Research Article
Investigation into the Mechanical Properties of Commercial Sandcrete Blocks Produced in Nigeria: A Case Study of Warri Metropolis
Abstract
This study investigated the extent to which the mechanical strength of commercially produced sandcrete blocks in Delta State, Nigeria, conforms to recognized international standards. Fifty sandcrete blocks (28 curing days) were sampled from ten known sandcrete block manufacturers in Warri municipal area, five blocks from each manufacturer. The compressive strength of the blocks was determined in accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International guidelines. The results showed that the compressive strength of all the blocks failed to meet the Nigeria Industrial Standard (NIS) benchmark for load loading sandcrete block, while only 20% of the blocks attained NIS requirement for non-load bearing walls. Field observation revealed that poor mixing ratio of the sandcrete; inconsistencies in the batching method and sand used in the production of the sandcrete blocks were responsible for the poor quality (low compressive strength) of the sandcrete blocks manufactured in the region. The findings of this study underscore the importance for the Nigerian Institution of Structural Engineers, to rigorously monitor the strength of sandcrete blocks made in Nigeria to ensure that their quality meets internationally recognized standards. This will reduce the occurrence of structural damage in Nigeria, due to the use of low quality blocks for wall constriction.
References
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- Ajao AM, Ogunbayo BF, Ogundipe KE, Bamigboye G, Ogunde A and Tunji-Olayeni PF (2018). Assessment of sandcrete blocks manufacturers ’compliance to minimum standard requirements by standard organisation of Nigeria in Southwest, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13: 4162-4172.
- Akpokodje OI and Uguru H (2019). Effect of fermented cassava waste water as admixture on some physic-mechanical properties of solid sandcrete blocks. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 67(10): 216-222.
- Akpokodje OI, Agbi GG, Uguru H and Nyorere O (2021). Evaluation of the compressive strength of commercial sandcrete blocks produced in two metropolises of Delta State, Nigeria. Applied Journal of Physical Science, 3(2): 61-71.
- Alejo AO (2020). Comparison of strength of sandcrete blocks produce with fine aggregate from different sources. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 39(2): 332-337.
- Ambrose EE, Etim RK and Koffi NE (2019). Quality assessment of commercially produced sandcrete blocks in part of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 38(3): 586-593.
- ASTM C39/C39M (2014). Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. Retrieved from https://www.astm.org/c0039_c0039m-14.html
- ASTM - C136 (2006). Standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates. Retrieved from https://www.astm.org/standards/c136
- Awolusi TF, Oguntayo DO, Babalola OE, Oke OL and Akinkurolere OO (2021). Investigation of micronized laterite sandcrete block compressive strength. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 14: 1-13.
- Baidenand BK and Tuuli M (2004). Impact of quality control practices in sandcrete blocks production. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 10(2): 55-60.Delta State Government (2015), “Warri Population”. Retrieved fromhttps://www.deltastate.gov.ng/downloads-2/Population%20by%20sex%20and%20LGA.pdf, (January, 2020).
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- Esegbuyota D, Akpokodje O I and Uguru H (2019). Physical characteristics and compressive strength of raffia fibre reinforced sandcrete blocks. Direct Research Journal of Engineering and Information Technology, 6(1): 1-8.
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- Ogunbayo B and Aigbavboa C (2021). Quality Assessment of Sandcrete Blocks Produced with River Sand in Ogun State, Nigeria. In: Ahmed, S.M., Hampton, P., Azhar, S., D. Saul, A. (eds) Collaboration and Integration in Construction, Engineering, Management and Technology. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer, Cham.
- Omoregie A (2013). Optimum Compressive Strength of Hardened Sandcrete Building Blocks with Steel Chips. Buildings, 3(1): 205-219.
- Onwuka DO, Osadebe NN and Okere CE (2013). Structural characteristics of sandcrete blocks produced in South-East Nigeria. Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Science, 4 (3): 483-490.
- Rubaratuka IA (2008). Quality control in the construction of reinforces concrete buildings in Dar es Salaam. Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology, 31(1): 46-52.
- Schabowicz K (2021). Testing of materials and elements in civil engineering. Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 14(12): 3412-3423.
- Sholanke AB, Fagbenle OI, Aderonmu AP and Ajagbe MA (2015). Sandcrete block and brick production in Nigeria-prospects and challenges. International Journal of Environmental Research. 1(4): 1-17.
- Uguru H and Obukoeroro J (2020). Physical characteristics and electrical resistivity of electric cables sold in Delta State. A case study of Isoko Metropolis. Journal of Engineering and Information Technology, 7(7): 155-162.
- Uguru H, Essaghah AE, Akwenuke OM, Akpokodje OI, Rokayya S, Helal M and Kadi RH (2023). Environmental impact of wasteyard leachate pollution, It’s health risks with some microbial and ecological implications. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy, 17: 270-285.
- Unified Soil Classification System (2015). Soil classification basics. Available online at: http://faculty.uml.edu/ehajduk/Teaching/14.330/documents/14.330SoilClassification.pdf
- United Nations Habitat (2001). National Trend in Housing Production Practices. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements.
- Yusuf A, Aminulai HO, Abdullahi A, Alhaj IB and Alalade AI (2017). Dimensional Compliance and Compressive Strength of Sandcrete Hollow Blocks Produced in Minna Metropolis. 2nd International Engineering Conference (IEC 2017) Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
Year 2023,
Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 251 - 262, 31.12.2023
Abstract
References
- Adenikinju AF (2019). Bridging housing deficit in Nigeria: Lessons from other jurisdictions. Economic and Financial Review, 57(4): 17-36.
- Agbi GG, Akpokodje OI and Uguru H (2020). Compressive strength of commercially produced sandcrete blocks within Isoko Metropolis of Delta State, Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1(1): 91-103.
- Aiyewalehinmi EO and Tanimola MO (2013). Strength properties of commercially produced sandcrete blocks in Akure: Onda State. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention, 2(5): 22-33.
- Ajao AM, Ogunbayo BF, Ogundipe KE, Bamigboye G, Ogunde A and Tunji-Olayeni PF (2018). Assessment of sandcrete blocks manufacturers ’compliance to minimum standard requirements by standard organisation of Nigeria in Southwest, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13: 4162-4172.
- Akpokodje OI and Uguru H (2019). Effect of fermented cassava waste water as admixture on some physic-mechanical properties of solid sandcrete blocks. International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology, 67(10): 216-222.
- Akpokodje OI, Agbi GG, Uguru H and Nyorere O (2021). Evaluation of the compressive strength of commercial sandcrete blocks produced in two metropolises of Delta State, Nigeria. Applied Journal of Physical Science, 3(2): 61-71.
- Alejo AO (2020). Comparison of strength of sandcrete blocks produce with fine aggregate from different sources. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 39(2): 332-337.
- Ambrose EE, Etim RK and Koffi NE (2019). Quality assessment of commercially produced sandcrete blocks in part of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 38(3): 586-593.
- ASTM C39/C39M (2014). Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens. Retrieved from https://www.astm.org/c0039_c0039m-14.html
- ASTM - C136 (2006). Standard test method for sieve analysis of fine and coarse aggregates. Retrieved from https://www.astm.org/standards/c136
- Awolusi TF, Oguntayo DO, Babalola OE, Oke OL and Akinkurolere OO (2021). Investigation of micronized laterite sandcrete block compressive strength. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 14: 1-13.
- Baidenand BK and Tuuli M (2004). Impact of quality control practices in sandcrete blocks production. Journal of Architectural Engineering, 10(2): 55-60.Delta State Government (2015), “Warri Population”. Retrieved fromhttps://www.deltastate.gov.ng/downloads-2/Population%20by%20sex%20and%20LGA.pdf, (January, 2020).
- Eboibi O, Akpokodje OI and Uguru H (2022). Evaluation of organic enhancer on the mechanical properties of periwinkle shells concrete. Journal of Engineering Innovations and Applications, 1(1): 13-22.
- Efe SI and Ojoh CO (2013). Spatial distribution of malaria in Warri metropolis. Open Journal of Epidemiology, 3: 118-124.
- Erakpoweri DO and Onah NH (2022). Application of statistical model for predicting the compressive strength of sandcretes made with different fine aggregates available in Nsukka. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 41(1): 1-7.
- Esegbuyota D, Akpokodje O I and Uguru H (2019). Physical characteristics and compressive strength of raffia fibre reinforced sandcrete blocks. Direct Research Journal of Engineering and Information Technology, 6(1): 1-8.
- Ewa DE and Ukpata JO (2013). Investigation of the compressive strength of commercial sandcrete blocks in Calabar Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3(4): 477-482.
- Goggle Map (2023). “Warri and its environs map”. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/maps/place/Warri,+Delta/@5.5427606,5.77243,13z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x1041b2ee387d1067:0x35957f67d789a763!8m2!3d5.5494304!4d5.7668515!16zL20vMDJxa2Jk!5m1!1e4?entry=ttu
- ICESCR (1996). International covenant on economic, social and cultural rights. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/cescr.pdf
- Ihemegbulem EO, Njoku KO and Nwachukwu UC (2022). Compressive strength performance of granite dust sandcrete building blocks. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 11(1): 7-13.
- Kashani HK, Shakiba M, Bazli M, Hosseini SM, Mortazavi SMR and Arashpour M (2023). The structural response of masonry walls strengthened using prestressed near surface mounted GFRP bars under cyclic loading. Materials and Structures, 56: 112-129.
- NIS-87 (2005). Nigerian Industrial Standard: Standard for Sandcrete blocks. ed: Standard Organization of Nigeria, Lagos, Nigeria.
- Odeyemi SO, Akinpelu MA, Atoyebi OD and Orire KJ (2018). Quality assessment of sandcrete blocks produced in Adeta, Kwara state, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 37(1): 53-59.
- Ogunbayo B and Aigbavboa C (2021). Quality Assessment of Sandcrete Blocks Produced with River Sand in Ogun State, Nigeria. In: Ahmed, S.M., Hampton, P., Azhar, S., D. Saul, A. (eds) Collaboration and Integration in Construction, Engineering, Management and Technology. Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation. Springer, Cham.
- Omoregie A (2013). Optimum Compressive Strength of Hardened Sandcrete Building Blocks with Steel Chips. Buildings, 3(1): 205-219.
- Onwuka DO, Osadebe NN and Okere CE (2013). Structural characteristics of sandcrete blocks produced in South-East Nigeria. Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Science, 4 (3): 483-490.
- Rubaratuka IA (2008). Quality control in the construction of reinforces concrete buildings in Dar es Salaam. Tanzania Journal of Engineering and Technology, 31(1): 46-52.
- Schabowicz K (2021). Testing of materials and elements in civil engineering. Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 14(12): 3412-3423.
- Sholanke AB, Fagbenle OI, Aderonmu AP and Ajagbe MA (2015). Sandcrete block and brick production in Nigeria-prospects and challenges. International Journal of Environmental Research. 1(4): 1-17.
- Uguru H and Obukoeroro J (2020). Physical characteristics and electrical resistivity of electric cables sold in Delta State. A case study of Isoko Metropolis. Journal of Engineering and Information Technology, 7(7): 155-162.
- Uguru H, Essaghah AE, Akwenuke OM, Akpokodje OI, Rokayya S, Helal M and Kadi RH (2023). Environmental impact of wasteyard leachate pollution, It’s health risks with some microbial and ecological implications. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy, 17: 270-285.
- Unified Soil Classification System (2015). Soil classification basics. Available online at: http://faculty.uml.edu/ehajduk/Teaching/14.330/documents/14.330SoilClassification.pdf
- United Nations Habitat (2001). National Trend in Housing Production Practices. United Nations Centre for Human Settlements.
- Yusuf A, Aminulai HO, Abdullahi A, Alhaj IB and Alalade AI (2017). Dimensional Compliance and Compressive Strength of Sandcrete Hollow Blocks Produced in Minna Metropolis. 2nd International Engineering Conference (IEC 2017) Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria.
There are 34 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Agricultural Structures |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | December 25, 2023 |
| Publication Date | December 31, 2023 |
| Submission Date | November 12, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | December 12, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 4 Issue: 2 |
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