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Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 1 - 12, 30.03.2022

Abstract

References

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  • Bo, H., Li, W., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., Wu, X., Xiang, Y. (2021). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China. Psychol Med, 51(6),1052-1053. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720000999
  • Brown, K., & Wang, R. C. (2020). Politics and science: The case of China and the coronavirus. Asian Affairs, 51(2), 247-264.
  • Cai, H., Tu, B., Ma, J., Chen, L., Fu, L., Jiang, Y., & Zhuang, Q. (2020). Psychological Impact and Coping Strategies of Frontline Medical Staff in Hunan Between January and March 2020 During the Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) in Hubei, China. Medical Science Monitor, 26. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.924171
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J. & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Chan, A.O., & Huak, C.Y. (2004). Psychological impact of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak on health care workers in a medium size regional general hospital in Singapore. Occupational Medicine, 54(3), 190-196. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqh027
  • Chan, J. F. W., Yuan, S., Kok, K. H., To, K. K. W., Chu, H., Yang, J., et al. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The Lancet, 395(10223), 514-523.
  • Choi, E. P. H., Hui, B. P. H., & Wan, E.Y.F. (2020). Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3740.
  • Chu, D. K., Akl, E. A., Duda, S., Solo, K., Yaacoub, S., Schünemann, H. J., et al. (2020). Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 395(10242), 1973-1987.
  • Çölgeçen, Y., & Çölgeçen, H. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisine bağlı yaşanan kaygı düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 261-275. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44399
  • Diener, E., Biswas-Diener, R., Choi, D., Kim-Prieto, C., Oishi, S., Tov, W., & Wirtz, D. (2009). Assessing well-being. E. Diener, (Ed.), New measures of well-being (p.247-266). Berlin: Springer.
  • Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 300-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0
  • Epishin, V. E., Salikhova, A. B., Bogacheva, N. V., Bogdanova, M. D., & Kiseleva, M. G. (2020). Mental Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Hardiness and Meaningfulness Reduce Negative Effects on Psychological Well-Being. Psychology in Russia. State of the Art, 13(4), 75-89.
  • Fernandez, R.S., Crivelli, L., Guimet, N.M., Allegri, R.F., & Pedreira, M.E. (2020). Psychological distress associated with COVID-19 quarantine: latent profile analysis, outcome prediction and mediation analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.133
  • Gao, J., Zheng, P., Jia, Y., Chen, H., Mao, Y., Chen, S.,Wang, Y., Fu, H., & Dai, J. (2020). Mental health problems and social media exposure during COVID-19 outbreak. PLOS One, 15(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231924
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  • Hacimusalar, Y., Kahve, A. C., Yasar, A. B., & Aydin, M. S. (2020). Anxiety and hopelessness levels in COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative study of healthcare professionals and other community sample in Turkey. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 129, 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.024
  • Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
  • Jungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M. (2020). Medically unexplained symptoms in children and adolescents: Illness-related self-concept and parental symptom evaluations. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 68, Article 101565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101565
  • Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., ... and Hu, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3(3), e203976-e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
  • Liu, Y., Gayle, A. A., Wilder-Smith, A., & Rockl,  V.J. (2020). The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2), 1-4.
  • Lopes, B. C. d. S., & Jaspal, R. (2020). Understanding the mental health burden of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(5), 465–467. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000632
  • Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., &Roma, P. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: Immediate psychological responses and associated features. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
  • McIntosh, K., Dees, J. H., Becker, W. B., Kapikian, A. Z., & Chanock, R. M. (1967). Recovery in tracheal organ cultures of novel viruses from patients with respiratory disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 57(4), 933- 940.
  • Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258
  • Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258.
  • Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, A. (2020). “Assessing the Anxiety Level of Iranian General Population During COVID-19 Outbreak.”, Asian Journal Of Psychiatry, 51, 102076.
  • Öner, N., & Le Compte A. (1985). Durumluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri Elkitabı uyarlaması, İstanbul Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayımları.
  • Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., & Dosil-Santamaria, M., Picaza-Gorrochategui, M., & Idoiaga-Mondragon, N., (2020). Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain. Cad Saude Publica, 36(4):e00054020. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00054020.
  • Özdin, S., & Bayrak Özdin Ş. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 66(5), 504-511. doi: 10.1177/0020764020927051.
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2). 1-12.
  • Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., & Satici, S. A. (2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9.
  • Shanafelt, T., Ripp, J., & Trockel, M. (2020). Understanding and Addressing Sources of Anxiety Among Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA, 323(21), 2133-2134. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.5893.
  • Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Miller, J. G., Hartman, T. K., Levita, L., ... & Bennett, K. M. (2020). Anxiety, Depression, Traumatic Stress, and COVID-19 Related Anxiety in the UK General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic. BJPsych Open, 6(6): e125. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2020.109
  • Spielberger, C. D. (1966). Theory and research on anxiety. In Spielberger, C. D. (Ed.). Anxiety and behavior. Cambridge: Academic Press.
  • Taylor, S. (2019). The psychology of pandemics: Preparing for the next global outbreak of infectious disease. Cambridge: Scholars Publishing.
  • Wang, C., & Zhao, H. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on anxiety in Chinese university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1168.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R.,Wan, X.,Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., ve Ho, R.C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in china. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Wu F., Zhao S., Bin Y.,Chen Y., Wang W., Song, Z., et al. (2020). A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature, 579(7798), 265-269.
  • Wu, P., Fang, Y., Guan, Z., Fan, B., Kong, J., Yao, Z., ... and Hoven, C. W. (2009). The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 302-311.
  • Xiang, Y. T., Yang, Y., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., & Ng, C. H. (2020). Timely mental health care for the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak is urgently needed. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), 228-229.
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Investigation of anxiety and psychological well-being in adults during the Covid 19 pandemic period in Turkey

Year 2022, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 1 - 12, 30.03.2022

Abstract

The Covid 19 pandemic period has affected people's physical health as well as their psychological aspects. It can be said that this period was a period in which the science of psychology was given great importance. In this study, it was aimed to examine the differentiation of people's anxiety and psychological well-being levels according to different demographic variables during the pandemic period. The research was carried out in accordance with the survey model, one of the quantitative research methods. The participants of the study were selected from the province of Kayseri, which is a medium-level province according to the socio-development index of Turkey. Three hundred and twenty-three adults voluntarily took part in the study as participants. State and Trait Anxiety Inventory and Psychological Well-Being Scale were used as data collection tools, and a demographic form was used to determine the demographic characteristics of the participants. Statistical calculations such as t-test, analysis of variance, regression analysis, pearson correlation were used in the analysis of the data. According to the research findings, in the state anxiety levels of the participants; There was a significant difference according to age, gender, marital status, monthly income, presence of psychiatric illness, presence of mental disorder in the family, alcohol use, presence of previous psychological diagnosis (p<.05). In the trait anxiety levels of the participants; There was a significant difference according to age, gender, marital status, monthly income, presence of psychiatric illness, presence of mental disorder in the family, and previous psychological diagnosis (p<.05). There was a significant difference in the psychological well-being levels of the participants according to the variables of age, education level, marital status, monthly income, presence of psychiatric illness, presence of previous psychological diagnosis (p<.05). In addition, a significant and negative relationship was found between the psychological well-being of the participants and their state anxiety (r=-0.582, p<0.05) and their trait anxiety (r=-0.590, p<0.05). The created regression model; Psychological Well-Being = 63.627 -0.186xState Anxiety -0.220xTrait Anxiety. According to the research, it is seen that anxiety (state and trait) explains 40.7% of the change in psychological well-being (R2 = 0.407). According to the results of the research, the reasons for the differences in anxiety and psychological well-being according to demographic variables can be investigated in the future, and it can be suggested that psychologists should consider this differentiation in practice.

References

  • Bai, Y. , Lin, C.C. , Lin, C.Y. , Chen, J.Y. , Chue, C.M., & Chou, P. (2004). Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak. Psychiatric Services, 55(9), 1055–1057. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.9.1055
  • Bandelow, B., & Michaelis S. (2015) Epidemiology of Anxiety Disorders in The 21st Century. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17(3), 327-335.
  • Barlow, D. H. (2004). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford press.
  • Bo, H., Li, W., Yang, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Q., Cheung, T., Wu, X., Xiang, Y. (2021). Posttraumatic stress symptoms and attitude toward crisis mental health services among clinically stable patients with COVID-19 in China. Psychol Med, 51(6),1052-1053. doi: 10.1017/S0033291720000999
  • Brown, K., & Wang, R. C. (2020). Politics and science: The case of China and the coronavirus. Asian Affairs, 51(2), 247-264.
  • Cai, H., Tu, B., Ma, J., Chen, L., Fu, L., Jiang, Y., & Zhuang, Q. (2020). Psychological Impact and Coping Strategies of Frontline Medical Staff in Hunan Between January and March 2020 During the Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) in Hubei, China. Medical Science Monitor, 26. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.924171
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J. & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Chan, A.O., & Huak, C.Y. (2004). Psychological impact of the 2003 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak on health care workers in a medium size regional general hospital in Singapore. Occupational Medicine, 54(3), 190-196. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqh027
  • Chan, J. F. W., Yuan, S., Kok, K. H., To, K. K. W., Chu, H., Yang, J., et al. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The Lancet, 395(10223), 514-523.
  • Choi, E. P. H., Hui, B. P. H., & Wan, E.Y.F. (2020). Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(10), 3740.
  • Chu, D. K., Akl, E. A., Duda, S., Solo, K., Yaacoub, S., Schünemann, H. J., et al. (2020). Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, 395(10242), 1973-1987.
  • Çölgeçen, Y., & Çölgeçen, H. (2020). Covid-19 pandemisine bağlı yaşanan kaygı düzeylerinin değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye Örneği. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 261-275. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44399
  • Diener, E., Biswas-Diener, R., Choi, D., Kim-Prieto, C., Oishi, S., Tov, W., & Wirtz, D. (2009). Assessing well-being. E. Diener, (Ed.), New measures of well-being (p.247-266). Berlin: Springer.
  • Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 300-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30073-0
  • Epishin, V. E., Salikhova, A. B., Bogacheva, N. V., Bogdanova, M. D., & Kiseleva, M. G. (2020). Mental Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Hardiness and Meaningfulness Reduce Negative Effects on Psychological Well-Being. Psychology in Russia. State of the Art, 13(4), 75-89.
  • Fernandez, R.S., Crivelli, L., Guimet, N.M., Allegri, R.F., & Pedreira, M.E. (2020). Psychological distress associated with COVID-19 quarantine: latent profile analysis, outcome prediction and mediation analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 75-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.133
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  • Guan, W. J., Ni, Z. Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W. H., Ou, C. Q., He, J. X., et al. (2020). Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New England journal of medicine, 382(18), 1708-1720.
  • Hacimusalar, Y., Kahve, A. C., Yasar, A. B., & Aydin, M. S. (2020). Anxiety and hopelessness levels in COVID-19 pandemic: A comparative study of healthcare professionals and other community sample in Turkey. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 129, 181-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.024
  • Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
  • Jungmann, S. M., & Witthöft, M. (2020). Medically unexplained symptoms in children and adolescents: Illness-related self-concept and parental symptom evaluations. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 68, Article 101565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101565
  • Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., ... and Hu, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3(3), e203976-e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
  • Liu, Y., Gayle, A. A., Wilder-Smith, A., & Rockl,  V.J. (2020). The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2), 1-4.
  • Lopes, B. C. d. S., & Jaspal, R. (2020). Understanding the mental health burden of COVID-19 in the United Kingdom. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(5), 465–467. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000632
  • Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., &Roma, P. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Italian people during the COVID-19 pandemic: Immediate psychological responses and associated features. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3165. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093165
  • McIntosh, K., Dees, J. H., Becker, W. B., Kapikian, A. Z., & Chanock, R. M. (1967). Recovery in tracheal organ cultures of novel viruses from patients with respiratory disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 57(4), 933- 940.
  • Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102258
  • Mertens, G., Gerritsen, L., Duijndam, S., Salemink, E., & Engelhard, I. M. (2020). Fear of the coronavirus (COVID-19): Predictors in an online study conducted in March 2020. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 102258.
  • Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, A. (2020). “Assessing the Anxiety Level of Iranian General Population During COVID-19 Outbreak.”, Asian Journal Of Psychiatry, 51, 102076.
  • Öner, N., & Le Compte A. (1985). Durumluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Envanteri Elkitabı uyarlaması, İstanbul Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayımları.
  • Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., & Dosil-Santamaria, M., Picaza-Gorrochategui, M., & Idoiaga-Mondragon, N., (2020). Stress, anxiety, and depression levels in the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in a population sample in the northern Spain. Cad Saude Publica, 36(4):e00054020. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00054020.
  • Özdin, S., & Bayrak Özdin Ş. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. Int J Soc Psychiatry, 66(5), 504-511. doi: 10.1177/0020764020927051.
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2). 1-12.
  • Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., & Satici, S. A. (2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9.
  • Shanafelt, T., Ripp, J., & Trockel, M. (2020). Understanding and Addressing Sources of Anxiety Among Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA, 323(21), 2133-2134. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.5893.
  • Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Miller, J. G., Hartman, T. K., Levita, L., ... & Bennett, K. M. (2020). Anxiety, Depression, Traumatic Stress, and COVID-19 Related Anxiety in the UK General Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic. BJPsych Open, 6(6): e125. doi: 10.1192/bjo.2020.109
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  • Wang, C., & Zhao, H. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on anxiety in Chinese university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1168.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R.,Wan, X.,Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C.S., ve Ho, R.C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in china. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Wu F., Zhao S., Bin Y.,Chen Y., Wang W., Song, Z., et al. (2020). A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature, 579(7798), 265-269.
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Social Psychology
Authors

Meral Kılıç 0000-0002-2656-3720

Cebrail Kısa

Publication Date March 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kılıç, M., & Kısa, C. (2022). Investigation of anxiety and psychological well-being in adults during the Covid 19 pandemic period in Turkey. Psychology Research on Education and Social Sciences, 3(1), 1-12.