Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality and Morbidity in Samsun Province of Turkey

Feyza Nur Topçu Yenerçağ; Ahmet Tevfik Sünter

doi:10.19127/mbsjohs.1158787

Research Article

Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality and Morbidity in Samsun Province of Turkey

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 624 - 638, 30.11.2022

Feyza Nur Topçu Yenerçağ Ahmet Tevfik Sünter

https://doi.org/10.19127/mbsjohs.1158787

Abstract

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between hospital admissions and hospitalizations from respiratory system diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurological and psychiatric diseases with air pollution. The second aim of the study was to calculate the total number of deaths that can be attributed to air pollution with the AIR Q + program.
Methods: The study is a descriptive type of ecological study. As the determinant of air pollution, daily PM10 data from all stations located in the central districts of Samsun were used. The records of all applications and hospitalizations that received any of the ICD-10 diagnostic codes I00-99, J00-99, F00-99, and G00-99 were included in the study. Correlation and regression analysis were conducted to explain the relationships between hospital admissions, hospitalizations, and PM10 and meteorological parameters.
Results: The annual average of PM10 was found to be 50.4±19.3 μg/m3. There were positive and statistically significant correlations between the daily number of admissions of all diseases evaluated with PM10. Positive and statistically significant correlations were found between hospitalizations for only respiratory and cardiovascular system diseases with PM10. Admissions from respiratory system diseases (3%), cardiovascular (2%), neurological (1%), and psychiatric diseases (1%) and hospitalizations from respiratory diseases (%2) increased for every 10 μg / m3 increase in PM10 level. The annual average of PM2.5 was found to be 31.8 μg/m3 using the AIR Q + program. The number of natural deaths that can be attributed to air pollution in 2018 was 835 (12.3%), and the estimated number of deaths attributable to 100,000 people at risk was 111.8 (RR: 1.14).
Conclusion: Hospital admissions and hospitalizations are increasing due to air pollution. Many deaths and adverse health effects can be prevented by reducing the air pollution that increases especially in the winter period to the determined limit values.

Keywords

Air pollution, morbidity, mortality

References

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8. Phung, D., Hien, T.T., Linh, H.N., Luong, L.M., Morawska, L., Chu, C., Binh, N.D., Thai, P.K., 2016. Air pollution and risk of respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalizations in the most populous city in Vietnam. Sci. Total Environ. 557, 322–330.
9. Ardiles LG. Negative Binomial regression model for analysis of the relationship between hospitalization and air pollution. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2017;10:1039-42.
10. Koster ES, Raaijmakers JAM, Vijverberg SJH, van der Ent CK and Maitland-van der Zee A-H. Asthma symptoms in pediatric patients: differences throughout the seasons. J Asthma 2011; 48(7): 694–700.
11. Gallucci M. GAMLj: General analyses for linear models. [jamovi module], 2019. https://gamlj.github.io/
12. AirQ+ examples of calculations. WHO. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/371551/AirQ-Examples-of-calculations_ENG.pdf?ua=1
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15. Alkan A. Hava Kirliliğinin Ciddi Boyutlara Ulaştığı Kentlere Bir Örnek: Siirt. BEÜ SBE Derg 2018;7(2):641-66.
16. Kara G. Kentsel hava kirleticilerine meteorolojinin etkisi: Konya örneği. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim ve Teknoloji Derg 2012;27(3):73-86.
17. Chen W, Tang H, Zhao H. Diurnal, weekly and monthly spatial variations of air pollutants and air quality of Beijing. Atmospheric Environment 2015;119:21-34.
18. İskender S, Bolu F, Yılmaz M. Düzce Hava Kalitesi İzleme İstasyonu 1 Ekim 2011-31 Mart 2015 Tarihleri Arasındaki Verilerinin İncelenmesi. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 2016;6(3):161-67.
19. Yılmaz N. Samsun Körfezi kıyı sularında rüzgâr iklimi, dalga iklimi ve akıntı düzeni modellemesi. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University 2018;33(1):279-97.
20. MGM. T.C. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/resmi-istatistikler/parametreAnalizi/Turkiye-Ortalama-Nem.pdf
21. Chen R, Chu C, Tan J, Cao J, Song W, Xu X. Ambient air pollution and hospital admission in Shanghai, China. J Hazard Mater 2010;181(1-3):234-40.
22. Özşahin E, Eroğlu İ, Pektezel H. Keşan’da (Edirne) Hava Kirliliği. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 2016;36:83-100.
23. Almeida S, Silva A, Sarmento S. Effects of exposure to particles and ozone on hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory diseases in Setúbal, Portugal. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2014;77(14-16):837-48.
24. Nascimento LFC, Francisco JB. Particulate matter and hospital admission due to arterial hypertension in a medium-sized Brazilian city. Cad Saude Publica 2013;29(8):1565-71.
25. Spiezia L, Campello E, Bon M, Maggiolo S, Pelizzaro E, Simioni P. Short-term exposure to high levels of air pollution as a risk factor for acute isolated pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 2014 ;134(2):259-63.
26. Finnbjornsdottir RG, Zoëga H, Olafsson O, Thorsteinsson T, Rafnsson V. Association of air pollution and use of glyceryl trinitrate against angina pectoris: a population-based case-crossover study. Environ Health 2013;30;12:38.
27. Wellenius GA, Schwartz J, Mittleman MA. Particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for congestive heart failure in seven United States cities. Am J Cardiol 2006;97(3):404-8.
28. Ab Manan N, Noor Aizuddin A, Hod R. Effect of Air Pollution and Hospital Admission: A Systematic Review. Annals of Global Healt 2018;84(4):670-78.
29. Chen C, Wang X, Lv C, Li WB, Ma DP, Zhang S. The effect of air pollution on hospitalization of individuals with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Jinan, China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98(22):15-34.
30. Tağıl Ş. Balıkesir’de Hava Kirliliğinin Solunum Yolu Hastalıklarının Mekânsal Dağılışı Üzerine Etkisini Anlamada Jeo-istatistik Teknikler. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi 2007;5(1):37-56
31. Angelici L, Piola M, Cavalleri T, et al. Effects of particulate matter exposure on multiple sclerosis hospital admission in Lombardy region. Italy. Environ Res 2016;145:68-73.
32. Gao Q, Xu Q, Guo X, Fan H, Zhu H. Particulate matter air pollution associated with hospital admissions for mental disorders: A time-series study in Beijing, China. Eur Psychiatry 2017;44:68-75.
33. Song Q, Christiani DC, Ren J. The global contribution of outdoor air pollution to the incidence, prevalence, mortality and hospital admission for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014;11(11):1822-32.
34. Nakhlé MM, Farah W, Ziadé N, Abboud M, Salameh D, Annesi-Maesano I. Short-term relationships between emergency hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and fine particulate air pollution in Beirut, Lebanon. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2015;187(4):196-203.
35. Phosri A, Ueda K, Phung VLH, Towatsupa B, Honda A, Takano H. Effects of ambient air pollution on daily hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Bangkok, Thailand. Science of The Total Environment 2019;651(1):1144-53.
36. Feng W, Li H, Wang S, Van Halm-Lutterodt N, An J, Liu Y. Short-term PM10 and emergency department admissions for selective cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Beijing, China. Science of The Total Environment 2019;657:213-21.
37. Ma Y, Yang S, Zhou J, Yu Z, Zhou Ji. Effect of ambient air pollution on emergency room admissions for respiratory diseases in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment 2018;191:320-27.
38. Solimini AG, Renzi M. Association between Air Pollutionand Emergency Room Visits for Atrial Fibrillation. International Journal of Environmental Researchand Public Health 2017;14(6):661-80.
39. Szyszkowicz M. Ambient air pollution and daily emergency department visits for headache in Ottawa, Canada. Headache 2008;48(7):1076-81.
40. Kim KN, Lim YH, Bae HJ, Kim M, Jung K, Hong YC. Long-term fine particulate matter exposure and major depressive disorder in a community-based urban cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2016;124(10):1547-56.
41. Dimovska M, Mladenovska R. Losing Years of Human Life in Heavy Polluted Cities in Macedonia. Maced J Med Sci 2019;7(3):428-34.
42. Lehtomaki H, Korhonen A, Asikainen A, Karvosenoja N, Kupiainen K, Paunu VV. Health Impacts of Ambient Air Pollution in Finland. Int. J. Environ Res. Public Health 2018;15(4):736-44.
43. Jirik V, Machaczka O, Miturova H, et al. Air pollution and potential health risk in Ostrava region-a Review. Central European journal of public health 2016;24:4-17
44. Ansari M, Ehrampoush MH. Meteorological correlates and AirQ+ health risk assessment of ambient fine particulate matter in Tehran, Iran. Environmental research 2019;170:141-50.

Samsun İlinde Hava Kirliliğinin Mortalite ve Morbidite Üzerine Etkileri

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 624 - 638, 30.11.2022

Feyza Nur Topçu Yenerçağ Ahmet Tevfik Sünter

https://doi.org/10.19127/mbsjohs.1158787

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada hava kirliliği ile solunum sistemi hastalıkları, kardiyovasküler sistem hastalıkları, nörolojik ve psikiyatrik hastalıklar nedeniyle yapılan hastane başvuruları ve hastane yatışları arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirmek amaçlandı. Çalışmanın ikinci amacı AIR Q + programı ile hava kirliliğine atfedilebilir toplam ölüm sayısını hesaplamaktı.
Materiyal ve Metod: Çalışma ekolojik türdedir. Hava kirliliğinin belirleyicisi olarak Samsun ili merkez ilçelerinde yer alan tüm istasyonlardan günlük PM10 verileri kullanılmıştır. ICD-10 tanı kodlarından I00-99,J00-99,F00-99,G00-99 herhangi birini alan tüm hastane başvuru ve yatışların kayıtları çalışmaya dahil edildi. Başvuru ve yatışlar ile PM10 ve meteorolojik parametreler arasındaki ilişkileri açıklamak için korelasyon ve regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: PM10'un yıllık ortalaması 50,4±19,3 μg/m3 olarak bulundu. PM10 ile değerlendirilen tüm hastalıkların günlük başvuru sayıları arasında pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı korelasyon saptandı. PM10 ile sadece solunum ve kardiyovasküler sistem hastalıkları nedenli hastaneye yatışlar arasında pozitif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki bulundu. PM10 düzeyindeki her 10 µg/m3 artış için solunum sistemi hastalıkları (%3), kardiyovasküler (%2), nörolojik (%1) ve psikiyatrik hastalıklar (%1) ve solunum sistemi hastalıklarından hastaneye yatışlar (%2) artmıştır. AIR Q+ programı kullanılarak PM2.5'in yıllık ortalaması 31.8 μg/m3 olarak bulunmuştur. 2018 yılında Samsun il genelinde hava kirliliğine atfedilebilecek doğal ölüm sayısı 835 (%12,3), risk altındaki 100.000 kişiye atfedilebilecek tahmini ölüm sayısı ise 111.8 (RR: 1.14) olarak bulundu.
Sonuç: Hava kirliliğinin artışı ile orantılı olarak hastane başvuruları ve yatışlar artmaktadır. Kirliliğin belirlenen sınır değerlere indirilmesi ile çok sayıda ölüm ve sağlık üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerin önüne geçilebilecektir

Keywords

Hava kirliliği, morbidite, mortalite

References

1. WHO ambient air quality database Summary results, update 2018. https://www.who.int/airpollution/data/AAP_database_summary_results
2. WHO. 9 out of 10 people worldwide breathe polluted air, but more countries are taking action (2018). https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/02-05-2018-9-out-of-10-people-worldwide-breathe-polluted-air-but-more-countries-are-taking-action
3. WHO. Ambient air pollution: Health impacts. http://www.who.int/airpollution/ambient/health-impacts/en/ adresinden 22/01/2020 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
4. Burkart K, Canario P, Breitner S. Interactive short-term effects of equivalent temperature and air pollution on human mortality in Berlin and Lisbon. Environmental Pollution 2013; 183: 54-63.
5. Çapraz Ö, Deniz A, Doğan N. Effects of air pollution on respiratory hospital admissions in İstanbul, Turkey, 2013 to 2015. Chemosphere 2017;181:544-50.
6. Samsun ili 2018 yılı Çevre Durum Raporu. ÇED ve Çevre İzinleri Şube Müdürlüğü. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/ced/icerikler/samsun_-cdr2018-20200117095833.pdf
7. Samsun ili temiz hava eylem planı 2020-2024. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı Samsun Çevre ve Şehircilik İl Müdürlüğü 2020. https://samsun.csb.gov.tr/
8. Phung, D., Hien, T.T., Linh, H.N., Luong, L.M., Morawska, L., Chu, C., Binh, N.D., Thai, P.K., 2016. Air pollution and risk of respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalizations in the most populous city in Vietnam. Sci. Total Environ. 557, 322–330.
9. Ardiles LG. Negative Binomial regression model for analysis of the relationship between hospitalization and air pollution. Atmospheric Pollution Research 2017;10:1039-42.
10. Koster ES, Raaijmakers JAM, Vijverberg SJH, van der Ent CK and Maitland-van der Zee A-H. Asthma symptoms in pediatric patients: differences throughout the seasons. J Asthma 2011; 48(7): 694–700.
11. Gallucci M. GAMLj: General analyses for linear models. [jamovi module], 2019. https://gamlj.github.io/
12. AirQ+ examples of calculations. WHO. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/371551/AirQ-Examples-of-calculations_ENG.pdf?ua=1
13. Hava Kalitesi Değerlendirme ve Yönetimi Yönetmeliği. http://cygm.csb.gov.tr/yonetmelikler-i-440
14. Hava Kirliliği ve Sağlık Etkileri: Kara Rapor. THHP. https://www.temizhavahakki.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/Hava-Kirlili%C4%9Fi-ve-Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1k-Etkileri-Kara-Rapor-2019.pdf
15. Alkan A. Hava Kirliliğinin Ciddi Boyutlara Ulaştığı Kentlere Bir Örnek: Siirt. BEÜ SBE Derg 2018;7(2):641-66.
16. Kara G. Kentsel hava kirleticilerine meteorolojinin etkisi: Konya örneği. Selçuk Üniversitesi Mühendislik, Bilim ve Teknoloji Derg 2012;27(3):73-86.
17. Chen W, Tang H, Zhao H. Diurnal, weekly and monthly spatial variations of air pollutants and air quality of Beijing. Atmospheric Environment 2015;119:21-34.
18. İskender S, Bolu F, Yılmaz M. Düzce Hava Kalitesi İzleme İstasyonu 1 Ekim 2011-31 Mart 2015 Tarihleri Arasındaki Verilerinin İncelenmesi. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 2016;6(3):161-67.
19. Yılmaz N. Samsun Körfezi kıyı sularında rüzgâr iklimi, dalga iklimi ve akıntı düzeni modellemesi. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University 2018;33(1):279-97.
20. MGM. T.C. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü. https://www.mgm.gov.tr/FILES/resmi-istatistikler/parametreAnalizi/Turkiye-Ortalama-Nem.pdf
21. Chen R, Chu C, Tan J, Cao J, Song W, Xu X. Ambient air pollution and hospital admission in Shanghai, China. J Hazard Mater 2010;181(1-3):234-40.
22. Özşahin E, Eroğlu İ, Pektezel H. Keşan’da (Edirne) Hava Kirliliği. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 2016;36:83-100.
23. Almeida S, Silva A, Sarmento S. Effects of exposure to particles and ozone on hospital admissions for cardiorespiratory diseases in Setúbal, Portugal. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2014;77(14-16):837-48.
24. Nascimento LFC, Francisco JB. Particulate matter and hospital admission due to arterial hypertension in a medium-sized Brazilian city. Cad Saude Publica 2013;29(8):1565-71.
25. Spiezia L, Campello E, Bon M, Maggiolo S, Pelizzaro E, Simioni P. Short-term exposure to high levels of air pollution as a risk factor for acute isolated pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 2014 ;134(2):259-63.
26. Finnbjornsdottir RG, Zoëga H, Olafsson O, Thorsteinsson T, Rafnsson V. Association of air pollution and use of glyceryl trinitrate against angina pectoris: a population-based case-crossover study. Environ Health 2013;30;12:38.
27. Wellenius GA, Schwartz J, Mittleman MA. Particulate air pollution and hospital admissions for congestive heart failure in seven United States cities. Am J Cardiol 2006;97(3):404-8.
28. Ab Manan N, Noor Aizuddin A, Hod R. Effect of Air Pollution and Hospital Admission: A Systematic Review. Annals of Global Healt 2018;84(4):670-78.
29. Chen C, Wang X, Lv C, Li WB, Ma DP, Zhang S. The effect of air pollution on hospitalization of individuals with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Jinan, China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019;98(22):15-34.
30. Tağıl Ş. Balıkesir’de Hava Kirliliğinin Solunum Yolu Hastalıklarının Mekânsal Dağılışı Üzerine Etkisini Anlamada Jeo-istatistik Teknikler. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi 2007;5(1):37-56
31. Angelici L, Piola M, Cavalleri T, et al. Effects of particulate matter exposure on multiple sclerosis hospital admission in Lombardy region. Italy. Environ Res 2016;145:68-73.
32. Gao Q, Xu Q, Guo X, Fan H, Zhu H. Particulate matter air pollution associated with hospital admissions for mental disorders: A time-series study in Beijing, China. Eur Psychiatry 2017;44:68-75.
33. Song Q, Christiani DC, Ren J. The global contribution of outdoor air pollution to the incidence, prevalence, mortality and hospital admission for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2014;11(11):1822-32.
34. Nakhlé MM, Farah W, Ziadé N, Abboud M, Salameh D, Annesi-Maesano I. Short-term relationships between emergency hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and fine particulate air pollution in Beirut, Lebanon. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2015;187(4):196-203.
35. Phosri A, Ueda K, Phung VLH, Towatsupa B, Honda A, Takano H. Effects of ambient air pollution on daily hospital admissions for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Bangkok, Thailand. Science of The Total Environment 2019;651(1):1144-53.
36. Feng W, Li H, Wang S, Van Halm-Lutterodt N, An J, Liu Y. Short-term PM10 and emergency department admissions for selective cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Beijing, China. Science of The Total Environment 2019;657:213-21.
37. Ma Y, Yang S, Zhou J, Yu Z, Zhou Ji. Effect of ambient air pollution on emergency room admissions for respiratory diseases in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment 2018;191:320-27.
38. Solimini AG, Renzi M. Association between Air Pollutionand Emergency Room Visits for Atrial Fibrillation. International Journal of Environmental Researchand Public Health 2017;14(6):661-80.
39. Szyszkowicz M. Ambient air pollution and daily emergency department visits for headache in Ottawa, Canada. Headache 2008;48(7):1076-81.
40. Kim KN, Lim YH, Bae HJ, Kim M, Jung K, Hong YC. Long-term fine particulate matter exposure and major depressive disorder in a community-based urban cohort. Environ Health Perspect 2016;124(10):1547-56.
41. Dimovska M, Mladenovska R. Losing Years of Human Life in Heavy Polluted Cities in Macedonia. Maced J Med Sci 2019;7(3):428-34.
42. Lehtomaki H, Korhonen A, Asikainen A, Karvosenoja N, Kupiainen K, Paunu VV. Health Impacts of Ambient Air Pollution in Finland. Int. J. Environ Res. Public Health 2018;15(4):736-44.
43. Jirik V, Machaczka O, Miturova H, et al. Air pollution and potential health risk in Ostrava region-a Review. Central European journal of public health 2016;24:4-17
44. Ansari M, Ehrampoush MH. Meteorological correlates and AirQ+ health risk assessment of ambient fine particulate matter in Tehran, Iran. Environmental research 2019;170:141-50.

There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Health Care Administration
Journal Section	Research articles
Authors	Feyza Nur Topçu Yenerçağ 0000-0003-1355-9607 Ahmet Tevfik Sünter 0000-0002-7264-9760
Publication Date	November 30, 2022
Published in Issue	Year 2022 Volume: 8 Issue: 4

Cite

Vancouver	Topçu Yenerçağ FN, Sünter AT. Effects of Air Pollution on Mortality and Morbidity in Samsun Province of Turkey. Mid Blac Sea J Health Sci. 2022;8(4):624-38.

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