Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Finansal Bir Birlik Olarak EUROCONTROL’de Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisinin Geçerliliği: Ekonometrik Bir Analiz

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 305 - 326, 30.06.2022

Abstract

Bu çalışmada EUROCONTROL üyesi ülkelerin milli gelirleri ile havacılık sektörlerinin uçuş başına karbon dioksit salınımı arasındaki ilişki; 34 ülkenin Ocak 2010 – Eylül 2021 dönemi verileri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Petrol fiyatları ve COVID 19 sürecini temsil eden kukla değişken ile veri seti genişletilmiştir. Model katsayıları DOLS yöntemiyle tahmin edilmiş, havacılık sektöründe uçuş başına düşen karbondioksit emisyonu ile milli gelir arasında Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Belçika, Finlandiya, Almanya, Yunanistan, Macaristan ve Romanya’da geçerli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bu ülkelerden Belçika, Yunanistan, Macaristan ve Romanya’da ters N şeklinde, Finlandiya ve Almanya ise N şeklinde kübik Çevresel Kuznets Eğrileri söz konusudur. Çizilen grafikler de söz konusu ekonometrik bulguları destekler niteliktedir.  

References

  • ACI (2021). Global passenger traffic set to reach half of 2019 levels in 2021, recovery to accelerate in 2022. Airports Council International. (Erişim: 30.12.2021) https://www.moodiedavittreport.com/global-passenger -traffic-set-to-reach-half-of-2019-levels-in-2021-recovery-to-accelerate-in-2022/.
  • Akyıldız, B. (2008). Çevresel Etkinlik Analizi: Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımı, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.
  • Allard, A., Takman, J., Uddin, G.S. and Ahmed, A. (2018). The N-Shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve: An Empirical Evaluation Using A Panel Quantile Regression Approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 5848–5861.
  • Arı, A. & Zeren, F. (2011). CO2 Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Veri Analizi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 18 (2), 37-47.
  • Aviationbenefits (2021). Employment. (Erişim: 28.12.2021), https://aviationbenefits.org/economic-growth/supporting-employment/.
  • BBC (2021). COP26'da Alınan Kararlar Hayatlarımızı Nasıl Değiştirebilir? (Erişim: 28.12.2021). https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-59280378,
  • Bengochea-Morancho, A., Higón-Tamarit, F. & Martínez-Zarzoso, I. (2001). Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in the European Union. Environmental and Resource Economics, 19(2), 165-172.
  • Bhattarai, M. & Hammig, M. (2001). Institutions and the Environmental Kuznets Curve for deforestation: A cross-country analysis for Latin America, Africa and Asia. World Development, 29 (6), 995–1010.
  • Central Route Charges Office (2020). Principles for Establishing the Cost-Base for en Route Charges and the Calculation of the Unit Rates. (Erişim: 06.04.2022). https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/2019-12/doc-20.60.01-eurocontrol-principles-january-2020-en.pdf,
  • Davitt, D. (2021). The Moodie Davitt Report. (Erişim: 30.12.2021). https://www.moodiedavittreport.com/global-passenger-traffic-set-to-reach-half-of-2019-levels-in-2021-recovery-to-accelerate-in-2022/,
  • DHMİ (2021a). 2020 Havayolu Sektör Raporu. (Erişim: 27.12.2021), https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/HavaYoluSektorRaporlari/Attachments/14/2020_Havayolu_Sektor_raporu. Pdf.
  • DHMİ (2021b). Kısaca EUROCONTROL Teşkilatı. (Erişim: 25.11.2021). https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Ssd/EuroControlSbMd/Eurocontrol.aspx,
  • Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072.
  • Dietz, T., Rosa, E.A. &York, R. (2012). Environmentally efficient well-being: Is there a Kuznets curve? Applied Geography, 32, 21-28.
  • Dijkgraaf, E. & Vollebergh, H. (1998). Growth and/or (?) Environment: Is there a Kuznets Curve for carbon emissions? 2nd Biennial Meeting of the European Society of Ecological Economics, Geneva.
  • Dikmen, N. (2012). Ekonometri Temel Kavramlar ve Uygulamalar. (2. Baskı). Dora Yayınları, Bursa.
  • EC (2021). Reducing Emissions from Aviation. European Commission. (Erişim: 07.04.2022). https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/ transport-emissions/reducing-emissions-aviation_en,
  • Erataş, F. & Uysal, D. (2014). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımının “BRICT” Ülkeleri Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi. İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 64(1), 1-25.
  • EUROCONTROL (2020). Does Taxing Aviation Really Reduce Emissions? (Erişim: 25.11.2021). https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/ default/files/ 2020-10/eurocontrol-think-paper-taxing-aviation-oct-2020.pdf,
  • EUROCONTROL (2021a). Aviation Sustainability Briefing. (Erişim: 25.11.2021). https://www.eurocontrol.int /sites/default/ files/2021-10/eurocontrol-aviation-sustainability-briefing-edition-4.pdf,
  • EUROCONTROL (2021b). Data. CO2 Emissions by State. (Erişim: 01.12.2021). https://ansperformance.eu/data/,
  • EUROCONTROL (2021c). Our Expertise Spans Research, Development, Operations and Performance Monitoring. (Erişim: 20.01.2022). https://www.eurocontrol.int/about-us#:~: text=We%20support%20our%20Member%20 Stateswith%20a%20minimal%20environmental%20impact.
  • EUROCONTROL (2022a). Business Planning Process and Draft Budget 2022 and Cost-Base 2022-2026.
  • EUROCONTROL (2022b). Advisory and Consultative Groups. (Erişim: 20.01.2022). https://www.eurocontrol.int/info/advisory-and-consultative-groups#:~:text=The%20Standing%2 0Committee%20on%20Finance,experts%20of%20the%20Member%20States.
  • EUROCONTROL (2022c). En-route National Unit Rates (€ nominal) (2021). (Erişim: 06.04.2022). https://www.eurocontrol.int/ ServiceUnits/Dashboard/EnRouteUnitRates.html,
  • EUROCONTROL (2022d). Latest Air Traffic Situation. (Erişim: 06.04.2022). https://www.eurocontrol.int/,
  • EUROCONTROL (2022e). What we do. (Erişim: 06.04.2022). https://www.eurocontrol.int/what-we-do,
  • EUROCONTROL (2022f). CCO / CDO Continuous Climb and Descent Operations. (Erişim: 07.04.2022). https://www.eurocontrol.int/concept/continuous-climb -and-descent-operations.
  • Eurostat (2021). Production in industry - monthly data [STS_INPR_M__custom_1674755]. (Erişim: 17.12.2021). https://appsso.eur ostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=sts_inpr_m&l ang=en,
  • Finke, M. (2021). D4.1: Environmental - Friendly Airspace Structuring and Traffic Sequencing. https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/documents/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5dc88db5a&appId=PPGMS (Erişim Tarihi: 07.04.2022).
  • Forbes (2020). If Aviation Was a Country It Would Be The World’s 20th Largest By GDP. (Erişim: 28.12.2021). https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesasquith/2020/04/06/if-aviation-was-a-country-it-would-be-the-worlds-20th-largest-by-gdp/?sh=686c7cb0e5b5,
  • Grossman, M.G. & Krueger, A.B. (1991). Environmental Impacts of the American Free Trade Agreement. NBER Working Paper, No. 3914.
  • Grossman, G.M. & Krueger, A.B. (1995). Economic Environment and the Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377.
  • Gyamfi, B. A., Bekun, F.V., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Onifade, S.T. & Ampomah, A.B. (2022). Beyond the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Do Combined Impacts of Air Transport and Rail Transport Matter for Environmental Sustainability amidst Energy Use in E7 Economies? Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-19
  • Hassan, S. A., Nosheen, M., Rafaz, N. & Haq, I. (2021). Exploring the Existence of Aviation Kuznets Curve in the Context of Environmental Pollution for OECD Nations. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(10), 15266-15289.
  • Hung, M. F. & Shaw, D. (2006). “Economic Growth and Environmental Kuznets Curve in Taiwan: A Simultaneity Model Analysis”. In Michele Boldrin, Been-Lon Chen and Ping Wang (eds.), Human Capital, Trade and Public Policy in Rapidly Growing Economies: From Theory to Empirics, Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar: 269-290.
  • ICAO (2021a). International Civil Aviation Organization (Uluslararası Sivil Havacılık Örgütü). 2020 Passenger Totals Drop 60 Percent as COVID-19 Assault on International Mobility Continues. (Erişim: 29.12.2021). https://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/2020-passenger-totals-drop-60-percent-as-COVID19-assault-on-international-mobility-continues.aspx
  • ICAO (2021b). Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID‐19) on Civil Aviation: Economic Impact Analysis. (Erişim: 29.12.2021). https://www.icao.int/sustainability/Documents/COVID-19/ICAO_Coronavirus_ Econ_Impact.pdf
  • Investing (2021). Brent Oil Futures Historical Data. (Erişim: 10.12.2021). https://www.investing.com/commodities/brent-oil-historical-data,
  • Jobert, T., Karanfil, F. & Tykhonenko, A. (2012). The Environmental Kuznets Curve Reconsidered from the Perspective of Heterogeneity: Insights for Climate Change and Energy Policy. GREDEG Working Paper Series, No. 2012-15.
  • Josic, H., Josic, M. & Janecic, M. (2016). Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve in the Case of Croatia. Notitia - Journal for Sustainable Development, 2, 31-47.
  • Jula, D., Dumitrescu, C.I., Lie, I.R. & Dobrescu, R.M. (2013). Environmental Kuznets Curve. Evidence from Romania. Theoretical and Applied Economics, XXII (1), 85-96.
  • Kılıç, C. & Balan, F. (2016). Is There an Environmental Kuznets Inverted-U Shaped Curve? Panoeconomicus, 65(1), 79-94. doi:10.2298/PAN150215006K.
  • Koçak, E. (2014). Türkiye’de Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Geçerliliği: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 62-73.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28.
  • Leitão, A. (2006). Corruption and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Empirical Evidence for Sulfur. Ecological Economics, 69, 2191-2201.
  • Makarova, E. L. & Pavlov, P. V. (2017). Supplier Management Improvement in Aviation Industry: A Case Study of Beriev Aircraft Company. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 6(1), 41-54.
  • Manga, M. (2021). Taşımacılık Sektöründe Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Geçerliliği: Seçilmiş OECD Ülkeleri Örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 35(1), 203-218.
  • Mazareanu, E. (2021). Environmental Impact of the Aviation İndustry Worldwide - Statistics & Facts. (Erişim: 06.01.2022). https://www.statista.com/topics/7346/environmental-impact-of-the-aviation-industry-worldwide/,
  • Mert, M. & Bozdağ, H. (2013). Environmental Kuznets Curve for Carbon Emissions in Bosnia & Herzegovina. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, EYİ, 79-84.
  • Moomaw, W. R. & Unruh, G. C. (1997). Are Environmental Kuznets Curves Misleading Us? The Case of CO2 Emissions. Environment and Development Economics, 2, 451–463.
  • Mut, M. (2021). Yolculukların Karbonu... Hangi Ulaşım Seçeneği ile Ne Kadar Ayak İzi Bırakıyoruz? (Erişim: 06.01.2022). https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/ucak-kullanirken-iki-kez-dusunun-bireysel-olarak-ne-kadar-karbon-harcayacaksiniz-41955438,
  • Müslehiddinoğlu, A. (2019). Havacılık Sektöründe Karbon Emisyonları. (Erişim: 07.04.2022). https://enerjivekarbon.wordpress.com/ 2019/03/25/1513/.
  • Nakıpoğlu Özsoy, F. (2021). Turizm Sektörü ve Çevre Kirliliği Arasındaki İlişkinin Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi. ASBİ Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 1-19.
  • Öngel, V., Bozkurt, G. & Tatlı, H.S. (2021). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Sektörel Açıdan İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, 32, 49-68.
  • Özçelik, O. (2022). Ekonomik ve Siyasi Belirsizliklerin Türkiye’nin Dış Ticarette Ödeme Şekli Tercihlerine Etkileri: Doğrusal Olmayan Asimetrik ESTAR Koentegrasyon Testi ile Sınama. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 10(1), 380-398.
  • Özkoç, H. H., Yıldırım, A. & Kudubeş, E. (2017). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisinin Geçerliliğinin Düşük ve Üst Orta Gelirli Ülkeler İçin Sınanması: 1964-2009 Dönemi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(22), 327-340.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development. ILO Technology and Employment Programme Working Paper, No. 238.
  • Panayotou, T., Peterson, A. & Sachs, J. (2000). Is the Environmental Kuznets Curve Driven by Structural Change? What Extended Time Series May Imply for Developing Countries. Consulting Assistance on Economic Reform II Discussion Paper, No. 80.
  • Panopoulou, E. & Pittis, N. (2004). A Comparison of Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Dynamic OLS Cointegration Estimators in the Case of a Serially Correlated Cointegration Error. The Econometrics Journal, 7(2), 585-617.
  • Pekkaya, M. (2014). İşletme ve İktisat için Genel Matematik ve Matematiksel Yöntemler. Ekin Yayınları, Bursa.
  • Perron, P. (2017). Unit Roots and Structural Breaks. Econometrics, 5 (22), 1-3.
  • Phillips, P.C.B. & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for Unit Roots in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75, 335-346.
  • Phillips, P.C. & Ouliaris, S. (1990). Asymptotic Properties of Residual Based Tests for Cointegration. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 58(1), 165–193.
  • Poudel, B.N., Paudel, K. & Bhattarai, K. (2009). Searching for an Environmental Kuznets Curve in Carbon Dioxide Pollutant in Latin American Countries. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 41(1), 13–27.
  • Rashid, S. (2009). The Environmental Kuznets Curve Case for the USA and the BRIC Countries. Masters Thesis. Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Economics.
  • Rodriguez, M., Pena-Boquete, Y. & Pardo-Fernández, J.C. (2016). Revisiting Environmental Kuznets Curves through the Energy Price Lenses. Energy Policy, 95, 32-41.
  • Saikkonen, P. (1992). Estimation and Testing of Cointegrated Systems by an Autoregressive Approximation. Econometric Theory, 8, 1-27.
  • Sayed, A.R.M. & Sek, S.K. (2013). Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidences from Developed and Developing Economies. Applied Mathematical Sciences, 7(22), 1081-1092.
  • Sevüktekin, M. & Çınar, M. (2012). Ekonometrik Zaman Serileri Analizi Eviews Uygulamalı. (4. Baskı). Dora Yayınları, Bursa.
  • Shafik, N. (1994). Economic Development and Environmental Quality: An Econometric Analysis. Oxford Economic Papers, 46(Special Issue), 757-773.
  • SHGM (2022a). Tek Avrupa Hava Sahası Hava Trafik Yönetimi Araştırma Geliştirme (Sesar) Ortak Girişimine (Ju) Üye Olmak İçin Avrupa Birliği Tarafından Yapılan İhale Duyurusu. (Erişim: 06.04.2022). https://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/genel-duyurular/1044-tek-avrupa-hava-sahasi-hava-trafik-yonetimi-arastirma-gelistirme-sesar-ortak-girisimine-ju-uye-olmak-icin-avrupa-birligi-tarafindan-yapilan-ihale-duyurusu#:~: text=Bilindi%C4%9Fi%20%C3%BCzere%20SESAR%20projesi%20Avrupa,Tan%C4%B1mlama%2C%20 Geli%C5%9Ftirme%20ve%20Uygulama%20safhalar%C4%B1d%C4%B1r.
  • SHGM (2022b) Arazi kullanımı ve Çevre Kontrolü (Erişim: 10.04.2022). https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/pdf/kurumsal/yayinlar/Arazi_Kullanimi_ve_Cevre_ Kontrolu.pdf
  • Sinha, A. & Bhatt, M.Y. (2017). Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 and NOx emissions: A Case Study of India. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(1), 267-276.
  • Sneed, A. (2017). A New Airplane Design Could Save up to 66 Percent in Fuel and Fly by 2035. (Erişim: 07.04.2022). https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-airplane-design-could-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/,
  • Song, T., Zheng, T. & Tong, L. (2008). An Empirical Test of The Environmental Kuznets curve in China: A Panel Cointegration Approach. China Economic Review, 19(3), 381-392.
  • Statista (2022). Annual CO2 Emissions Worldwide. (Erişim: 25.12.2021). https://www.statista.com/statistics/276629/global-co2-emissions/,
  • Stock, J.H. & Watson, M. (1993). A Simple Estimator of Cointegrating Vectors in Higher Order Integrated Systems. Econometrica, 61, 783-820.
  • Şahinöz, A. & Fotourehchi, Z. (2013). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi: İndirgenmiş ve Ayrıştırılmış Modellerle Ampirik Bir Analiz. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(1), 199-224.
  • Tarı, R. (2012). Ekonometri. (8. Baskı). Umuttepe Yayınları, Kocaeli.
  • Taşdemir, M. & Aydın, E. (2021). Havacılıkta Karbon Azaltım Uygulamaları ve Şirket Stratejileri. International Symposium of Scientific Research and Innovative Studies, Bandırma, Balıkesir.
  • Tevie, J., Grimsrud, K.M. & Berrens, R.P. (2011). Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Biodiversity Risk in the US: A Spatial Econometric Approach. Sustainability, 3, 2182-2199.
  • Thinktech (2021). Havacılık Sektör Raporu 2020. (Erişim: 30.12.2021). https://thinktech.stm.com.tr/tr/uploads/raporlar/pdf/1472017135627669_stm_bb_16_0260_havacilik_sektor _%20raporu_230517.pdf,
  • TOBB (2020). Türkiye Sivil Havacılık Meclisi 2019 Yılı Sektör Raporu. (Erişim: 13.11. 2021). https://www.tobb.org.tr/Documents /yayinlar/2020/T%C3%BCrkiye%20Sivil%20Havac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k%20Meclisi%20Sekt%C3%B6r%20Raporu%202019.pdf.
  • Topuz, S. G. & Dağdemir, Ö. (2016). Ekonomik Büyüme ve Gelir Eşitsizliği İlişkisi: Kuznets Ters-U Hipotezi’nin Geçerliliği. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 11(3), 115- 130.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2022) Avrupa Hava Seyrüsefer Emniyeti Teşkilatı (EUROCONTROL) (Erişim: 10.04.2022). https://www.mfa.gov.tr/eurocontrol.tr.mfa#:~:text=Te%C5%9Fkilat%C4%B1n%20Amac%C4%B1%3A,Y%C3%B6netim%20(ATM)%20sistemi%20geli%C5%9Ft,
  • Vogelsang, T. J. & Perron, P. (1998). Additional Tests for a Unit Root Allowing the Possibility of Breaks in the Trend Function. International Economic Review, 39, 1073–1100.
  • Wired (2008). Greener Jet Engine Could Reduce Aviation's Carbon Footprint. (Erişim: 07.04.2022). https://www.wired.com/2008/06/ greener-jet-engine-could-reduce-aviations-carbon-footprint/,
  • World Bank (2021). GDP Per Capita (Current US$). (Erişim: 08.12.2021). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?view=chart,
  • Yilanci, V. & Pata, U.K. (2020). Convergence of Per Capita Ecological Footprint among the ASEAN-5 Countries: Evidence from a Non-Linear Panel Unit Root Test. Ecological Indicators, 113, 106178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106178.
  • Zhang, J. (2021). Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis on CO2 Emissions: Evidence for China. Journal Risk Financial Management, 14(93), 1-16, https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14030093.

The Validity of The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in Eurocontrol as a Financial Union: An Econometric Analysis

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 305 - 326, 30.06.2022

Abstract

In this study, the relation between the national income and the carbon-dioxide emission per flight of the aviation sector of 34 member countries of EUROCONTROL is analyzed for January 2010 - September 2021 period. The data set is expanded with oil prices and a dummy variable, representing COVID-19 period. The model coefficients are estimated by DOLS method and it is determined that Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis is valid between carbon-dioxide emission per flight in the aviation sector and national income for Belgium, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary and Romania. Among these countries Belgium, Greece, Hungary and Romania have inverse N shaped and Finland and Germany have N shaped cubic Environmental Kuznets Curve. Also, the drawn figures are supporting the related econometric findings.

References

  • ACI (2021). Global passenger traffic set to reach half of 2019 levels in 2021, recovery to accelerate in 2022. Airports Council International. (Erişim: 30.12.2021) https://www.moodiedavittreport.com/global-passenger -traffic-set-to-reach-half-of-2019-levels-in-2021-recovery-to-accelerate-in-2022/.
  • Akyıldız, B. (2008). Çevresel Etkinlik Analizi: Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımı, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi.
  • Allard, A., Takman, J., Uddin, G.S. and Ahmed, A. (2018). The N-Shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve: An Empirical Evaluation Using A Panel Quantile Regression Approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 5848–5861.
  • Arı, A. & Zeren, F. (2011). CO2 Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Veri Analizi. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 18 (2), 37-47.
  • Aviationbenefits (2021). Employment. (Erişim: 28.12.2021), https://aviationbenefits.org/economic-growth/supporting-employment/.
  • BBC (2021). COP26'da Alınan Kararlar Hayatlarımızı Nasıl Değiştirebilir? (Erişim: 28.12.2021). https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-59280378,
  • Bengochea-Morancho, A., Higón-Tamarit, F. & Martínez-Zarzoso, I. (2001). Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in the European Union. Environmental and Resource Economics, 19(2), 165-172.
  • Bhattarai, M. & Hammig, M. (2001). Institutions and the Environmental Kuznets Curve for deforestation: A cross-country analysis for Latin America, Africa and Asia. World Development, 29 (6), 995–1010.
  • Central Route Charges Office (2020). Principles for Establishing the Cost-Base for en Route Charges and the Calculation of the Unit Rates. (Erişim: 06.04.2022). https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/default/files/2019-12/doc-20.60.01-eurocontrol-principles-january-2020-en.pdf,
  • Davitt, D. (2021). The Moodie Davitt Report. (Erişim: 30.12.2021). https://www.moodiedavittreport.com/global-passenger-traffic-set-to-reach-half-of-2019-levels-in-2021-recovery-to-accelerate-in-2022/,
  • DHMİ (2021a). 2020 Havayolu Sektör Raporu. (Erişim: 27.12.2021), https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Lists/HavaYoluSektorRaporlari/Attachments/14/2020_Havayolu_Sektor_raporu. Pdf.
  • DHMİ (2021b). Kısaca EUROCONTROL Teşkilatı. (Erişim: 25.11.2021). https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Ssd/EuroControlSbMd/Eurocontrol.aspx,
  • Dickey, D.A. & Fuller, W.A. (1981). Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Econometrica, 49, 1057-1072.
  • Dietz, T., Rosa, E.A. &York, R. (2012). Environmentally efficient well-being: Is there a Kuznets curve? Applied Geography, 32, 21-28.
  • Dijkgraaf, E. & Vollebergh, H. (1998). Growth and/or (?) Environment: Is there a Kuznets Curve for carbon emissions? 2nd Biennial Meeting of the European Society of Ecological Economics, Geneva.
  • Dikmen, N. (2012). Ekonometri Temel Kavramlar ve Uygulamalar. (2. Baskı). Dora Yayınları, Bursa.
  • EC (2021). Reducing Emissions from Aviation. European Commission. (Erişim: 07.04.2022). https://ec.europa.eu/clima/eu-action/ transport-emissions/reducing-emissions-aviation_en,
  • Erataş, F. & Uysal, D. (2014). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Yaklaşımının “BRICT” Ülkeleri Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi. İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 64(1), 1-25.
  • EUROCONTROL (2020). Does Taxing Aviation Really Reduce Emissions? (Erişim: 25.11.2021). https://www.eurocontrol.int/sites/ default/files/ 2020-10/eurocontrol-think-paper-taxing-aviation-oct-2020.pdf,
  • EUROCONTROL (2021a). Aviation Sustainability Briefing. (Erişim: 25.11.2021). https://www.eurocontrol.int /sites/default/ files/2021-10/eurocontrol-aviation-sustainability-briefing-edition-4.pdf,
  • EUROCONTROL (2021b). Data. CO2 Emissions by State. (Erişim: 01.12.2021). https://ansperformance.eu/data/,
  • EUROCONTROL (2021c). Our Expertise Spans Research, Development, Operations and Performance Monitoring. (Erişim: 20.01.2022). https://www.eurocontrol.int/about-us#:~: text=We%20support%20our%20Member%20 Stateswith%20a%20minimal%20environmental%20impact.
  • EUROCONTROL (2022a). Business Planning Process and Draft Budget 2022 and Cost-Base 2022-2026.
  • EUROCONTROL (2022b). Advisory and Consultative Groups. (Erişim: 20.01.2022). https://www.eurocontrol.int/info/advisory-and-consultative-groups#:~:text=The%20Standing%2 0Committee%20on%20Finance,experts%20of%20the%20Member%20States.
  • EUROCONTROL (2022c). En-route National Unit Rates (€ nominal) (2021). (Erişim: 06.04.2022). https://www.eurocontrol.int/ ServiceUnits/Dashboard/EnRouteUnitRates.html,
  • EUROCONTROL (2022d). Latest Air Traffic Situation. (Erişim: 06.04.2022). https://www.eurocontrol.int/,
  • EUROCONTROL (2022e). What we do. (Erişim: 06.04.2022). https://www.eurocontrol.int/what-we-do,
  • EUROCONTROL (2022f). CCO / CDO Continuous Climb and Descent Operations. (Erişim: 07.04.2022). https://www.eurocontrol.int/concept/continuous-climb -and-descent-operations.
  • Eurostat (2021). Production in industry - monthly data [STS_INPR_M__custom_1674755]. (Erişim: 17.12.2021). https://appsso.eur ostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=sts_inpr_m&l ang=en,
  • Finke, M. (2021). D4.1: Environmental - Friendly Airspace Structuring and Traffic Sequencing. https://ec.europa.eu/research/participants/documents/downloadPublic?documentIds=080166e5dc88db5a&appId=PPGMS (Erişim Tarihi: 07.04.2022).
  • Forbes (2020). If Aviation Was a Country It Would Be The World’s 20th Largest By GDP. (Erişim: 28.12.2021). https://www.forbes.com/sites/jamesasquith/2020/04/06/if-aviation-was-a-country-it-would-be-the-worlds-20th-largest-by-gdp/?sh=686c7cb0e5b5,
  • Grossman, M.G. & Krueger, A.B. (1991). Environmental Impacts of the American Free Trade Agreement. NBER Working Paper, No. 3914.
  • Grossman, G.M. & Krueger, A.B. (1995). Economic Environment and the Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377.
  • Gyamfi, B. A., Bekun, F.V., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., Onifade, S.T. & Ampomah, A.B. (2022). Beyond the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Do Combined Impacts of Air Transport and Rail Transport Matter for Environmental Sustainability amidst Energy Use in E7 Economies? Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-19
  • Hassan, S. A., Nosheen, M., Rafaz, N. & Haq, I. (2021). Exploring the Existence of Aviation Kuznets Curve in the Context of Environmental Pollution for OECD Nations. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(10), 15266-15289.
  • Hung, M. F. & Shaw, D. (2006). “Economic Growth and Environmental Kuznets Curve in Taiwan: A Simultaneity Model Analysis”. In Michele Boldrin, Been-Lon Chen and Ping Wang (eds.), Human Capital, Trade and Public Policy in Rapidly Growing Economies: From Theory to Empirics, Aldershot, UK: Edward Elgar: 269-290.
  • ICAO (2021a). International Civil Aviation Organization (Uluslararası Sivil Havacılık Örgütü). 2020 Passenger Totals Drop 60 Percent as COVID-19 Assault on International Mobility Continues. (Erişim: 29.12.2021). https://www.icao.int/Newsroom/Pages/2020-passenger-totals-drop-60-percent-as-COVID19-assault-on-international-mobility-continues.aspx
  • ICAO (2021b). Effects of Novel Coronavirus (COVID‐19) on Civil Aviation: Economic Impact Analysis. (Erişim: 29.12.2021). https://www.icao.int/sustainability/Documents/COVID-19/ICAO_Coronavirus_ Econ_Impact.pdf
  • Investing (2021). Brent Oil Futures Historical Data. (Erişim: 10.12.2021). https://www.investing.com/commodities/brent-oil-historical-data,
  • Jobert, T., Karanfil, F. & Tykhonenko, A. (2012). The Environmental Kuznets Curve Reconsidered from the Perspective of Heterogeneity: Insights for Climate Change and Energy Policy. GREDEG Working Paper Series, No. 2012-15.
  • Josic, H., Josic, M. & Janecic, M. (2016). Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve in the Case of Croatia. Notitia - Journal for Sustainable Development, 2, 31-47.
  • Jula, D., Dumitrescu, C.I., Lie, I.R. & Dobrescu, R.M. (2013). Environmental Kuznets Curve. Evidence from Romania. Theoretical and Applied Economics, XXII (1), 85-96.
  • Kılıç, C. & Balan, F. (2016). Is There an Environmental Kuznets Inverted-U Shaped Curve? Panoeconomicus, 65(1), 79-94. doi:10.2298/PAN150215006K.
  • Koçak, E. (2014). Türkiye’de Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Geçerliliği: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 62-73.
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28.
  • Leitão, A. (2006). Corruption and the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Empirical Evidence for Sulfur. Ecological Economics, 69, 2191-2201.
  • Makarova, E. L. & Pavlov, P. V. (2017). Supplier Management Improvement in Aviation Industry: A Case Study of Beriev Aircraft Company. International Journal of Supply Chain Management, 6(1), 41-54.
  • Manga, M. (2021). Taşımacılık Sektöründe Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Geçerliliği: Seçilmiş OECD Ülkeleri Örneği. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 35(1), 203-218.
  • Mazareanu, E. (2021). Environmental Impact of the Aviation İndustry Worldwide - Statistics & Facts. (Erişim: 06.01.2022). https://www.statista.com/topics/7346/environmental-impact-of-the-aviation-industry-worldwide/,
  • Mert, M. & Bozdağ, H. (2013). Environmental Kuznets Curve for Carbon Emissions in Bosnia & Herzegovina. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, EYİ, 79-84.
  • Moomaw, W. R. & Unruh, G. C. (1997). Are Environmental Kuznets Curves Misleading Us? The Case of CO2 Emissions. Environment and Development Economics, 2, 451–463.
  • Mut, M. (2021). Yolculukların Karbonu... Hangi Ulaşım Seçeneği ile Ne Kadar Ayak İzi Bırakıyoruz? (Erişim: 06.01.2022). https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/ucak-kullanirken-iki-kez-dusunun-bireysel-olarak-ne-kadar-karbon-harcayacaksiniz-41955438,
  • Müslehiddinoğlu, A. (2019). Havacılık Sektöründe Karbon Emisyonları. (Erişim: 07.04.2022). https://enerjivekarbon.wordpress.com/ 2019/03/25/1513/.
  • Nakıpoğlu Özsoy, F. (2021). Turizm Sektörü ve Çevre Kirliliği Arasındaki İlişkinin Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezi Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi. ASBİ Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 1-19.
  • Öngel, V., Bozkurt, G. & Tatlı, H.S. (2021). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Sektörel Açıdan İncelenmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Ekoist: Journal of Econometrics and Statistics, 32, 49-68.
  • Özçelik, O. (2022). Ekonomik ve Siyasi Belirsizliklerin Türkiye’nin Dış Ticarette Ödeme Şekli Tercihlerine Etkileri: Doğrusal Olmayan Asimetrik ESTAR Koentegrasyon Testi ile Sınama. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 10(1), 380-398.
  • Özkoç, H. H., Yıldırım, A. & Kudubeş, E. (2017). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisinin Geçerliliğinin Düşük ve Üst Orta Gelirli Ülkeler İçin Sınanması: 1964-2009 Dönemi. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9(22), 327-340.
  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development. ILO Technology and Employment Programme Working Paper, No. 238.
  • Panayotou, T., Peterson, A. & Sachs, J. (2000). Is the Environmental Kuznets Curve Driven by Structural Change? What Extended Time Series May Imply for Developing Countries. Consulting Assistance on Economic Reform II Discussion Paper, No. 80.
  • Panopoulou, E. & Pittis, N. (2004). A Comparison of Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Dynamic OLS Cointegration Estimators in the Case of a Serially Correlated Cointegration Error. The Econometrics Journal, 7(2), 585-617.
  • Pekkaya, M. (2014). İşletme ve İktisat için Genel Matematik ve Matematiksel Yöntemler. Ekin Yayınları, Bursa.
  • Perron, P. (2017). Unit Roots and Structural Breaks. Econometrics, 5 (22), 1-3.
  • Phillips, P.C.B. & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for Unit Roots in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75, 335-346.
  • Phillips, P.C. & Ouliaris, S. (1990). Asymptotic Properties of Residual Based Tests for Cointegration. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 58(1), 165–193.
  • Poudel, B.N., Paudel, K. & Bhattarai, K. (2009). Searching for an Environmental Kuznets Curve in Carbon Dioxide Pollutant in Latin American Countries. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics, 41(1), 13–27.
  • Rashid, S. (2009). The Environmental Kuznets Curve Case for the USA and the BRIC Countries. Masters Thesis. Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Economics.
  • Rodriguez, M., Pena-Boquete, Y. & Pardo-Fernández, J.C. (2016). Revisiting Environmental Kuznets Curves through the Energy Price Lenses. Energy Policy, 95, 32-41.
  • Saikkonen, P. (1992). Estimation and Testing of Cointegrated Systems by an Autoregressive Approximation. Econometric Theory, 8, 1-27.
  • Sayed, A.R.M. & Sek, S.K. (2013). Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidences from Developed and Developing Economies. Applied Mathematical Sciences, 7(22), 1081-1092.
  • Sevüktekin, M. & Çınar, M. (2012). Ekonometrik Zaman Serileri Analizi Eviews Uygulamalı. (4. Baskı). Dora Yayınları, Bursa.
  • Shafik, N. (1994). Economic Development and Environmental Quality: An Econometric Analysis. Oxford Economic Papers, 46(Special Issue), 757-773.
  • SHGM (2022a). Tek Avrupa Hava Sahası Hava Trafik Yönetimi Araştırma Geliştirme (Sesar) Ortak Girişimine (Ju) Üye Olmak İçin Avrupa Birliği Tarafından Yapılan İhale Duyurusu. (Erişim: 06.04.2022). https://web.shgm.gov.tr/tr/genel-duyurular/1044-tek-avrupa-hava-sahasi-hava-trafik-yonetimi-arastirma-gelistirme-sesar-ortak-girisimine-ju-uye-olmak-icin-avrupa-birligi-tarafindan-yapilan-ihale-duyurusu#:~: text=Bilindi%C4%9Fi%20%C3%BCzere%20SESAR%20projesi%20Avrupa,Tan%C4%B1mlama%2C%20 Geli%C5%9Ftirme%20ve%20Uygulama%20safhalar%C4%B1d%C4%B1r.
  • SHGM (2022b) Arazi kullanımı ve Çevre Kontrolü (Erişim: 10.04.2022). https://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/pdf/kurumsal/yayinlar/Arazi_Kullanimi_ve_Cevre_ Kontrolu.pdf
  • Sinha, A. & Bhatt, M.Y. (2017). Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 and NOx emissions: A Case Study of India. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(1), 267-276.
  • Sneed, A. (2017). A New Airplane Design Could Save up to 66 Percent in Fuel and Fly by 2035. (Erişim: 07.04.2022). https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-airplane-design-could-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/,
  • Song, T., Zheng, T. & Tong, L. (2008). An Empirical Test of The Environmental Kuznets curve in China: A Panel Cointegration Approach. China Economic Review, 19(3), 381-392.
  • Statista (2022). Annual CO2 Emissions Worldwide. (Erişim: 25.12.2021). https://www.statista.com/statistics/276629/global-co2-emissions/,
  • Stock, J.H. & Watson, M. (1993). A Simple Estimator of Cointegrating Vectors in Higher Order Integrated Systems. Econometrica, 61, 783-820.
  • Şahinöz, A. & Fotourehchi, Z. (2013). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi: İndirgenmiş ve Ayrıştırılmış Modellerle Ampirik Bir Analiz. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(1), 199-224.
  • Tarı, R. (2012). Ekonometri. (8. Baskı). Umuttepe Yayınları, Kocaeli.
  • Taşdemir, M. & Aydın, E. (2021). Havacılıkta Karbon Azaltım Uygulamaları ve Şirket Stratejileri. International Symposium of Scientific Research and Innovative Studies, Bandırma, Balıkesir.
  • Tevie, J., Grimsrud, K.M. & Berrens, R.P. (2011). Testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Biodiversity Risk in the US: A Spatial Econometric Approach. Sustainability, 3, 2182-2199.
  • Thinktech (2021). Havacılık Sektör Raporu 2020. (Erişim: 30.12.2021). https://thinktech.stm.com.tr/tr/uploads/raporlar/pdf/1472017135627669_stm_bb_16_0260_havacilik_sektor _%20raporu_230517.pdf,
  • TOBB (2020). Türkiye Sivil Havacılık Meclisi 2019 Yılı Sektör Raporu. (Erişim: 13.11. 2021). https://www.tobb.org.tr/Documents /yayinlar/2020/T%C3%BCrkiye%20Sivil%20Havac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k%20Meclisi%20Sekt%C3%B6r%20Raporu%202019.pdf.
  • Topuz, S. G. & Dağdemir, Ö. (2016). Ekonomik Büyüme ve Gelir Eşitsizliği İlişkisi: Kuznets Ters-U Hipotezi’nin Geçerliliği. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 11(3), 115- 130.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2022) Avrupa Hava Seyrüsefer Emniyeti Teşkilatı (EUROCONTROL) (Erişim: 10.04.2022). https://www.mfa.gov.tr/eurocontrol.tr.mfa#:~:text=Te%C5%9Fkilat%C4%B1n%20Amac%C4%B1%3A,Y%C3%B6netim%20(ATM)%20sistemi%20geli%C5%9Ft,
  • Vogelsang, T. J. & Perron, P. (1998). Additional Tests for a Unit Root Allowing the Possibility of Breaks in the Trend Function. International Economic Review, 39, 1073–1100.
  • Wired (2008). Greener Jet Engine Could Reduce Aviation's Carbon Footprint. (Erişim: 07.04.2022). https://www.wired.com/2008/06/ greener-jet-engine-could-reduce-aviations-carbon-footprint/,
  • World Bank (2021). GDP Per Capita (Current US$). (Erişim: 08.12.2021). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?view=chart,
  • Yilanci, V. & Pata, U.K. (2020). Convergence of Per Capita Ecological Footprint among the ASEAN-5 Countries: Evidence from a Non-Linear Panel Unit Root Test. Ecological Indicators, 113, 106178, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106178.
  • Zhang, J. (2021). Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis on CO2 Emissions: Evidence for China. Journal Risk Financial Management, 14(93), 1-16, https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14030093.
There are 91 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Finance
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Uğraş Çalışkan 0000-0002-4942-8732

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çalışkan, U. (2022). Finansal Bir Birlik Olarak EUROCONTROL’de Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisinin Geçerliliği: Ekonometrik Bir Analiz. JOEEP: Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 7(1), 305-326.

JOEEP is published as two issues per year June and December and all publication policies and processes are conducted according to the international standards. JOEEP accepts and publishes the research articles in the fields of economics, political economy, fiscal economics, applied economics, business economics, labour economics and econometrics. JOEEP, without depending on any institution or organization, is a non-profit journal that has an International Editorial Board specialist on their fields. All “Publication Process” and “Writing Guidelines” are explained in the related title and it is expected from authors to Show a complete match to the rules. JOEEP is an open Access journal.