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Diagnosis and treatment of community acquired pneumonia

Year 2015, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 63 - 72, 14.09.2015

Abstract

Pneumonia is defined as inflammation and consolidation of lung tissue due to infectious microorganisms. Community acquired pneumonia is a syndrome in which acute infection of the lungs develops in persons who have not been hospitalized recently and have had little contact to the health care system. It is a common condition and its attack rates are highest in elderly persons. Community acquired pneumonia can vary from a mild outpatient illness to a more severe disease, requiring admission to a hospital or even an intensive care unit and it remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common pathogen and Respiratory Syncitial virus is the most common important viral pathogen in children. Therapeutic strategies are usually empiric, based upon demographic and epidemiologic factors. In this manuscript, epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of community acquired pneumoniae are summarised.

Key words: Community acquired pneumonia, epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, treatment

References

  • Longo DL. Community acquired pneumonia. N Eng J Med 2014; 371: 1619-28.
  • Choby BA, Hunter P. Respiratuar Infections:Community-Acquıred pneumonia. FP Essent 2015; 429: 11-21.
  • Morimoto K, Suzuki J, İshifuji T, Yaegashi M, Asoh N, Hamashige N. The burden and etiology of community onset pneumonia in the aging Japanese population: a multicenter prospective study. PloS One 2015;10: e0122247. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122247.
  • Ozyilmaz E, Akan OA, Gulhan M, Ahmed K, Nagatake T. Major bacteria of community-acquired respiratory tract infections in Turkey. Jpn J Infect Dis 2005; 58: 50-2.
  • Gür D, Güçiz B, Hasçelik G, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin resistance in Turkey. J Chemother 2001; 13: 541-5.
  • Sener B, Günalp A. Trends in antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children in a Turkish hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 42: 381-4.
  • Kurutepe S, Ecemiş T, Ozgen A, et al. Investigation of bacterial etiology with conventional and multiplex PCR methods in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Mikrobiyol Bul 2012; 46: 523-31.
  • Taşbakan MS, Bacakoğlu F, Başoğlu OK, et al. The comparison of patients with hospitalized health-care-associated pneumonia to community-acquired pneumonia. Tuberk Toraks 2011; 59: 348-54.
  • Köksal I, Ozlü T, Bayraktar O, et al. TUCAP Study Group. Etiological agents of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients in Turkey; a multicentric, cross-sectional study. Tuberk Toraks 2010; 58: 119-27.
  • Fernandez S, Murzicato S, Sandoval O, Fernandez C, Mollerach M. Communıty-acquired necrotizing pneumonia caused by methicilline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST 30 Scc mec IVc-Spat019-PVL positive in San Antonio de Acero, Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2015; 47: 50-3.
  • Obed M, Garcia C, Pessacq P, Mykietiuk A, Visaus D. Clinical features and outcome of community-acquired methicilline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2014; 32: 23-7.
  • Sicot N, Khanafer N, Meyssonnier V, Dumitrescu O, Tristan A. Methicillin resistance is not a predictor of severity in community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia-results of a prospective observational study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19: E142-8.
  • Jain S, Williams DJ, Arnold SR, Ampofo K,Bramley AM. Community-acquıred pneumonia requiring hospitalization among US children. N Eng J Med 2015; 372: 385-45.
  • Guo WL, Wang J, Zhu LY, Hao CL. Differantiation between Mycoplasma and viral community-acquired pneumonia in children with lobe or multifoci infiltration:a retrospective case study. BMJ Open 2015; 5: e006766. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006766.
  • Nambu A, Ozawaka K, Kobayashi N, Tago M. Imaging of community-acquired pneumonia: Roles of imaging examinations, imaging diagnosis of spesifik pathogens and discrimination from noninfectious diseases. World J Radiol 2014; 6: 779-93.
  • Torres A, Cilloniz C, Ferrer M, Gabarrus A, Polverino E. Bacteremia and antibiotic-resistant pathogens in community acquired pneumonia risk and prognosis. Eur Respir J 2015; 45: 1353-63.
  • Washio M, Kondo K, Fujisawa N, Harada E, Tashito H. Hypoalbuminemia, influenza vaccination and other factors related to the development of pneumonia acquired outside hospitals in southern Japan: A case-control study. Geriatr Geronto Inf 2015; 11: 1088-93.
  • Mc Culloh RJ, Koster MP, Yin DE, Milner TL, Ralston SL. Evaluating the use of blood cultures in the management of children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. PLOs One 2015; 10: e0117462. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117462.
  • Basnayake TL, Waterer GW. Rapid diagnostic tests for defining the cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015; 28: 185-92.
  • Dutt TS, Tousheed SZ, Mohan BV. Community acquired pneumonia and cardiac diseases: a fatal association. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2014; 56: 153-6.
  • Özlü T, Bülbül Y, Alataş F ve ark. Türk Toraks Derneği erişkinlede toplumda gelişen pnömoni tanı ve tedavi uzlaşı raporu. 2009; Edi. Türk Toraks Dergisi, 2009; 10 (Ek 9): 1-18.
  • Postma DF, Van Werkhoven CH, Van Elden LJ, Thijen SF, Hoepelman AI. Antibiotic treatment strategies for community-acquıred pneumonia in adults. N Eng J Med 2015; 372: 1312-23.
  • Yayan J, Ghebremedhine B, Rasche K. No carbapeneme resistance in pneumonia caused by Klebsiella species. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015; 94: e527.
  • Peyrani P, Ramirez J. What is the best therapeutic approach to methicilline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015; 28: 164-70.
  • Zhanel GG, Love R, Adam H, Golden A, Zelenitsky S. Tedizolid. A novel oxazolidinone with potent activity against multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens. Drugs 2015; 75: 253-70.
  • Karwat KJ, Grabczak M, Chazan R. Efficacy and safety of levofloxacin treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients. Pneumonol Alergol Pol 2006; 74: 77-9.
  • Torres A, Sibila O, Ferrer M, Polverino E, Menendez R. Effect of cortocosteroids on treatment failure among hospitalized patients with severe –community-acquired pneumonia and high inflammatory response: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015; 313: 677-86.
  • Avni T, Shiver-Ofer T, Leibovici L, Tacconelli E, DeAngelis G. Participation of elderly adults in randomized controlled trials addressing antibiotic treatment of pneumonia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63: 233-43.
  • Leventer-Roberts M, Feldman BS, Brufman I, Cohen-Stavi CJ, Hoshen M. Effectivenes of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against invasive disease and hospital-treated pneumonia among people aged ≥65: a retrospective case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60: 1472-80.
  • Li C, Gubbins PO, Chen GJ. Prior pneumococcal and influenza vaccinations in hospital outcomes for community acquired pneumonia in elderly veterans. J Hosp Med 2015; 10: 287-93.

Toplum kökenli pnömonilerde tanı ve tedavi

Year 2015, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 63 - 72, 14.09.2015

Abstract

Pnömoni, enfeksiyöz bir mikroorganizmanın neden olduğu akciğer dokusunun konsolidasyonu ve inflamasyonudur. Toplum kökenli pnömoni (TKP) yakın zamanlarda hastanede yatmamış ya da düzenli sağlık bakımı almamış kişilerde, akciğerlerde gelişen akut bir enfeksiyondur. Sık rastlanan bir durumdur ve görülme sıklığı yaşlı hastalar arasında daha yüksektir. Toplum kökenli pnömoni ayakta geçirilen hafif bir enfeksiyondan, hastanede yatmayı hatta yoğun bakımı gerektirecek ağır bir hastalığa kadar değişik varyasyonlarda olabilir ve hala morbidite ve mortalitenin önemli bir nedenidir. Erişkinlerde Streptococcus pneumoniae en sık izole edilen patojendir, çocuklarda ise Respiratuar Sinsityal virüs en sık neden olan viral ajandır. Tedavi stratejileri sıklıkla epidemiyolojik ve demografik veriler ışığında ampiriktir. Bu yazıda toplum kökenli pnömoninin epidemiyolojisi, etiyolojisi, risk faktörleri, tanı ve tedavisi özetlenmiştir

Anahtar kelimeler: Hastane kökenli pnömoni, etiyoloji,  tanısı, tedavisi

References

  • Longo DL. Community acquired pneumonia. N Eng J Med 2014; 371: 1619-28.
  • Choby BA, Hunter P. Respiratuar Infections:Community-Acquıred pneumonia. FP Essent 2015; 429: 11-21.
  • Morimoto K, Suzuki J, İshifuji T, Yaegashi M, Asoh N, Hamashige N. The burden and etiology of community onset pneumonia in the aging Japanese population: a multicenter prospective study. PloS One 2015;10: e0122247. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122247.
  • Ozyilmaz E, Akan OA, Gulhan M, Ahmed K, Nagatake T. Major bacteria of community-acquired respiratory tract infections in Turkey. Jpn J Infect Dis 2005; 58: 50-2.
  • Gür D, Güçiz B, Hasçelik G, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae penicillin resistance in Turkey. J Chemother 2001; 13: 541-5.
  • Sener B, Günalp A. Trends in antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children in a Turkish hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 42: 381-4.
  • Kurutepe S, Ecemiş T, Ozgen A, et al. Investigation of bacterial etiology with conventional and multiplex PCR methods in adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Mikrobiyol Bul 2012; 46: 523-31.
  • Taşbakan MS, Bacakoğlu F, Başoğlu OK, et al. The comparison of patients with hospitalized health-care-associated pneumonia to community-acquired pneumonia. Tuberk Toraks 2011; 59: 348-54.
  • Köksal I, Ozlü T, Bayraktar O, et al. TUCAP Study Group. Etiological agents of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients in Turkey; a multicentric, cross-sectional study. Tuberk Toraks 2010; 58: 119-27.
  • Fernandez S, Murzicato S, Sandoval O, Fernandez C, Mollerach M. Communıty-acquired necrotizing pneumonia caused by methicilline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST 30 Scc mec IVc-Spat019-PVL positive in San Antonio de Acero, Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol 2015; 47: 50-3.
  • Obed M, Garcia C, Pessacq P, Mykietiuk A, Visaus D. Clinical features and outcome of community-acquired methicilline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2014; 32: 23-7.
  • Sicot N, Khanafer N, Meyssonnier V, Dumitrescu O, Tristan A. Methicillin resistance is not a predictor of severity in community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia-results of a prospective observational study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19: E142-8.
  • Jain S, Williams DJ, Arnold SR, Ampofo K,Bramley AM. Community-acquıred pneumonia requiring hospitalization among US children. N Eng J Med 2015; 372: 385-45.
  • Guo WL, Wang J, Zhu LY, Hao CL. Differantiation between Mycoplasma and viral community-acquired pneumonia in children with lobe or multifoci infiltration:a retrospective case study. BMJ Open 2015; 5: e006766. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006766.
  • Nambu A, Ozawaka K, Kobayashi N, Tago M. Imaging of community-acquired pneumonia: Roles of imaging examinations, imaging diagnosis of spesifik pathogens and discrimination from noninfectious diseases. World J Radiol 2014; 6: 779-93.
  • Torres A, Cilloniz C, Ferrer M, Gabarrus A, Polverino E. Bacteremia and antibiotic-resistant pathogens in community acquired pneumonia risk and prognosis. Eur Respir J 2015; 45: 1353-63.
  • Washio M, Kondo K, Fujisawa N, Harada E, Tashito H. Hypoalbuminemia, influenza vaccination and other factors related to the development of pneumonia acquired outside hospitals in southern Japan: A case-control study. Geriatr Geronto Inf 2015; 11: 1088-93.
  • Mc Culloh RJ, Koster MP, Yin DE, Milner TL, Ralston SL. Evaluating the use of blood cultures in the management of children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. PLOs One 2015; 10: e0117462. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117462.
  • Basnayake TL, Waterer GW. Rapid diagnostic tests for defining the cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015; 28: 185-92.
  • Dutt TS, Tousheed SZ, Mohan BV. Community acquired pneumonia and cardiac diseases: a fatal association. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2014; 56: 153-6.
  • Özlü T, Bülbül Y, Alataş F ve ark. Türk Toraks Derneği erişkinlede toplumda gelişen pnömoni tanı ve tedavi uzlaşı raporu. 2009; Edi. Türk Toraks Dergisi, 2009; 10 (Ek 9): 1-18.
  • Postma DF, Van Werkhoven CH, Van Elden LJ, Thijen SF, Hoepelman AI. Antibiotic treatment strategies for community-acquıred pneumonia in adults. N Eng J Med 2015; 372: 1312-23.
  • Yayan J, Ghebremedhine B, Rasche K. No carbapeneme resistance in pneumonia caused by Klebsiella species. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015; 94: e527.
  • Peyrani P, Ramirez J. What is the best therapeutic approach to methicilline-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015; 28: 164-70.
  • Zhanel GG, Love R, Adam H, Golden A, Zelenitsky S. Tedizolid. A novel oxazolidinone with potent activity against multidrug-resistant gram-positive pathogens. Drugs 2015; 75: 253-70.
  • Karwat KJ, Grabczak M, Chazan R. Efficacy and safety of levofloxacin treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients. Pneumonol Alergol Pol 2006; 74: 77-9.
  • Torres A, Sibila O, Ferrer M, Polverino E, Menendez R. Effect of cortocosteroids on treatment failure among hospitalized patients with severe –community-acquired pneumonia and high inflammatory response: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015; 313: 677-86.
  • Avni T, Shiver-Ofer T, Leibovici L, Tacconelli E, DeAngelis G. Participation of elderly adults in randomized controlled trials addressing antibiotic treatment of pneumonia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63: 233-43.
  • Leventer-Roberts M, Feldman BS, Brufman I, Cohen-Stavi CJ, Hoshen M. Effectivenes of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine against invasive disease and hospital-treated pneumonia among people aged ≥65: a retrospective case-control study. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60: 1472-80.
  • Li C, Gubbins PO, Chen GJ. Prior pneumococcal and influenza vaccinations in hospital outcomes for community acquired pneumonia in elderly veterans. J Hosp Med 2015; 10: 287-93.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Revıew Artıcle
Authors

Reyhan Öztürk

Sami Kınıklı This is me

Salih Cesur

Publication Date September 14, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Öztürk, R., Kınıklı, S., & Cesur, S. (2015). Diagnosis and treatment of community acquired pneumonia. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, 6(2), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.92054
AMA Öztürk R, Kınıklı S, Cesur S. Diagnosis and treatment of community acquired pneumonia. TJCL. September 2015;6(2):63-72. doi:10.18663/tjcl.92054
Chicago Öztürk, Reyhan, Sami Kınıklı, and Salih Cesur. “Diagnosis and Treatment of Community Acquired Pneumonia”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 6, no. 2 (September 2015): 63-72. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.92054.
EndNote Öztürk R, Kınıklı S, Cesur S (September 1, 2015) Diagnosis and treatment of community acquired pneumonia. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 6 2 63–72.
IEEE R. Öztürk, S. Kınıklı, and S. Cesur, “Diagnosis and treatment of community acquired pneumonia”, TJCL, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 63–72, 2015, doi: 10.18663/tjcl.92054.
ISNAD Öztürk, Reyhan et al. “Diagnosis and Treatment of Community Acquired Pneumonia”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory 6/2 (September 2015), 63-72. https://doi.org/10.18663/tjcl.92054.
JAMA Öztürk R, Kınıklı S, Cesur S. Diagnosis and treatment of community acquired pneumonia. TJCL. 2015;6:63–72.
MLA Öztürk, Reyhan et al. “Diagnosis and Treatment of Community Acquired Pneumonia”. Turkish Journal of Clinics and Laboratory, vol. 6, no. 2, 2015, pp. 63-72, doi:10.18663/tjcl.92054.
Vancouver Öztürk R, Kınıklı S, Cesur S. Diagnosis and treatment of community acquired pneumonia. TJCL. 2015;6(2):63-72.


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