Research Article
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The association between somatic symptoms and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics

Year 2020, Issue: 2, 183 - 190, 04.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.622524

Abstract

Objevtive: Somatization is a
psychiatric condition characterized by recurring somatic symptoms that cannot
be fully explained by the general medical condition of the individual and are
not attributable to another mental disorder. There are physical, psychological
and social factors that affect somatic symptoms of individuals. The aim of this
study is to screen somatic symptoms of patients admitted to our clinic and to
investigate the relationship between scanning results and sociodemographic and
clinical characteristics of the patients.



Methods: This cross-sectional
study included 414 participants aged 18-65 years who admitted to the …. between
February 2018 and November 2018. Sociodemographic data form and SCL90-R (Symptom Checklist 90-Revised)
psychological symptom screening test was applied to the participants through
face to face interview method.



Results: Of all the participants, 256 (61.8%) were female and
158 (38.2%) were male and the mean age was 33.7±13.6 years. Of all the
participants, 47.3% were university graduates or had a higher educational
background. The mean score of the somatization subscale of the SCL90-R
screening test was 1.0±0.6. The factors increasing the somatic symptoms were
female gender, increasing number of children, being an immigrant, decreasing
education level, increasing amount of drug use, increasing number of applications
to health institutions, and implementation of alternative medicine techniques,
presence of mental illness in families and their relatives.



Conclusion: In the present
study, the prevalence of somatic symptoms was found to be high and clinically
significant. In particular, the social position of women in Turkey, their
lifestyles, and their specific characteristics such as using body language more
are associated with high somatic symptoms. Emotional disability caused by
migrations makes individuals be at greater risk in terms of somatization. The
personality development that increases with the education level and increased
communication skills reduce the risk of somatization.  Symptoms of patients who frequently use health
care and treatment options and apply alternative medicine are more significant
in terms of somatization.

Supporting Institution

Yok

Project Number

Yok

Thanks

-

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.), Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. pp. 190, 197–202.
  • Kırkpınar İ. Somatization and somatoform disorders: ambiguity reflected to practise. Updat psychiatry J Psychiatr Assoc Turkey Contin Educ Contin Prof Dev [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2019 Sep 1];3(1):1–16. Available from: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/
  • Richardson RD, Engel CC. Evaluation and Management of Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms. Neurologist [Internet]. 2004 Jan [cited 2019 Sep 1];10(1):18–30. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14720312
  • Tschudi-Madsen H, Kjeldsberg M, Natvig B, Ihlebaek C, Dalen I, Straand J, et al. Multiple symptoms and medically unexplained symptoms — Closely related concepts in general practitioners’ evaluations. A linked doctor–patient study. J Psychosom Res [Internet]. 2013 Mar 1 [cited 2019 Sep 1];74(3):186–90. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022399913000184
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Linzer M, Hahn SR, deGruy F V, et al. Physical symptoms in primary care. Predictors of psychiatric disorders and functional impairment. Arch Fam Med [Internet]. 1994 Sep [cited 2019 Sep 1];3(9):774–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7987511
  • Özer S. Yaşlılık döneminde somatizasyonun klinik görünümü. 3.Akademik Geriatri Kongre Kitabı. 26-30 Mayıs 2010, Gazimagusa, KKTC. 2010; p.168-172 [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2019 Sep 1]. Available from: http://www.akademikgeriatri.org/files/Akademik_Geriatri_2010/Konusma_Metinleri/21.pdf
  • Bass C, Peveler R, House A. Somatoform disorders: severe psychiatric illnesses neglected by psychiatrists. Br J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2001 Jul 2 [cited 2019 Sep 1];179(1):11–4. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007125000266099/type/journal_article
  • Skapinakis P, Araya R. Common somatic symptoms, causal attributions of somatic symptoms and psychiatric morbidity in a cross-sectional community study in Santiago, Chile. BMC Res Notes [Internet]. 2011 May 26 [cited 2019 Sep 1];4:155. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21615915
  • Feder A, Olfson M, Gameroff M, Fuentes M, Shea S, Lantigua RA, et al. Medically Unexplained Symptoms in an Urban General Medicine Practice. Psychosomatics [Internet]. 2001 May [cited 2019 Sep 1];42(3):261–8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11351117
  • Keskin A, Ünlüoğlu İ, Bilge U, Yenilmez Ç. The Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Distribution of Subjects Gender and its Relationship with Psychiatric Help-Seeking. Noro Psikiyatr Ars [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2019 Sep 1];50(4):344–51. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28360568
  • S. McIntyre R, Konarski JZ, Mancini DA, Zurowski M, Giacobbe P, Soczynska JK, et al. Improving outcomes in depression: A focus on somatic symptoms. J Psychosom Res [Internet]. 2006 Mar [cited 2019 Sep 1];60(3):279–82. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16516660
  • Hotopf M, Mayou R, Wadsworth M, Wessely S, Thomas S. Childhood Risk Factors for Adults With Medically Unexplained Symptoms: Results From a National Birth Cohort Study [Internet]. Vol. 156, Am J Psychiatry. 1999 [cited 2019 Sep 1]. Available from: https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/ajp.156.11.1796
  • Kılıç M. Belirti Tarama Listesi (SCL-90-R)’nin Geçerlilik ve Güvenirliği. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehb Derg [Internet]. 1991 May 28 [cited 2019 Sep 1];1(2):45–52. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tpdrd/issue/21422/229664
  • Karasu U. Eskişehir il merkezinde birinci basamak sağlık kuruluşlarında ruhsal bozuklukların yaygınlığı ve sosyodemografik değişkenlerle ilişkisi. Master thesis. Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Department of Psychiatry, Eskişehir, Turkey; 2007.
  • Kurt B, Akbaba M. Psychiatric Health Status and Affecting Factors of Adults in a Rural Area in Çukurova Region. Sak Med J [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Sep 1];8(3):538–50. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/download/article-file/545232
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu. Türkiye kronik hastalıklar ve risk faktörleri sıklığı çalışması [Internet]. 2013. Available from: https://sbu.saglik.gov.tr/Ekutuphane/kitaplar/khrfat.pdf
  • Dönmez L, Dedeoğlu N, Özcan E. Sağlık ocaklarına başvuranlarda ruhsal bozukluklar. Türk Psikiyatr Derg [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2019 Sep 1];11(3):198–203. Available from: http://www.turkpsikiyatri.com/default.aspx?modul=turkceOzet&gFPrkMakale=74
  • Schmitz N, Hartkamp N, Kiuse J, Franke GH, Reister G, Tress W. The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R): a German validation study. Qual Life Res [Internet]. 2000 Mar [cited 2019 Sep 1];9(2):185–93. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10983482
  • Nakamura Y, Takeuchi T, Hashimoto K, Hashizume M. Clinical features of outpatients with somatization symptoms treated at a Japanese psychosomatic medicine clinic. Biopsychosoc Med [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Sep 1];11:16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28670335
  • Kaya B. Somatoform Bozuklukların Epidemiyolojisi. In: Doğan O, editor. Ege Psikiyatri Yayınları; 2002. p. 66.
  • Sadock B, Sadock V. Kaplan & Sadock’s Compherensive Textbook of Psychiatry. In: Aydın H, Bozkurt A, editors. 8. Güneş Tıp Kitabevi; 2007. p. 1575–81.
  • Ekemen N. 15-49 yaş dönemindeki kadınlarda kısa semptom envanteri ile ruhsal durumun belirlenmesi. Master thesis. Erciyes University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Kayseri, Turkey; 2006.
  • Simsek Z, Ak D, Altindag A, Gunes M. Prevalence and predictors of mental disorders among women in Sanliurfa, Southeastern Turkey. J Public Health (Bangkok) [Internet]. 2008 Dec 1 [cited 2019 Sep 1];30(4):487–93. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18400696
  • Sağduyu A. Sağlık Ocağına Başvuran Hastalarda Somatizasyon. Türk Psikiyatr Derg [Internet]. 1995 [cited 2019 Sep 1];6(1):21–9. Available from: http://psikiyatridizini.net/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=2718
  • Çermik Ö, Çevik A, Soykan A, Aksakal O. Somatization in Female Patients: A Multidimentional Assessment. Turkiye Klin J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2019 Sep 1];1(1):68–78. Available from: https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/en-kadin-hastalarda-somatizasyon-cok-yonlu-bir-degerlendirme-34770.html
  • Özenli Y, Yoldaşcan E, Topal K, Özçürümez G. Türkiye’de bir eğitim fakültesinde somatizasyon bozukluğu yaygınlığı ve ilişkili risk etkenlerinin araştırılması. Anadolu Psikiyatr Derg. 2009;(10):131–6.
  • Ebel H, Algermissen C, Kuster W. Somatisierungsstörung, Konversionsstörung und hypochondrische Störung. In: Psychiatrie in der klinischen Medizin [Internet]. Heidelberg: Steinkopff; 2004 [cited 2019 Sep 1]. p. 438–61. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-12845-9_23
  • Çevik A. Anksiyete Nevrozunun Psikososyal Yönü. Toplum ve Hekim. 1985;(28):18–21.
  • Çevik A. Reactivation of identity problems among turkish immigrants in europe and its clinical consequences: mourning, identity problems and somatization. Turkiye Klin J Psychiatry [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2019 Sep 1];1(1):55–61. Available from: https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/en-avrupadaki-gocmen-turklerde-kimlik-sorunlarinin-reaktivasyonu-ve-bunun-klinige-yansimasi-yas-kimlik-sorunlari-ve-somatizasyon-34765.html

Somatik belirtilerin sosyodemografik ve klinik özellikler ile ilişkisi

Year 2020, Issue: 2, 183 - 190, 04.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.622524

Abstract

Amaç: Somatizasyon bireyin genel tıbbi durumu ile tam olarak
açıklanamayan ve başka bir ruhsal bozukluğa atfedilemeyen yineleyici bedensel
semptomlar ile karakterize psikiyatrik bir durumdur. Bireylerin somatik
belirtilerini etkileyen bedensel, ruhsal ve sosyal faktörler mevcuttur.
Çalışmamızın amacı kliniğimize başvuran hastalarda somatik belirtileri taramak
ve tarama sonuçlarının hastaların sosyodemografik ve klinik özellikleri ile
olan ilişkisini araştırmaktır.

Gereç-yöntem: Kesitsel, tanımlayıcı desende yürütülen çalışmaya
Şubat 2018-Kasım 2018 tarihleri arasında …..’ne başvuran 18-65 yaş arası 414
katılımcı dahil edildi. Katılımcılara yüz yüze görüşme metoduyla sosyodemografik
veri formu ve SCL90-R Psikolojik Belirti Tarama Testi uygulandı.

Bulgular: Katılımcıların 256’sı (%61,8) kadın, 158’i (%38,2)
erkek, yaş ortalaması 33,7±13,6, %47,3’ü fakülte ve üzeri eğitim seviyesinde
idi. SCL90-R tarama testinin somatizasyon alt ölçeğinin ortalama puanı 1,0±0,6
idi. Kadın cinsiyet, çocuk sayısının artması, göç etmiş olmak, eğitim
seviyesinin azalması, ilaç kullanım miktarının artması, sağlık kuruluşlarına
başvurma sayısının artması, alternatif tıp tekniklerini uygulamak, aile ve
akrabalarında ruhsal hastalık varlığı somatik belirtileri arttırıyordu.







Sonuç: Çalışmamızda somatik belirti yaygınlığı yüksek ve klinik
önem gösterir düzeyde saptanmıştır. Özellikle toplumumuzdaki kadınların sosyal
konumları, yaşam tarzları ve beden dilini daha çok kullanmaları gibi özgül
özellikleri somatik belirtilerin yüksek olması ile bağlantılıdır. Göçlerin
bireylerde yarattığı duygusal engellilik göçmenleri somatizasyon açısından daha
riskli kılmaktadır. Eğitim seviyesinin artması ile gelişen kişilik yapısı ve
artan iletişim yetisi bireyin somatizasyon riskini azaltır. Sağlık hizmetleri
ve tedavi seçeneklerini sık kullanan, alternatif tıp yöntemlerini uygulayan
hastaların semptomları somatizasyon açısından daha anlamlıdır.

Project Number

Yok

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.), Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. pp. 190, 197–202.
  • Kırkpınar İ. Somatization and somatoform disorders: ambiguity reflected to practise. Updat psychiatry J Psychiatr Assoc Turkey Contin Educ Contin Prof Dev [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2019 Sep 1];3(1):1–16. Available from: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/
  • Richardson RD, Engel CC. Evaluation and Management of Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms. Neurologist [Internet]. 2004 Jan [cited 2019 Sep 1];10(1):18–30. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14720312
  • Tschudi-Madsen H, Kjeldsberg M, Natvig B, Ihlebaek C, Dalen I, Straand J, et al. Multiple symptoms and medically unexplained symptoms — Closely related concepts in general practitioners’ evaluations. A linked doctor–patient study. J Psychosom Res [Internet]. 2013 Mar 1 [cited 2019 Sep 1];74(3):186–90. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022399913000184
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Linzer M, Hahn SR, deGruy F V, et al. Physical symptoms in primary care. Predictors of psychiatric disorders and functional impairment. Arch Fam Med [Internet]. 1994 Sep [cited 2019 Sep 1];3(9):774–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7987511
  • Özer S. Yaşlılık döneminde somatizasyonun klinik görünümü. 3.Akademik Geriatri Kongre Kitabı. 26-30 Mayıs 2010, Gazimagusa, KKTC. 2010; p.168-172 [Internet]. 2010 [cited 2019 Sep 1]. Available from: http://www.akademikgeriatri.org/files/Akademik_Geriatri_2010/Konusma_Metinleri/21.pdf
  • Bass C, Peveler R, House A. Somatoform disorders: severe psychiatric illnesses neglected by psychiatrists. Br J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2001 Jul 2 [cited 2019 Sep 1];179(1):11–4. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007125000266099/type/journal_article
  • Skapinakis P, Araya R. Common somatic symptoms, causal attributions of somatic symptoms and psychiatric morbidity in a cross-sectional community study in Santiago, Chile. BMC Res Notes [Internet]. 2011 May 26 [cited 2019 Sep 1];4:155. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21615915
  • Feder A, Olfson M, Gameroff M, Fuentes M, Shea S, Lantigua RA, et al. Medically Unexplained Symptoms in an Urban General Medicine Practice. Psychosomatics [Internet]. 2001 May [cited 2019 Sep 1];42(3):261–8. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11351117
  • Keskin A, Ünlüoğlu İ, Bilge U, Yenilmez Ç. The Prevalence of Psychiatric Disorders Distribution of Subjects Gender and its Relationship with Psychiatric Help-Seeking. Noro Psikiyatr Ars [Internet]. 2013 Dec [cited 2019 Sep 1];50(4):344–51. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28360568
  • S. McIntyre R, Konarski JZ, Mancini DA, Zurowski M, Giacobbe P, Soczynska JK, et al. Improving outcomes in depression: A focus on somatic symptoms. J Psychosom Res [Internet]. 2006 Mar [cited 2019 Sep 1];60(3):279–82. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16516660
  • Hotopf M, Mayou R, Wadsworth M, Wessely S, Thomas S. Childhood Risk Factors for Adults With Medically Unexplained Symptoms: Results From a National Birth Cohort Study [Internet]. Vol. 156, Am J Psychiatry. 1999 [cited 2019 Sep 1]. Available from: https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/pdf/10.1176/ajp.156.11.1796
  • Kılıç M. Belirti Tarama Listesi (SCL-90-R)’nin Geçerlilik ve Güvenirliği. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehb Derg [Internet]. 1991 May 28 [cited 2019 Sep 1];1(2):45–52. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/tpdrd/issue/21422/229664
  • Karasu U. Eskişehir il merkezinde birinci basamak sağlık kuruluşlarında ruhsal bozuklukların yaygınlığı ve sosyodemografik değişkenlerle ilişkisi. Master thesis. Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Department of Psychiatry, Eskişehir, Turkey; 2007.
  • Kurt B, Akbaba M. Psychiatric Health Status and Affecting Factors of Adults in a Rural Area in Çukurova Region. Sak Med J [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Sep 1];8(3):538–50. Available from: https://dergipark.org.tr/download/article-file/545232
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Kurumu. Türkiye kronik hastalıklar ve risk faktörleri sıklığı çalışması [Internet]. 2013. Available from: https://sbu.saglik.gov.tr/Ekutuphane/kitaplar/khrfat.pdf
  • Dönmez L, Dedeoğlu N, Özcan E. Sağlık ocaklarına başvuranlarda ruhsal bozukluklar. Türk Psikiyatr Derg [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2019 Sep 1];11(3):198–203. Available from: http://www.turkpsikiyatri.com/default.aspx?modul=turkceOzet&gFPrkMakale=74
  • Schmitz N, Hartkamp N, Kiuse J, Franke GH, Reister G, Tress W. The Symptom Check-List-90-R (SCL-90-R): a German validation study. Qual Life Res [Internet]. 2000 Mar [cited 2019 Sep 1];9(2):185–93. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10983482
  • Nakamura Y, Takeuchi T, Hashimoto K, Hashizume M. Clinical features of outpatients with somatization symptoms treated at a Japanese psychosomatic medicine clinic. Biopsychosoc Med [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Sep 1];11:16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28670335
  • Kaya B. Somatoform Bozuklukların Epidemiyolojisi. In: Doğan O, editor. Ege Psikiyatri Yayınları; 2002. p. 66.
  • Sadock B, Sadock V. Kaplan & Sadock’s Compherensive Textbook of Psychiatry. In: Aydın H, Bozkurt A, editors. 8. Güneş Tıp Kitabevi; 2007. p. 1575–81.
  • Ekemen N. 15-49 yaş dönemindeki kadınlarda kısa semptom envanteri ile ruhsal durumun belirlenmesi. Master thesis. Erciyes University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, Kayseri, Turkey; 2006.
  • Simsek Z, Ak D, Altindag A, Gunes M. Prevalence and predictors of mental disorders among women in Sanliurfa, Southeastern Turkey. J Public Health (Bangkok) [Internet]. 2008 Dec 1 [cited 2019 Sep 1];30(4):487–93. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18400696
  • Sağduyu A. Sağlık Ocağına Başvuran Hastalarda Somatizasyon. Türk Psikiyatr Derg [Internet]. 1995 [cited 2019 Sep 1];6(1):21–9. Available from: http://psikiyatridizini.net/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=2718
  • Çermik Ö, Çevik A, Soykan A, Aksakal O. Somatization in Female Patients: A Multidimentional Assessment. Turkiye Klin J Psychiatry [Internet]. 2000 [cited 2019 Sep 1];1(1):68–78. Available from: https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/en-kadin-hastalarda-somatizasyon-cok-yonlu-bir-degerlendirme-34770.html
  • Özenli Y, Yoldaşcan E, Topal K, Özçürümez G. Türkiye’de bir eğitim fakültesinde somatizasyon bozukluğu yaygınlığı ve ilişkili risk etkenlerinin araştırılması. Anadolu Psikiyatr Derg. 2009;(10):131–6.
  • Ebel H, Algermissen C, Kuster W. Somatisierungsstörung, Konversionsstörung und hypochondrische Störung. In: Psychiatrie in der klinischen Medizin [Internet]. Heidelberg: Steinkopff; 2004 [cited 2019 Sep 1]. p. 438–61. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-12845-9_23
  • Çevik A. Anksiyete Nevrozunun Psikososyal Yönü. Toplum ve Hekim. 1985;(28):18–21.
  • Çevik A. Reactivation of identity problems among turkish immigrants in europe and its clinical consequences: mourning, identity problems and somatization. Turkiye Klin J Psychiatry [Internet]. 1999 [cited 2019 Sep 1];1(1):55–61. Available from: https://www.turkiyeklinikleri.com/article/en-avrupadaki-gocmen-turklerde-kimlik-sorunlarinin-reaktivasyonu-ve-bunun-klinige-yansimasi-yas-kimlik-sorunlari-ve-somatizasyon-34765.html
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yunus Tan 0000-0002-1771-1015

Erkan Melih Şahin 0000-0003-1520-8464

Project Number Yok
Publication Date June 4, 2020
Acceptance Date April 15, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tan, Y., & Şahin, E. M. (2020). The association between somatic symptoms and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Konuralp Medical Journal, 12(2), 183-190. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.622524
AMA Tan Y, Şahin EM. The association between somatic symptoms and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Konuralp Medical Journal. June 2020;12(2):183-190. doi:10.18521/ktd.622524
Chicago Tan, Yunus, and Erkan Melih Şahin. “The Association Between Somatic Symptoms and Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics”. Konuralp Medical Journal 12, no. 2 (June 2020): 183-90. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.622524.
EndNote Tan Y, Şahin EM (June 1, 2020) The association between somatic symptoms and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Konuralp Medical Journal 12 2 183–190.
IEEE Y. Tan and E. M. Şahin, “The association between somatic symptoms and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics”, Konuralp Medical Journal, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 183–190, 2020, doi: 10.18521/ktd.622524.
ISNAD Tan, Yunus - Şahin, Erkan Melih. “The Association Between Somatic Symptoms and Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics”. Konuralp Medical Journal 12/2 (June 2020), 183-190. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.622524.
JAMA Tan Y, Şahin EM. The association between somatic symptoms and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2020;12:183–190.
MLA Tan, Yunus and Erkan Melih Şahin. “The Association Between Somatic Symptoms and Sociodemographic and Clinical Characteristics”. Konuralp Medical Journal, vol. 12, no. 2, 2020, pp. 183-90, doi:10.18521/ktd.622524.
Vancouver Tan Y, Şahin EM. The association between somatic symptoms and sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Konuralp Medical Journal. 2020;12(2):183-90.