Review
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 96 - 105, 30.06.2020

Abstract

References

  • 1. Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS et al. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2020;5(4):536–44.
  • 2. Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol 2020;92(4):401– 2.
  • 3. Bogoch A, Watts A, Thomas-Bachli C et al. Pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: potential for international spread via commercial air travel. J Trav Med 2020;27(2):1-3.
  • 4. World Health Organization (WHO). "Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emer- gency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". (cited 2020 April 10) Available from: URL: https:// www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-se- cond-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-e- mergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavi- rus-(2019-ncov)
  • 5. World Health Organization (WHO) "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020". (cited 2020 April 11) Available from: URL: https://www.who. int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at- the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
  • 6. Kakodkar P, Kaka N, Baig MN. A comprehensive literature review on the clinical presentation, and management of the pandemic coro- navirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cureus 2020;12(4):e7560.
  • 7. Adhikari S, Meng S, Wu Y et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping re- view. Infect Dis Poverty 2020;29(9).
  • 8. Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol 2020;92(4):424-32.
  • 9. Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). In- dian J Pediatr 2020;87(4):281-6.
  • 10. Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Mil Med Res 2020;7(1):11.
  • 11. Sun P, Lu X, Xu C et al. Understanding of COVID‐19 based on current evidence. J Med Virol 2020 Feb 25 doi:10.1002/jmv.25722 [Epub ahead of print]
  • 12. Lake MA. What we know so far: COVID-19 current clinical knowledge and research. Clin Med (Lond) 2020;20(2):124–7.
  • 13. World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Timeline (cited 2020 April 12) Available from: URL: https://www.who.int/news-ro- om/detail/08-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19
  • 14. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG et al. A pneumonia outbreak as- sociated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020;579(7798):270–3
  • 15. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X et al. Clinical features of patients in- fected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395(10223):497–506.
  • 16. World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-98 (cited 2020 April 27) Availab- le from: URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/corona- viruse/situation-reports/20200427-sitrep-98-covid-19.pdf ?sfvr- sn=90323472_4
  • 17. Tang JW, Li Y, Eames I et al. Factors involved in the aerosol trans- mission of infection and control of ventilation in healthcare premi- ses. J Hosp Infect. 2006;64(2):100–14.
  • 18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). How CO- VID-19 spreads? (cited 2020 April 28) Available from: URL: https:// www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-co- vid-spreads.html
  • 19. World Health Organization (WHO) Report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (28 February 2020) (cited 2020 April 2) Available from: URL: https://www.who. int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on- covid-19---final-report-1100hr-28feb2020-11mar-update.pdf ?sfvrs- n=1a13fda0_2&download=true
  • 20. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P et al. Transmission of 2019- nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med 2020;382(10):970-1.
  • 21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). People who are at higher risk for severe illness? (cited 2020 May 1) Available from: URL: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-ext- ra-precautions/people-at-higher-risk.html
  • 22. Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M et al. Hospitalization rates and cha- racteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed co- ronavirus disease 2019 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;(69):458-64.
  • 23. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020;382(8):727-33.
  • 24. Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M et al. Molecular evolution of hu- man coronavirus genomes. Trends Microbiol 2017;25(1):35-48.
  • 25. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J at al. Genomic characterization and epidemi- ology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 2020;395(10224):565-74.
  • 26. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B et al. A new coronavirus associated with hu- man respiratory disease in China. Nature 2020;579(7798):265-9.
  • 27. Cheng ZJ, Shan J. 2019 Novel coronavirus: where we are and what we know. Infection 2020;48(2):155-63.
  • 28. Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: an overview of their replica- tion and pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2015;1282:1-23.
  • 29. Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 2020;367(6483):1260-3.
  • 30. Perlman S, Netland J. Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on rep- lication and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009;7(6):439-50.
  • 31. de Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D et al. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016;14(8):523-34.
  • 32. Lei J, Li J, Li X et al. CT Imaging of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology 2020;295(1):18.
  • 33. Peiris JS, Guan Y, Yuen KY. Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Nat Med 2004;10(12 Suppl):88-97.
  • 34. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8(4):420-2.
  • 35. Williams AE, Chambers RC. The mercurial nature of neutrop- hils: still an enigma in ARDS? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014;306(3):217-30.
  • 36. Channappanavar R, Perlman S. Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immuno- pathology. Semin Immunopathol 2017;39(5):529-39.
  • 37. Cameron MJ, Bermejo-Martin JF, Danesh A et al. Human immu- nopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Virus Res 2008;133(1):13-9.
  • 38. Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC et al. Severe acute respiratory synd- rome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;55(3):105924.
  • 39. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y et al. Clinical characteristics of Coronavi- rus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020;382(18):1708‐20.
  • 40. Vetter P, Vu DL, L'Huillier AG et al. Clinical features of covid-19. BMJ 2020;369:1470.
  • 41. Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan. Allergy 2020 Feb 19 doi:10.1111/all.14238 [Epub ahead of print]
  • 42. ENT-UK. Loss of sense of smell as marker of COVID-19 infection. (cited 2020 March 23) Available from: URL: https://www.entuk. org/sites/default/files/files/Loss%20of%20sense%20of%20smell%20 as%20marker%20of%20COVID.pdf.
  • 43. American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS). Anosmia, Hyposmia, and Dysgeusia Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease. (cited 2020 April 22) Available from: URL: https:// www.entnet.org/content/aao-hns-anosmia-hyposmia-and-dysgeu- sia-symptoms-coronavirus-disease.
  • 44. French ENT Society (SFORL) Press release. Alerte Anosmie CO- VID-19. (cited 2020 March 20) Available from: URL: https://www. sforl.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Alerte-anosmie-COVID-19. pdf.
  • 45. Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F et al. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a cross-sectional study. Clin Infect Dis 2020 March 26 doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa330 [Epub ahead of print]
  • 46. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q et al. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann Intern Med 2020 March 10 doi: 10.7326/M20-0504 [Epub ahead of print]
  • 47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Symptoms of Coronavirus. (cited 2020 March 20) Available from: URL: https:// www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms. html.
  • 48. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020 Feb 7. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585. [Epub ahead of print].
  • 49. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
  • 50. World Health Organization (WHO) Interim guidance. Global surveillance for COVID-19 caused by human infection with COVID-19 virus. (cited on 2020 March 20) Available from: URL: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/global-surveillance-for-co- vid-19-caused-by-human-infection-with-covid-19-virus-inte- rim-guidance .
  • 51. Ahn DG, Shin HJ, Kim MH et al. Current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, therapeutics, and vaccines for novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020;30(3):313–24.
  • 52. Tu H, Tu S, Gao S et al. The epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19 and lessons from this global infectious public health event. J Infect 2020 Apr 18 doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.011 [Epub ahead of print]
  • 53. Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill 2020;25(3):2000045.
  • 54. World Health Organization (WHO). Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected human cases (cited 2020 April 27) Available from: URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/hand- le/10665/331329.
  • 55. Li Y, Xia L. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Role of chest CT in diagnosis and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2020 Mar 4. doi: 10.2214/AJR.20.22954. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 56. Feng H, Liu Y, Lv M et al. A case report of COVID-19 with false negative RT-PCR test: necessity of chest CT. Jpn J Radiol 2020;38(5):409-10.
  • 57. To KK, Tsang OT, Chik-Yan Yip C et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clin Infect Dis 2020 Feb 12. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa149. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 58. Tapé C, Byrd KM, Aung S et al. COVID-19 in a Patient Presenting with Syncope and a Normal Chest X-ray. R I Med J 2020;103(3):50-1.
  • 59. Guo L, Ren L, Yang S et al. Profiling early humoral response to diagnose novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis 2020 Mar 21 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa310. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 60. Xiang F, Wang X, He X et al. Antibody detection and dynamic characteristics in patients with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis 2020 Apr 19. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa461. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 61. World Health Organization (WHO). Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected (cited 2020 April 27) Available from: URL: https:// www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-a- cute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected.
  • 62. Abbott TE, Vaid N, Ip D et al. A single-centre observational cohort study of admission National Early Warning Score (NEWS). Re- suscitation 2015;92:89-3.
  • 63. Schultz MJ, Dunser MW, Dondorp AM et al. Current challenges in the management of sepsis in ICUs in resource-poor settings and suggestions for the future. Intensive Care Med 2017;43(5):612-24. 64. Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med 2017;43(3):304-77.
  • 65. Zhu H, Wang L, Fang C et al. Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Transl Pediatr 2020;9(1):51-60.
  • 66. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet 2020;395(10226):809-15.
  • 67. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a sing- le-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med 2020 Feb 24. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 68. Lippi G, Wong J, Henry BM. Hypertension and its severity or mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pooled analy- sis. Pol Arch Intern Med 2020 Mar 31. doi: 10.20452/pamw.15272. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 69. Lippi G, Henry BM. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Respir Med 2020 Mar 24. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.105941. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 70. Henry BM, Lippi G. Chronic kidney disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Int Urol Neph- rol 2020 Mar 28. doi: 10.1007/s11255-020-02451-9. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 71. Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O'Neill N et al. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg 2020;76:71-6.
  • 72. Zhou M, Zhang X, Qu J. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical update. Front Med 2020 Apr 2. doi: 10.1007/s11684-020- 0767-8. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 73. Ahmadpoor P, Rostaing L. Why the immune system fails to mount an adaptive immune response to a COVID-19 infection. Transpl Int 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1111/tri.13611. [Epub ahead of print] 74. Huang X, Wei F, Hu L et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of COVID-19. Arch Iran Med. 2020;23(4):268-71.
  • 75. Wang XF, Yuan J, Zheng YJ et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 34 children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection in Shenzhen. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2020;58:E008.
  • 76. Chen F, Liu ZS, Zhang FR et al. First case of severe childhood novel coronavirus pneumonia in China. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2020;58:E005.
  • 77. Liu H, Wang LL, Zhao SJ et al. Why are pregnant women susceptible to COVID-19? An immunological viewpoint. J Reprod Immunol 2020 Mar 19. doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103122. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 78. Mor G, Aldo P, Alvero AB. The unique immunological and microbial aspects of pregnancy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17(8):469-82.
  • 79. Public Health Ontario. IPAC recommendations for use of personal protective equipment for care of individuals with suspect or confirmed COVID-19. (cited 2020 April 26) Available from: URL: https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/ncov/up- dated-ipac-measures-covid-19.pdf ?la=en.
  • 80. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). How to protect yourself & others? (cited 2020 April 26) Available from: URL: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/ prevention.html.
  • 81. World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (CO- VID-19) advice for the public. (cited 2020 April 21) Available from: URL: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public.
  • 82. Gandhi M, Yokoe DS, Havlir DV. Asymptomatic transmission, the Achilles' heel of current strategies to control COVID-19. N Engl J Med 2020 Apr 24 doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2009758 [Epub ahead of print]
  • 83. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Use of cloth face coverings to help slow the spread of COVID-19. (cited 2020 April 26) Available from: URL: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavi- rus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/diy-cloth-face-coverings.html.
  • 84. World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (CO- VID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks. (cited 2020 May 4) Available from: URL: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/when-and- how-to-use-masks.
  • 85. Public Health Ontario. Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion, Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee. Routine Practices and Additional Precautions in All Health Care Settings. 3rd edition. Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario; Novem- ber 2012. (cited 2020 April 26) Available from: URL: https://www. publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/b/2012/bp-rpap-health- care-settings.pdf ?la=en.
  • 86. Thanh Le T, Andreadakis Z, Kumar A et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020 Apr 9. doi: 10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 87. Unhale SS, Bilal Q, Sanap S et al. A review on coronavirus (CO- VID-19). International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences 6(4):109 – 15.

CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (COVID-19): THE DISEASE THAT CHANGED THE WORLD

Year 2020, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 96 - 105, 30.06.2020

Abstract

In December 2019, several cases of severe pneumonia were identified in Wuhan City, the capital of Hubei province. Upon further investigation, the pathogen causing these symptoms was identified and named as SARS-CoV-2 and the disease was given the name COVID-19 by the World Health Organization. Being able to spread rapidly through respiratory droplets and capable of asymptomatic transmission, COVID-19 became a health concern of a global scale in a matter of months. The most common signs and symptoms of COVID-19 patients at hospital admission are fever, dry cough, and dyspnea. Most people experience the disease with mild symptoms but in more severe cases these can develop into pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this review, we aim to summarize the current information over COVID-19 and its causative agent SARS-CoV-2.

References

  • 1. Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS et al. The species severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol 2020;5(4):536–44.
  • 2. Lu H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: The mystery and the miracle. J Med Virol 2020;92(4):401– 2.
  • 3. Bogoch A, Watts A, Thomas-Bachli C et al. Pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: potential for international spread via commercial air travel. J Trav Med 2020;27(2):1-3.
  • 4. World Health Organization (WHO). "Statement on the second meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emer- gency Committee regarding the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)". (cited 2020 April 10) Available from: URL: https:// www.who.int/news-room/detail/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-se- cond-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-e- mergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavi- rus-(2019-ncov)
  • 5. World Health Organization (WHO) "WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19—11 March 2020". (cited 2020 April 11) Available from: URL: https://www.who. int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at- the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
  • 6. Kakodkar P, Kaka N, Baig MN. A comprehensive literature review on the clinical presentation, and management of the pandemic coro- navirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cureus 2020;12(4):e7560.
  • 7. Adhikari S, Meng S, Wu Y et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping re- view. Infect Dis Poverty 2020;29(9).
  • 8. Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol 2020;92(4):424-32.
  • 9. Singhal T. A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). In- dian J Pediatr 2020;87(4):281-6.
  • 10. Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Mil Med Res 2020;7(1):11.
  • 11. Sun P, Lu X, Xu C et al. Understanding of COVID‐19 based on current evidence. J Med Virol 2020 Feb 25 doi:10.1002/jmv.25722 [Epub ahead of print]
  • 12. Lake MA. What we know so far: COVID-19 current clinical knowledge and research. Clin Med (Lond) 2020;20(2):124–7.
  • 13. World Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 Timeline (cited 2020 April 12) Available from: URL: https://www.who.int/news-ro- om/detail/08-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19
  • 14. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG et al. A pneumonia outbreak as- sociated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020;579(7798):270–3
  • 15. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X et al. Clinical features of patients in- fected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395(10223):497–506.
  • 16. World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report-98 (cited 2020 April 27) Availab- le from: URL: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/corona- viruse/situation-reports/20200427-sitrep-98-covid-19.pdf ?sfvr- sn=90323472_4
  • 17. Tang JW, Li Y, Eames I et al. Factors involved in the aerosol trans- mission of infection and control of ventilation in healthcare premi- ses. J Hosp Infect. 2006;64(2):100–14.
  • 18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). How CO- VID-19 spreads? (cited 2020 April 28) Available from: URL: https:// www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-co- vid-spreads.html
  • 19. World Health Organization (WHO) Report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (28 February 2020) (cited 2020 April 2) Available from: URL: https://www.who. int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on- covid-19---final-report-1100hr-28feb2020-11mar-update.pdf ?sfvrs- n=1a13fda0_2&download=true
  • 20. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P et al. Transmission of 2019- nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. N Engl J Med 2020;382(10):970-1.
  • 21. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). People who are at higher risk for severe illness? (cited 2020 May 1) Available from: URL: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-ext- ra-precautions/people-at-higher-risk.html
  • 22. Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M et al. Hospitalization rates and cha- racteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed co- ronavirus disease 2019 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;(69):458-64.
  • 23. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020;382(8):727-33.
  • 24. Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M et al. Molecular evolution of hu- man coronavirus genomes. Trends Microbiol 2017;25(1):35-48.
  • 25. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J at al. Genomic characterization and epidemi- ology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 2020;395(10224):565-74.
  • 26. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B et al. A new coronavirus associated with hu- man respiratory disease in China. Nature 2020;579(7798):265-9.
  • 27. Cheng ZJ, Shan J. 2019 Novel coronavirus: where we are and what we know. Infection 2020;48(2):155-63.
  • 28. Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: an overview of their replica- tion and pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2015;1282:1-23.
  • 29. Wrapp D, Wang N, Corbett KS et al. Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation. Science 2020;367(6483):1260-3.
  • 30. Perlman S, Netland J. Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on rep- lication and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009;7(6):439-50.
  • 31. de Wit E, van Doremalen N, Falzarano D et al. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016;14(8):523-34.
  • 32. Lei J, Li J, Li X et al. CT Imaging of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) pneumonia. Radiology 2020;295(1):18.
  • 33. Peiris JS, Guan Y, Yuen KY. Severe acute respiratory syndrome. Nat Med 2004;10(12 Suppl):88-97.
  • 34. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 2020;8(4):420-2.
  • 35. Williams AE, Chambers RC. The mercurial nature of neutrop- hils: still an enigma in ARDS? Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014;306(3):217-30.
  • 36. Channappanavar R, Perlman S. Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immuno- pathology. Semin Immunopathol 2017;39(5):529-39.
  • 37. Cameron MJ, Bermejo-Martin JF, Danesh A et al. Human immu- nopathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Virus Res 2008;133(1):13-9.
  • 38. Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC et al. Severe acute respiratory synd- rome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;55(3):105924.
  • 39. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y et al. Clinical characteristics of Coronavi- rus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020;382(18):1708‐20.
  • 40. Vetter P, Vu DL, L'Huillier AG et al. Clinical features of covid-19. BMJ 2020;369:1470.
  • 41. Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan. Allergy 2020 Feb 19 doi:10.1111/all.14238 [Epub ahead of print]
  • 42. ENT-UK. Loss of sense of smell as marker of COVID-19 infection. (cited 2020 March 23) Available from: URL: https://www.entuk. org/sites/default/files/files/Loss%20of%20sense%20of%20smell%20 as%20marker%20of%20COVID.pdf.
  • 43. American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS). Anosmia, Hyposmia, and Dysgeusia Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease. (cited 2020 April 22) Available from: URL: https:// www.entnet.org/content/aao-hns-anosmia-hyposmia-and-dysgeu- sia-symptoms-coronavirus-disease.
  • 44. French ENT Society (SFORL) Press release. Alerte Anosmie CO- VID-19. (cited 2020 March 20) Available from: URL: https://www. sforl.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Alerte-anosmie-COVID-19. pdf.
  • 45. Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F et al. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a cross-sectional study. Clin Infect Dis 2020 March 26 doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa330 [Epub ahead of print]
  • 46. Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q et al. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann Intern Med 2020 March 10 doi: 10.7326/M20-0504 [Epub ahead of print]
  • 47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Symptoms of Coronavirus. (cited 2020 March 20) Available from: URL: https:// www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/symptoms-testing/symptoms. html.
  • 48. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020 Feb 7. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.1585. [Epub ahead of print].
  • 49. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13.
  • 50. World Health Organization (WHO) Interim guidance. Global surveillance for COVID-19 caused by human infection with COVID-19 virus. (cited on 2020 March 20) Available from: URL: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/global-surveillance-for-co- vid-19-caused-by-human-infection-with-covid-19-virus-inte- rim-guidance .
  • 51. Ahn DG, Shin HJ, Kim MH et al. Current status of epidemiology, diagnosis, therapeutics, and vaccines for novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020;30(3):313–24.
  • 52. Tu H, Tu S, Gao S et al. The epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19 and lessons from this global infectious public health event. J Infect 2020 Apr 18 doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.011 [Epub ahead of print]
  • 53. Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill 2020;25(3):2000045.
  • 54. World Health Organization (WHO). Laboratory testing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in suspected human cases (cited 2020 April 27) Available from: URL: https://apps.who.int/iris/hand- le/10665/331329.
  • 55. Li Y, Xia L. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Role of chest CT in diagnosis and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2020 Mar 4. doi: 10.2214/AJR.20.22954. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 56. Feng H, Liu Y, Lv M et al. A case report of COVID-19 with false negative RT-PCR test: necessity of chest CT. Jpn J Radiol 2020;38(5):409-10.
  • 57. To KK, Tsang OT, Chik-Yan Yip C et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clin Infect Dis 2020 Feb 12. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa149. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 58. Tapé C, Byrd KM, Aung S et al. COVID-19 in a Patient Presenting with Syncope and a Normal Chest X-ray. R I Med J 2020;103(3):50-1.
  • 59. Guo L, Ren L, Yang S et al. Profiling early humoral response to diagnose novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Clin Infect Dis 2020 Mar 21 doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa310. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 60. Xiang F, Wang X, He X et al. Antibody detection and dynamic characteristics in patients with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis 2020 Apr 19. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa461. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 61. World Health Organization (WHO). Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected (cited 2020 April 27) Available from: URL: https:// www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-a- cute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected.
  • 62. Abbott TE, Vaid N, Ip D et al. A single-centre observational cohort study of admission National Early Warning Score (NEWS). Re- suscitation 2015;92:89-3.
  • 63. Schultz MJ, Dunser MW, Dondorp AM et al. Current challenges in the management of sepsis in ICUs in resource-poor settings and suggestions for the future. Intensive Care Med 2017;43(5):612-24. 64. Rhodes A, Evans LE, Alhazzani W et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Intensive Care Med 2017;43(3):304-77.
  • 65. Zhu H, Wang L, Fang C et al. Clinical analysis of 10 neonates born to mothers with 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Transl Pediatr 2020;9(1):51-60.
  • 66. Chen H, Guo J, Wang C et al. Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet 2020;395(10226):809-15.
  • 67. Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a sing- le-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med 2020 Feb 24. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 68. Lippi G, Wong J, Henry BM. Hypertension and its severity or mortality in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a pooled analy- sis. Pol Arch Intern Med 2020 Mar 31. doi: 10.20452/pamw.15272. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 69. Lippi G, Henry BM. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Respir Med 2020 Mar 24. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.105941. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 70. Henry BM, Lippi G. Chronic kidney disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Int Urol Neph- rol 2020 Mar 28. doi: 10.1007/s11255-020-02451-9. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 71. Sohrabi C, Alsafi Z, O'Neill N et al. World Health Organization declares global emergency: A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Int J Surg 2020;76:71-6.
  • 72. Zhou M, Zhang X, Qu J. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a clinical update. Front Med 2020 Apr 2. doi: 10.1007/s11684-020- 0767-8. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 73. Ahmadpoor P, Rostaing L. Why the immune system fails to mount an adaptive immune response to a COVID-19 infection. Transpl Int 2020 Apr 1. doi: 10.1111/tri.13611. [Epub ahead of print] 74. Huang X, Wei F, Hu L et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of COVID-19. Arch Iran Med. 2020;23(4):268-71.
  • 75. Wang XF, Yuan J, Zheng YJ et al. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of 34 children with 2019 novel coronavirus infection in Shenzhen. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2020;58:E008.
  • 76. Chen F, Liu ZS, Zhang FR et al. First case of severe childhood novel coronavirus pneumonia in China. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2020;58:E005.
  • 77. Liu H, Wang LL, Zhao SJ et al. Why are pregnant women susceptible to COVID-19? An immunological viewpoint. J Reprod Immunol 2020 Mar 19. doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103122. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 78. Mor G, Aldo P, Alvero AB. The unique immunological and microbial aspects of pregnancy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017;17(8):469-82.
  • 79. Public Health Ontario. IPAC recommendations for use of personal protective equipment for care of individuals with suspect or confirmed COVID-19. (cited 2020 April 26) Available from: URL: https://www.publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/ncov/up- dated-ipac-measures-covid-19.pdf ?la=en.
  • 80. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). How to protect yourself & others? (cited 2020 April 26) Available from: URL: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/ prevention.html.
  • 81. World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (CO- VID-19) advice for the public. (cited 2020 April 21) Available from: URL: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public.
  • 82. Gandhi M, Yokoe DS, Havlir DV. Asymptomatic transmission, the Achilles' heel of current strategies to control COVID-19. N Engl J Med 2020 Apr 24 doi: 10.1056/NEJMe2009758 [Epub ahead of print]
  • 83. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Use of cloth face coverings to help slow the spread of COVID-19. (cited 2020 April 26) Available from: URL: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavi- rus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/diy-cloth-face-coverings.html.
  • 84. World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (CO- VID-19) advice for the public: When and how to use masks. (cited 2020 May 4) Available from: URL: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/when-and- how-to-use-masks.
  • 85. Public Health Ontario. Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion, Provincial Infectious Diseases Advisory Committee. Routine Practices and Additional Precautions in All Health Care Settings. 3rd edition. Toronto, ON: Queen’s Printer for Ontario; Novem- ber 2012. (cited 2020 April 26) Available from: URL: https://www. publichealthontario.ca/-/media/documents/b/2012/bp-rpap-health- care-settings.pdf ?la=en.
  • 86. Thanh Le T, Andreadakis Z, Kumar A et al. The COVID-19 vaccine development landscape. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020 Apr 9. doi: 10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5. [Epub ahead of print]
  • 87. Unhale SS, Bilal Q, Sanap S et al. A review on coronavirus (CO- VID-19). International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences 6(4):109 – 15.
There are 85 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Beliz Koçyiğit 0000-0001-6056-0219

Sezin Sayın 0000-0001-7892-5992

Fevzi Oktay Şişman 0000-0002-9942-9418

Sarper Kızılkaya

Mert Yücel Ayrık 0000-0002-4853-1607

Publication Date June 30, 2020
Submission Date May 6, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Koçyiğit, B., Sayın, S., Şişman, F. O., Kızılkaya, S., et al. (2020). CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (COVID-19): THE DISEASE THAT CHANGED THE WORLD. Turkish Medical Student Journal, 7(2), 96-105.
AMA Koçyiğit B, Sayın S, Şişman FO, Kızılkaya S, Ayrık MY. CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (COVID-19): THE DISEASE THAT CHANGED THE WORLD. TMSJ. June 2020;7(2):96-105.
Chicago Koçyiğit, Beliz, Sezin Sayın, Fevzi Oktay Şişman, Sarper Kızılkaya, and Mert Yücel Ayrık. “CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (COVID-19): THE DISEASE THAT CHANGED THE WORLD”. Turkish Medical Student Journal 7, no. 2 (June 2020): 96-105.
EndNote Koçyiğit B, Sayın S, Şişman FO, Kızılkaya S, Ayrık MY (June 1, 2020) CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (COVID-19): THE DISEASE THAT CHANGED THE WORLD. Turkish Medical Student Journal 7 2 96–105.
IEEE B. Koçyiğit, S. Sayın, F. O. Şişman, S. Kızılkaya, and M. Y. Ayrık, “CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (COVID-19): THE DISEASE THAT CHANGED THE WORLD”, TMSJ, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 96–105, 2020.
ISNAD Koçyiğit, Beliz et al. “CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (COVID-19): THE DISEASE THAT CHANGED THE WORLD”. Turkish Medical Student Journal 7/2 (June 2020), 96-105.
JAMA Koçyiğit B, Sayın S, Şişman FO, Kızılkaya S, Ayrık MY. CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (COVID-19): THE DISEASE THAT CHANGED THE WORLD. TMSJ. 2020;7:96–105.
MLA Koçyiğit, Beliz et al. “CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (COVID-19): THE DISEASE THAT CHANGED THE WORLD”. Turkish Medical Student Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, 2020, pp. 96-105.
Vancouver Koçyiğit B, Sayın S, Şişman FO, Kızılkaya S, Ayrık MY. CORONAVIRUS DISEASE-19 (COVID-19): THE DISEASE THAT CHANGED THE WORLD. TMSJ. 2020;7(2):96-105.