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Predictors of Fear of Childbirth in Late Pregnancy: Spiritual Well-Being, Religious Attitude and Religious Coping

Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 269 - 286, 01.10.2023

Abstract

Many studies have emphasized that birth and pregnancy are spiritual experiences, and spiritual and religious beliefs can help pregnant women prepare for childbirth and overcome the fear of the process. In this study, we investigated the effects of spiritual well-being, religious attitudes, and religious coping styles of pregnant women on fear of childbirth. We conducted this descriptive and cross-sectional study with 111 pregnant women in the last three months of pregnancy who applied to the gynecology and obstetrics outpatient clinic of a university hospital in Turkey. The data were collected using a personal information form, Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire-A, the Spiritual Well-Being Scale, the Religious Attitude Scale, and the Religious Coping Scale. We conducted ANOVA, t-tests, Pearson’s correlation, and hierarchical linear regression analysis to analyze the data. We found that the level of fear related to childbirth among pregnant women differed based on some socio-demographic characteristics (including employment status, income level, gestational week, and number of pregnancies) (p < 0.05). We found that 54.1% of pregnant women had low fear of childbirth, but 1.8% had clinical fear of childbirth. The fear of childbirth was negatively correlated with spiritual well-being, religious attitude, and positive religious coping. The employment status, income level, gestational week, number of pregnancies, and spiritual well-being were significant predictors of fear of childbirth (p < 0.05). These variables explained 59% of the total variance in the data on the fear of childbirth. Understanding how spirituality, religious attitudes, and religious coping affect the fear of childbirth and planning care accordingly may help pregnant women experience a more positive pregnancy and birth process and guide interventions to reduce the fear of childbirth.

Supporting Institution

This study was self-funded.

Thanks

The authors would like to thank all the women who participated in the study.

References

  • Abdollahpour, S., & Khosravi, A. (2018). Relationship between spiritual intelligence with happiness and fear of childbirth in Iranian pregnant women. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 23(1), 45-50. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fijnmr.IJNMR_39_16
  • Aguilera-Martín, Á., Gálvez-Lara, M., Blanco-Ruiz, M., & García-Torres, F. (2021). Psychological, educational and alternative interventions for reducing fear of childbirth in pregnant women: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 525–555. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jclp.23071
  • Bilgiç, G., & Çıtak Bilgin, N. (2021). Relationship between fear of childbirth and psychological and spiritual well-being in pregnant women. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(1), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943–020–01087–4
  • Chehrazi, M., Faramarzi, M., Abdollahi, S., Esfandiari, M., & Shafierizi, S. (2021). Health promotion behaviours of pregnant women and spiritual well-being: Mediatory role of pregnancy stress, anxiety and coping ways. Nursing Open, 8(6), 3558–3565. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.905
  • Deliktas, A., & Kukulu, K. (2019). Pregnant women in Turkey experience severe fear of childbirth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 30(5), 501–511. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1043659618823905
  • Durmuş, M., Öztürk, Z., Şener, N., & Eren, S. Y. (2022). The relationship between the fear of COVID-19, depression and spiritual well-being in pregnant women. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(1), 798–810. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10943–021–01448–7
  • Ekşi, H. (2001). An exploration of the relationship between coping, religious coping and mental health. The comparison of the students of faculties of education, divinity and engineering (Publication No. 108983) [Doctoral dissertation, Uludag University]. National Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Ekşi, H., & Kardaş, S. (2017). Spiritual well-being: Scale development and validation. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 2(1), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.12738/spc.2017.1.0022
  • Elvander, C., Cnattingius, S., & Kjerulff, K. H. (2013). Birth experience in women with low, intermediate or high levels of fear: Findings from the first baby study. Birth, 40(4), 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12065
  • Erdemoğlu, Ç., Altıparmak, S., & Özşahin, Z. (2019). The effect of personality traits of pregnants and their ways of coping with stress on the fear of childbirth. The Journal of Turkish Family Physician, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.15511/tjtfp.19.00330
  • Jabbari, B., Mirghafourvand, M., Sehhatie, F., & Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S. (2020). The effect of holly Quran voice with and without translation on stress, anxiety and depression during pregnancy: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(1), 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943–017–0417-x
  • Jesse, D. E., Schoneboom, C., & Blanchard, A. (2007). The effect of faith or spirituality in pregnancy: A content analysis. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 25(3), 151–158. https://doi. org/10.1177/0898010106293593
  • Jokić-Begić, N., Žigić, L., & Nakić Radoš, S. (2014). Anxiety and anxiety sensitivity as predictors of fear of childbirth: Different patterns for nulliparous and parous women. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 35(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.3109/0167482X.2013.866647
  • Kanellopoulos, D., & Gourounti, K. (2022). Tocophobia and women’s desire for a caesarean section: A systematic review. Maedica, 17(1), 186-193. https://doi.org/10.26574/maedica.2022.17.1.186
  • Keegan, B. (2021). Gospel of Gold: Unearthing Religious Spaces in the Nineteenth-Century American West. Religion and American Culture, 31(1), 106–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/rac.2021.3
  • Korukcu, O., Kukulu, K., & Firat, M. Z. (2012). The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ) with pregnant women. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 19(3), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1365–2850.2011.01694.x
  • Lucero, S. M., Pargament, K. I., Mahoney, A., & DeMaris, A. (2013). Links between religious and spiritual coping and adjustment among fathers and mothers during first pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 31(3), 309–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2013.798864
  • Mohamadirizi, S., Mohamadirizi, M., Mohamadirizi, S., & Mahmoodi, F. (2018a). The effect of religious-spiritual support on childbirth self-efficacy. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7(14), Article 29417074. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_60_17
  • Mohamamdirizi, S., Mohamadirizi, M., & Mohamadirizi, S. (2018b). The comparison of fear of childbirth and sense of coherence among low-risk and high-risk pregnancy women. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7, 143-148. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_179_17
  • Molgora, S., Fenaroli, V., Prino, L. E., Rollè, L., Sechi, C., Trovato, A., ... & Saita, E. (2018). Fear of childbirth in primiparous Italian pregnant women: The role of anxiety, depression and couple adjustment. Women and Birth, 31(2), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.06.022
  • Mortazavi, F., & Agah, J. (2018). Childbirth fear and associated factors in a sample of pregnant Iranian women. Oman Medical Journal, 33(6), 497-505. https://doi.org/10.5001%2Fomj.2018.91
  • Nilsson, C., Hessman, E., Sjöblom, H., Dencker, A., Jangsten, E., Mollberg, M., ... & Begley, C. (2018). Definitions, measurements and prevalence of fear of childbirth: A systematic review. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 18, 1–15.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884–018–1659–7
  • O’Connell, M. A., Khashan, A. S., & Leahy-Warren, P. (2021). Women’s experiences of interventions for fear of childbirth in the perinatal period: A meta-synthesis of qualitative research evidence. Women and Birth, 34(3), 309-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.05.008
  • O’Connell, M. A., Leahy-Warren, P., Khashan, A. S., Kenny, L. C., & O’Neill, S. M. (2017). Worldwide prevalence of tocophobia in pregnant women: Systematic review and meta- analysis. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 96(8), 907–920. https://doi. org/10.1111/aogs.13138
  • Ok, Ü. (2016). The Ok-religious attitude scale (Islam): Introducing an instrument originated in Turkish for international use. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 37(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.108 0/13617672.2016.1141529
  • Pargament, K., Feuille, M., & Burdzy, D. (2011). The Brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions, 2(1), 51–76. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2010051
  • Phunyammalee, M., Buayaem, T., & Boriboonhirunsarn, D. (2019). Fear of childbirth and associated factors among low-risk pregnant women. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 39(6), 763–767. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2019.1584885
  • Piccinini, C. R. P., de Castro Almeida, V., da Silva Ezequiel, O., de Matos Fajardo, E. F., Lucchetti, A. L. G., & Lucchetti, G. (2021). Religiosity/spirituality and mental health and quality of life of early pregnant women. Journal of Religion and Health, 60, 1908–1923. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10943–020–01124–2
  • Puchalski, C. M. (2010). Religion, medicine and spirituality: what we know, what we do not know and what we do. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 11(1), 45–49. http://journal.waocp. org/article_25168_5f356898f1e24f35a54c60540494d6de.pdf
  • Rondung, E., Thomtén, J., & Sundin, Ö. (2016). Psychological perspectives on fear of childbirth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 44, 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.10.007
  • Rouhe, H., Salmela-Aro, K., Halmesmäki, E., & Saisto, T. (2009). Fear of childbirth according to parity, gestational age, and obstetric history. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 116(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471–0528.2008.02002.x
  • Serçekuş, P., Vardar, O., & Özkan, S. (2020). Fear of childbirth among pregnant women and their partners in Turkey. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 24, 100501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. srhc.2020.100501
  • Sharma, K., Vyas, H., Gothwal, M., & Arumugam, G. (2022). Fear of childbirth and its contributing factor–An exploratory study at a tertiary care hospital. Indian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 19(2), 98-103. https://doi.org/10.4103/iopn.iopn_64_21
  • Silva, C. S., Ronzani, T. M., Furtado, E. F., Aliane, P. P., & Moreira-Almeida, A. (2010). Relação entre prática religiosa, uso de álcool e transtornos psiquiátricos em gestantes. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 37, 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101–60832010000400002
  • Soltani, F., Eskandari, Z., Khodakarami, B., Parsa, P., & Roshanaei, G. (2017). Factors contributing to fear of childbirth among pregnant women in Hamadan (Iran) in 2016. Electronic physician, 9(7), 4725–4731. https://doi.org/10.19082%2F4725
  • Vitorino, L. M., Chiaradia, R., Low, G., Cruz, J. P., Pargament, K. I., Lucchetti, A. L., & Lucchetti, G. (2018). Association of spiritual/religious coping with depressive symptoms in high-and low- risk pregnant women. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(3–4), e635-e642. https://doi.org/10.1111/ jocn.14113
  • Wigert, H., Nilsson, C., Dencker, A., Begley, C., Jangsten, E., Sparud-Lundin, C., ... & Patel, H. (2020). Women’s experiences of fear of childbirth: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 15(1). https://doi.org/10 .1080/17482631.2019.1704484
  • Wijma, K., Wijma, B., & Zar, M. (1998). Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ; a new questionnaire for the measurement of fear of childbirth. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 19(2), 84–97. https://doi.org/10.3109/01674829809048501
  • Wilkinson, S. E., & Callister, L. C. (2010). Perceptions of childbearing among women in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Health Care for Women International, 31(3), 201–220. https://doi. org/10.1080/07399330903343858
  • Wojtkowiak, J. (2020). Ritualizing pregnancy and childbirth in secular societies: Exploring embodied spirituality at the start of life. Religions, 11(9), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11090458
Year 2023, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 269 - 286, 01.10.2023

Abstract

References

  • Abdollahpour, S., & Khosravi, A. (2018). Relationship between spiritual intelligence with happiness and fear of childbirth in Iranian pregnant women. Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, 23(1), 45-50. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fijnmr.IJNMR_39_16
  • Aguilera-Martín, Á., Gálvez-Lara, M., Blanco-Ruiz, M., & García-Torres, F. (2021). Psychological, educational and alternative interventions for reducing fear of childbirth in pregnant women: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(3), 525–555. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jclp.23071
  • Bilgiç, G., & Çıtak Bilgin, N. (2021). Relationship between fear of childbirth and psychological and spiritual well-being in pregnant women. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(1), 295–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943–020–01087–4
  • Chehrazi, M., Faramarzi, M., Abdollahi, S., Esfandiari, M., & Shafierizi, S. (2021). Health promotion behaviours of pregnant women and spiritual well-being: Mediatory role of pregnancy stress, anxiety and coping ways. Nursing Open, 8(6), 3558–3565. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.905
  • Deliktas, A., & Kukulu, K. (2019). Pregnant women in Turkey experience severe fear of childbirth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 30(5), 501–511. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1043659618823905
  • Durmuş, M., Öztürk, Z., Şener, N., & Eren, S. Y. (2022). The relationship between the fear of COVID-19, depression and spiritual well-being in pregnant women. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(1), 798–810. https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10943–021–01448–7
  • Ekşi, H. (2001). An exploration of the relationship between coping, religious coping and mental health. The comparison of the students of faculties of education, divinity and engineering (Publication No. 108983) [Doctoral dissertation, Uludag University]. National Thesis Center. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Ekşi, H., & Kardaş, S. (2017). Spiritual well-being: Scale development and validation. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 2(1), 73–88. https://doi.org/10.12738/spc.2017.1.0022
  • Elvander, C., Cnattingius, S., & Kjerulff, K. H. (2013). Birth experience in women with low, intermediate or high levels of fear: Findings from the first baby study. Birth, 40(4), 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12065
  • Erdemoğlu, Ç., Altıparmak, S., & Özşahin, Z. (2019). The effect of personality traits of pregnants and their ways of coping with stress on the fear of childbirth. The Journal of Turkish Family Physician, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.15511/tjtfp.19.00330
  • Jabbari, B., Mirghafourvand, M., Sehhatie, F., & Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi, S. (2020). The effect of holly Quran voice with and without translation on stress, anxiety and depression during pregnancy: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(1), 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943–017–0417-x
  • Jesse, D. E., Schoneboom, C., & Blanchard, A. (2007). The effect of faith or spirituality in pregnancy: A content analysis. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 25(3), 151–158. https://doi. org/10.1177/0898010106293593
  • Jokić-Begić, N., Žigić, L., & Nakić Radoš, S. (2014). Anxiety and anxiety sensitivity as predictors of fear of childbirth: Different patterns for nulliparous and parous women. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 35(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.3109/0167482X.2013.866647
  • Kanellopoulos, D., & Gourounti, K. (2022). Tocophobia and women’s desire for a caesarean section: A systematic review. Maedica, 17(1), 186-193. https://doi.org/10.26574/maedica.2022.17.1.186
  • Keegan, B. (2021). Gospel of Gold: Unearthing Religious Spaces in the Nineteenth-Century American West. Religion and American Culture, 31(1), 106–135. https://doi.org/10.1017/rac.2021.3
  • Korukcu, O., Kukulu, K., & Firat, M. Z. (2012). The reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ) with pregnant women. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 19(3), 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1365–2850.2011.01694.x
  • Lucero, S. M., Pargament, K. I., Mahoney, A., & DeMaris, A. (2013). Links between religious and spiritual coping and adjustment among fathers and mothers during first pregnancy. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 31(3), 309–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2013.798864
  • Mohamadirizi, S., Mohamadirizi, M., Mohamadirizi, S., & Mahmoodi, F. (2018a). The effect of religious-spiritual support on childbirth self-efficacy. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7(14), Article 29417074. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_60_17
  • Mohamamdirizi, S., Mohamadirizi, M., & Mohamadirizi, S. (2018b). The comparison of fear of childbirth and sense of coherence among low-risk and high-risk pregnancy women. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 7, 143-148. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_179_17
  • Molgora, S., Fenaroli, V., Prino, L. E., Rollè, L., Sechi, C., Trovato, A., ... & Saita, E. (2018). Fear of childbirth in primiparous Italian pregnant women: The role of anxiety, depression and couple adjustment. Women and Birth, 31(2), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2017.06.022
  • Mortazavi, F., & Agah, J. (2018). Childbirth fear and associated factors in a sample of pregnant Iranian women. Oman Medical Journal, 33(6), 497-505. https://doi.org/10.5001%2Fomj.2018.91
  • Nilsson, C., Hessman, E., Sjöblom, H., Dencker, A., Jangsten, E., Mollberg, M., ... & Begley, C. (2018). Definitions, measurements and prevalence of fear of childbirth: A systematic review. BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 18, 1–15.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884–018–1659–7
  • O’Connell, M. A., Khashan, A. S., & Leahy-Warren, P. (2021). Women’s experiences of interventions for fear of childbirth in the perinatal period: A meta-synthesis of qualitative research evidence. Women and Birth, 34(3), 309-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2020.05.008
  • O’Connell, M. A., Leahy-Warren, P., Khashan, A. S., Kenny, L. C., & O’Neill, S. M. (2017). Worldwide prevalence of tocophobia in pregnant women: Systematic review and meta- analysis. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 96(8), 907–920. https://doi. org/10.1111/aogs.13138
  • Ok, Ü. (2016). The Ok-religious attitude scale (Islam): Introducing an instrument originated in Turkish for international use. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 37(1), 55–67. https://doi.org/10.108 0/13617672.2016.1141529
  • Pargament, K., Feuille, M., & Burdzy, D. (2011). The Brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions, 2(1), 51–76. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2010051
  • Phunyammalee, M., Buayaem, T., & Boriboonhirunsarn, D. (2019). Fear of childbirth and associated factors among low-risk pregnant women. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 39(6), 763–767. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2019.1584885
  • Piccinini, C. R. P., de Castro Almeida, V., da Silva Ezequiel, O., de Matos Fajardo, E. F., Lucchetti, A. L. G., & Lucchetti, G. (2021). Religiosity/spirituality and mental health and quality of life of early pregnant women. Journal of Religion and Health, 60, 1908–1923. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10943–020–01124–2
  • Puchalski, C. M. (2010). Religion, medicine and spirituality: what we know, what we do not know and what we do. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 11(1), 45–49. http://journal.waocp. org/article_25168_5f356898f1e24f35a54c60540494d6de.pdf
  • Rondung, E., Thomtén, J., & Sundin, Ö. (2016). Psychological perspectives on fear of childbirth. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 44, 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.10.007
  • Rouhe, H., Salmela-Aro, K., Halmesmäki, E., & Saisto, T. (2009). Fear of childbirth according to parity, gestational age, and obstetric history. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 116(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471–0528.2008.02002.x
  • Serçekuş, P., Vardar, O., & Özkan, S. (2020). Fear of childbirth among pregnant women and their partners in Turkey. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 24, 100501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. srhc.2020.100501
  • Sharma, K., Vyas, H., Gothwal, M., & Arumugam, G. (2022). Fear of childbirth and its contributing factor–An exploratory study at a tertiary care hospital. Indian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 19(2), 98-103. https://doi.org/10.4103/iopn.iopn_64_21
  • Silva, C. S., Ronzani, T. M., Furtado, E. F., Aliane, P. P., & Moreira-Almeida, A. (2010). Relação entre prática religiosa, uso de álcool e transtornos psiquiátricos em gestantes. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (São Paulo), 37, 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101–60832010000400002
  • Soltani, F., Eskandari, Z., Khodakarami, B., Parsa, P., & Roshanaei, G. (2017). Factors contributing to fear of childbirth among pregnant women in Hamadan (Iran) in 2016. Electronic physician, 9(7), 4725–4731. https://doi.org/10.19082%2F4725
  • Vitorino, L. M., Chiaradia, R., Low, G., Cruz, J. P., Pargament, K. I., Lucchetti, A. L., & Lucchetti, G. (2018). Association of spiritual/religious coping with depressive symptoms in high-and low- risk pregnant women. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(3–4), e635-e642. https://doi.org/10.1111/ jocn.14113
  • Wigert, H., Nilsson, C., Dencker, A., Begley, C., Jangsten, E., Sparud-Lundin, C., ... & Patel, H. (2020). Women’s experiences of fear of childbirth: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 15(1). https://doi.org/10 .1080/17482631.2019.1704484
  • Wijma, K., Wijma, B., & Zar, M. (1998). Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ; a new questionnaire for the measurement of fear of childbirth. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 19(2), 84–97. https://doi.org/10.3109/01674829809048501
  • Wilkinson, S. E., & Callister, L. C. (2010). Perceptions of childbearing among women in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Health Care for Women International, 31(3), 201–220. https://doi. org/10.1080/07399330903343858
  • Wojtkowiak, J. (2020). Ritualizing pregnancy and childbirth in secular societies: Exploring embodied spirituality at the start of life. Religions, 11(9), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11090458
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical and Health Psychology (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fatma Uslu Şahan 0000-0001-6451-296X

Ceren Ercevik This is me 0000-0003-1497-6920

Tülay Yıldız 0000-0001-9808-2443

Gülten Koç 0000-0002-1094-5003

Publication Date October 1, 2023
Submission Date May 25, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Uslu Şahan, F., Ercevik, C., Yıldız, T., Koç, G. (2023). Predictors of Fear of Childbirth in Late Pregnancy: Spiritual Well-Being, Religious Attitude and Religious Coping. Spiritual Psychology and Counseling, 8(3), 269-286.