Year 2016,
Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 1 - 6, 26.12.2016
Abstract
Objective: Cryptosporidium sp. is a protozoan which is highly resistant to external environmental conditions and chlorination and can lead to severe diarrhea in immunosuppressed persons. Oocysts of this parasite, is excreted by human and animal feces, lead to contamination of potable (drinking) water supplies in environments with poor sanitation. Our aim is to investigate the presence of oocysts in some potable water samples taken from different points of Erzurum city center and around on different months.
Methods: Totally 120 water samples were collected from 40 random different points of Erzurum city center and around on April, May and July. Of the 120 samples, 45 were from city water system and 75 from fountain and wells water. Water samples collected within 5 liter tanks were filtered by using membrane filter. From each sample preparation were done by using modified acid fast staining method and then examined under microscope.
Results: Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts were detected on 18 (15.0%) of total 120 water samples. 6 (13.3%) of these positive samples were from city water system and the other 12 (16.0%) were from fountains and wells. According to the seasonal distribution of positive samples 9 (22.5%) have been taken on April, 7 (17.5%) on May and 2 (5.0%) on July.
Conclusion: Results of this study have shown that source of water supplies in our region are notably contaminated with Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts, and the rate of contamination is higher on April and May when compared with July.
Keywords
References
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- Almeida A, Moreira MJ, Soares S, Delgado ML, Figueiredo J, Silva E et al. Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in drinking water samples in the north of Portugal. Korean J Parasitol 2010; 48: 43-48.
- Ceber K, Aslan G, Otag F, Delialioğlu N, Ozturk C, Babur C et al. Investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts in Tap Water, Well Water, Sewage Water and Sea Water in Mersin, Turkish Journal of Parasitology 2005; 29: 224-228.
- Chalmers RM, Katzer F. Looking for Cryptosporidium: the application of advances in detection and diagnosis. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29: 237-251.
- Cicek, M. Korkoca H, Akkas O. Investigation for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts of drinking of water in Van. Turkish Bulletin of Hyg Experimental Biology 2011; 68 (3): 122-126.
- Clark DP. New insights into human cryptosporidiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12: 554–563.
- Conio O, Palumbo F, Borelli E, Carraro E, Pignata C. Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocysts occurrence in raw and drinking water in Italy. 20th Annual Meeting of the Italian Section Society of Protozoologists, Genova- İtaly: 1999. October 8–9.
- Current WL, Garcia LS. Cryptosporidiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991; (4): 225-228.
- Eren C. To investigate the Cryptosporidium in immunosuppressed subjects of Different group by using modified acid-fast painting and ELISA methods, Diyarbakir: Medical Faculty of Dicle University. 2011.
- Dirim D, Turgay N, Alkan M Z. The observation of a Cryptosporidiosis cases with Kinyon acid-fast staining and polymerase chain reaction. Turkish Journal of Parasitology 2003; 27: 237-239.
- DuPont HL, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, Jakubowski W. The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 855-859.
- Egyed Z, Sréter T, Széll Z, Vargab I. Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp.— recent development sand future needs. Vet Parasitol 2003; 13: 103-114.
- Eisenberg JNS, Lei X, Hubbard AH. The Role of disease transmission and conferred immunity in outbreaks: Analysis of the 1993 Cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161: 62–72.
- Fayer R, Morgan U, Upton SJ, Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and dentification. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30: 1305-1322.
- Fayer R. Cryptosporidium: a water–borne zoonotic parasite. Vet Parasitol 2004; 126: 37-56
- Galván, AL., et al. a year-long study of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in recreational, drinking and wastewater from the central area of Spain. Sci Total Environ 2014; 469: 368-375.
- Griffiths JK. Human cryptosporidiosis: epidemiology, transmission, clinical disease, treatment, and diagnosis. Adv Parasitol 1998; 40: 37–85.
- Inceboz T, Sarı B, Orhan V. Investigation of Cryptosporidium in patients with gastrointestinal complaints. Turkish Journal of Parasitology 2002; 26: 149- 150.
- Itik Ekinci A. Distrubition and moleculer characterisation of cryptosporidium species in cattle in Kars region. Kars: Health Sciences Institute. 2012.
- Juranek DD, Cryptosporidiosis. In: Strickland GT editor. Hunter’s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8th ed, Philadelphia, WB Saunders; 2000.
- Karanis P, Schonen D, Seitz HM. Giardia and Cryptosporidium in back wash water from rapid sand filters used for drinking water production. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1996; 284: 107–114.
- Karanis P, Papadopoulou C, Kimua A, Economou E, Kourenti C, Sakkas H. Cryptosporidium and Giardia innatural, drinking and recreational water of Northwestern Greece. Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 2002; 30: 49-58.
- Koksal F. Investigation of Source Waters for Giardia and. Journal of Turkish Society of Microbiology 2002; 32: 275-277.
- LeChevallier MW, Norton WD, Lee RG. Giardia and Cryptosporidium sp. in filtered drinking water supplies. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 26: 17-21.
- Mac Kenzie W R, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 161–167.
- Ok UZ, Girginkardeşler N, Kilimcioğlu A, Limoncu E. Stool Analysis Methods, Chapter 1, Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases, Editors: Ozcel MA, Altintas N, 1st Edition, Izmir, Ege University Press; 1997. p. 45-50.
- Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Crabb JH, Sterling CR, DuPont HL. Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthy adults. J Infect Dis 1999; 180: 1275-1281.
- Ozcel MA, Ozbel Y, Ak M. Ozcel's Medical Parasitic Diseases. Medical Parasitology Association, Publication No: 22 Izmir ; 2007; 363-376
- Redlinger T, Corella-Barud V, Graham J, Galindo A, Avita R, Cardenas V. Hyperendemic Cryptosporidium and Giardia in households lacking municipal sewer and water on the United States-Mexico Border. Am J Med Trop Hyg 2002; 66: 784-798
- Smith HV. Detection of parasites in the environment. Parasitology 1998; 117: 113– 141.
- Ward PI, Deplazes P, Regli W, Rinder H, Mathis A. Detection of eight Cryptosporidium genotypes in surface and wastewaters in Europe. Parasitology 2002; 124: 359–368.
- Wilson WR. Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Nobel Medical Bookstores, 2004; 824-827.
Year 2016,
Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 1 - 6, 26.12.2016
Abstract
References
- Aksoy U, Akısu C, Sahin S, Usluca S, Yalcın G, Kuralay F et al. First reported waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis with Cyclospora co-infection in Turkey. Euro Surveill 2007;12: E070215.
- Almeida A, Moreira MJ, Soares S, Delgado ML, Figueiredo J, Silva E et al. Presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in drinking water samples in the north of Portugal. Korean J Parasitol 2010; 48: 43-48.
- Ceber K, Aslan G, Otag F, Delialioğlu N, Ozturk C, Babur C et al. Investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts in Tap Water, Well Water, Sewage Water and Sea Water in Mersin, Turkish Journal of Parasitology 2005; 29: 224-228.
- Chalmers RM, Katzer F. Looking for Cryptosporidium: the application of advances in detection and diagnosis. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29: 237-251.
- Cicek, M. Korkoca H, Akkas O. Investigation for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts of drinking of water in Van. Turkish Bulletin of Hyg Experimental Biology 2011; 68 (3): 122-126.
- Clark DP. New insights into human cryptosporidiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12: 554–563.
- Conio O, Palumbo F, Borelli E, Carraro E, Pignata C. Cryptosporidium and Giardia oocysts occurrence in raw and drinking water in Italy. 20th Annual Meeting of the Italian Section Society of Protozoologists, Genova- İtaly: 1999. October 8–9.
- Current WL, Garcia LS. Cryptosporidiosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991; (4): 225-228.
- Eren C. To investigate the Cryptosporidium in immunosuppressed subjects of Different group by using modified acid-fast painting and ELISA methods, Diyarbakir: Medical Faculty of Dicle University. 2011.
- Dirim D, Turgay N, Alkan M Z. The observation of a Cryptosporidiosis cases with Kinyon acid-fast staining and polymerase chain reaction. Turkish Journal of Parasitology 2003; 27: 237-239.
- DuPont HL, Chappell CL, Sterling CR, Okhuysen PC, Rose JB, Jakubowski W. The infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy volunteers. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 855-859.
- Egyed Z, Sréter T, Széll Z, Vargab I. Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp.— recent development sand future needs. Vet Parasitol 2003; 13: 103-114.
- Eisenberg JNS, Lei X, Hubbard AH. The Role of disease transmission and conferred immunity in outbreaks: Analysis of the 1993 Cryptosporidium outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161: 62–72.
- Fayer R, Morgan U, Upton SJ, Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium: transmission, detection and dentification. Int J Parasitol 2000; 30: 1305-1322.
- Fayer R. Cryptosporidium: a water–borne zoonotic parasite. Vet Parasitol 2004; 126: 37-56
- Galván, AL., et al. a year-long study of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in recreational, drinking and wastewater from the central area of Spain. Sci Total Environ 2014; 469: 368-375.
- Griffiths JK. Human cryptosporidiosis: epidemiology, transmission, clinical disease, treatment, and diagnosis. Adv Parasitol 1998; 40: 37–85.
- Inceboz T, Sarı B, Orhan V. Investigation of Cryptosporidium in patients with gastrointestinal complaints. Turkish Journal of Parasitology 2002; 26: 149- 150.
- Itik Ekinci A. Distrubition and moleculer characterisation of cryptosporidium species in cattle in Kars region. Kars: Health Sciences Institute. 2012.
- Juranek DD, Cryptosporidiosis. In: Strickland GT editor. Hunter’s Tropical Medicine and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 8th ed, Philadelphia, WB Saunders; 2000.
- Karanis P, Schonen D, Seitz HM. Giardia and Cryptosporidium in back wash water from rapid sand filters used for drinking water production. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1996; 284: 107–114.
- Karanis P, Papadopoulou C, Kimua A, Economou E, Kourenti C, Sakkas H. Cryptosporidium and Giardia innatural, drinking and recreational water of Northwestern Greece. Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 2002; 30: 49-58.
- Koksal F. Investigation of Source Waters for Giardia and. Journal of Turkish Society of Microbiology 2002; 32: 275-277.
- LeChevallier MW, Norton WD, Lee RG. Giardia and Cryptosporidium sp. in filtered drinking water supplies. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 26: 17-21.
- Mac Kenzie W R, Hoxie NJ, Proctor ME, Gradus MS, Blair KA, Peterson DE. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 161–167.
- Ok UZ, Girginkardeşler N, Kilimcioğlu A, Limoncu E. Stool Analysis Methods, Chapter 1, Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases, Editors: Ozcel MA, Altintas N, 1st Edition, Izmir, Ege University Press; 1997. p. 45-50.
- Okhuysen PC, Chappell CL, Crabb JH, Sterling CR, DuPont HL. Virulence of three distinct Cryptosporidium parvum isolates for healthy adults. J Infect Dis 1999; 180: 1275-1281.
- Ozcel MA, Ozbel Y, Ak M. Ozcel's Medical Parasitic Diseases. Medical Parasitology Association, Publication No: 22 Izmir ; 2007; 363-376
- Redlinger T, Corella-Barud V, Graham J, Galindo A, Avita R, Cardenas V. Hyperendemic Cryptosporidium and Giardia in households lacking municipal sewer and water on the United States-Mexico Border. Am J Med Trop Hyg 2002; 66: 784-798
- Smith HV. Detection of parasites in the environment. Parasitology 1998; 117: 113– 141.
- Ward PI, Deplazes P, Regli W, Rinder H, Mathis A. Detection of eight Cryptosporidium genotypes in surface and wastewaters in Europe. Parasitology 2002; 124: 359–368.
- Wilson WR. Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Nobel Medical Bookstores, 2004; 824-827.
There are 32 citations in total.
Details
| Journal Section | Research articles |
|---|---|
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 26, 2016 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2016 Volume: 2 Issue: 3 |
e-ISSN 2149-7796