method: This study was carried out on a population of 84 children who applied to the clinic. The relationship between the diagnostic performances of three different noninvasive methods [USG, MR, and SWE] and liver function tests in children with suspected NAFLD was analyzed. Age, BMI (body mass index), waist circumference, gender, liver function tests, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and Homeostasis Model Assesment-Insulin Rezistance (HOMA-IR) parameters of NAFLD and control group were put into comparison and their relationship with USG, MR, and SWE imaging methods were also analyzed.
Results: There is no statistically significant relationship between hepatosteatosis grade and the mean SWE (p>0.05) while there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between waist circumference and liver long axis values at 33.3% level (p: 0.036; p<0.05). On the other hand, there is no statistically significant difference in laboratory values between those with and without NAFLD based on MR and SWE examinations (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Abdominal USG, SWE, and dynamic MR examinations are very essential to demonstrate liver functions and liver pathology in children with non-invasive methods. It is also useful in patient follow-up. In this study, no difference was detected between SWE and MR findings, and we think that the SWE examination will be more suitable in estimating liver functions in follow-up as opposed to costly MR examination.
References
- Vuppalanchi R, Chalasani N. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Selected practical issues in their evaluation and management. Hepatology 2009; 49: 306-17.
- Chatrath H, Vuppalanchi R, Chalasani N. Dyslipidemia in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Semin Liver Dis 2012; 32: 22-9.
- Wree A, Broderick L, Canbay A, Hoffman HM, Feldstein AE. From NAFLD to NASH to cirrhosis-new insights into disease mechanisms. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10: 627−36.
- Mehta K, Van Thiel DH, Shah N, Mobarhan S. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: pathogenesis and the role of antioxidnats. Nutrition Reviews 2002; 60: 289-93.
- Emanuele E. Is biopsy always necessary? Toward a clinico-laboratory approach for diagnosing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obesity. Hepatology 2008; 48: 2086-7.
- Calès P, Boursier J, Chaigneau J, et al. Diagnosis of different liver fibrosis characteristics by blood tests in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver International 2010; 30: 1346-54.
- Dasarathy S, Dasarathy J, Khiyami A, Joseph R, Lopez R, McCullough AJ. Validity of real time ultrasound in the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis: a prospective study. J Hepatol 2009; 51: 1061–7.
- Ting YW, Wong SW, Anuar Zaini A, Mohamed R, Jalaludin MY. Metabolic syndrome is associated with advanced liver fibrosis among pediatric patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Pediatr 2019; 7: 491.
- Mui P, Hill SE, Thorpe RJ Jr. Overweight and obesity differences across ethnically diverse subgroups of Asian American men. Am J Mens Health 2018; 12: 1958-65.
- Ma H, Xu C, Xu L, et al. Independent association of HbA1c and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in an elderly Chinese population. BMC Gastroenterol 2013; 13: 3.
- Ballestri S, Zona S, Targher G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with an almost twofold increased risk of incident type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31: 936–44.
- Mustapic S, Ziga S, Matic V, et al. Ultrasound grade of liver steatosis is independently associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018: 8490242.
- Madan K, Batra Y, Gupta SD, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease may not be a severe disease at presentation among Asian Indians. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 3400-5.
- Adams LA, Lymp JF, St Sauver J, et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 113-21.
- Collates R, Ong JP, Younossi ZM. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the epidemic of obesitiy. Cleve J Med 2004; 71: 657-64.
- Weiß J, Rau M, Geier A. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: epidemiology, clinical course, investigation, and treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2014; 111: 447-52.
- Ong JP, Younossi ZM. Epidemiology and natural history of NAFLD and NASH. Clin Liver Dis 2007; 11: 1-16.
- Vajro P, Lenta S, Socha P, et al. Diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents: position paper of the ESPGHAN Hepatology Committee. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012; 54: 700-13.
- Makkonen J, Pietiläinen KH, Rissanen A, Kaprio J, Yki-Järvinen H. Genetic factors contribute to variation in serum alanine aminotransferase activity independent of obesity and alcohol: a study in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 1035-104.
- Marchesini G, Brizi M, Bianchi G, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a feature of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes 2001; 50: 1844–50.
- Kissebah AH, Krakower GR. Regional adiposity and morbidity. Physiol Rev 1994; 74: 761–811.
- Kang SH, Cho Y, Jeong SW, Kim SU, Lee JW. Korean NAFLD Study Group. From nonalcoholic fatty liver disease to metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: Big wave or ripple? Clin Mol Hepatol 2021; 27: 257-69.
- Pacifico L, Bonci E, Andreoli G, et al. Association of serum triglyceride-to-HDL cholesterol ratio with carotid artery intima-media thickness, insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24: 737-43.
- Wong VW, Chu WC, Wong GL, et al. Prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and advanced fibrosis in Hong Kong Chinese: a population study using proton-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transient elastography. Gut 2012; 61: 409-15.
- Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology 2018; 67: 328-57.
- Musso G, Cassader M, Rosina F, Gambino R. Impact of current treatments on liver disease, glucose metabolism and cardiovascular risk in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Diabetologia 2012; 55: 885-904.
- European Association for Study of Liver; Asociacion Latinoamericana para el Estudio del Higado. EASL-ALEH Clinical Practice Guidelines: Non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis. J Hepatol 2015; 63: 237-64.
- Mofrad P, Contos MJ, Haque M, et al. Clinical and histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with normal ALT values. Hepatology 2003; 37: 1286-92.
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| Primary Language | English |
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| Subjects | Health Care Administration |
| Journal Section | Original Article |
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| Publication Date | October 25, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 6 |
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