Abstract
Oküler flora atın yaşadığı ortam, iklim, coğrafya vb. birçok etkenden etkilenebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacını Diyarbakır Hipodromunda yarış koşan ve hipodroma yakın çiftliklerde yarış koşmayan sağlıklı yarış atlarında bakteriyel ve fungal oküler florayı belirlemek ve belirlenen bakteri ve mantar türlerini tanımlamak amaçlandı. Çalışma grubunu değişik yaş ve cinsiyette Diyarbakır Hipodromunda bulunan yarış koşan 28 ve hipodrom yakınlarındaki çiftliklerde yarış koşmayan 28 safkan Arap ve İngiliz atına ait 112 sağlıklı göz oluşturdu. Sağlıklı gözlerin medial kantusundan steril swaplarla sürüntü alınarak soğuk zincirde Dicle Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Mikrobiyoloji Laboratuvarına ulaştırılarak konjunktival florada bulunan bakteri ve fungal etkenlerin izolasyonu ve identifikasyonu yapıldı. Hipodrom grubundaki atlarda bakteriyolojik üreme oranının %94.64, fungal üremenin ise %28.57 olduğu, çiftlik grubundaki atlarda bakteriyolojik üremenin %100, fungal üremenin ise %14.29 olduğu tespit edildi. Değerlendirilen konjunktival svap örneklerinin izole ve identifiye edilen bakterilerin hipodrom grubunda %87.79’unun Gram pozitif, %12.21’inin Gram negatif, çiftlik grubunda ise %82.56’sının Gram pozitif, %17.43’ünün de Gram negatif olduğu belirlendi. Her iki grupta da mikrofloranın büyük çoğunluğunu Staphylococcus spp. tarafından oluştuğu görüldü. Sonuç olarak, atlarda belirli aralıklarla konjunktival floranın belirlenmesinin olası bir kornea veya göz hasarında izlenecek tedavinin belirlenmesine yardımcı olacağı; ayrıca erken müdahale ile kornea hasarına bağlı görme kayıplarının önüne geçilebileceği düşünülmektedir.
Thanks
Diyarbakır Hipodromu At Hastanesi çalışanlarına yardımlarından dolayı teşekkür ederiz.
References
- Andrew SE, Nguyen A, Jones GL, Brooks DE (2003). Seasonal effects on the aerobic bacterial and fungal conjunctival flora of normal thoroughbred brood mares in Florida. Vet Ophthalmo, 6 (1), 45-50.
- Arda M (2000). Mantarların genel karakterleri. Arda M (Ed). Temel Mikrobiyoloji (s. 315-367). Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara.
- Baran V, Özaydın İ, Genç O et al. (2015) The Effects of High and Low Altitudes on Conjunctival Flora in Sport and Work Horses: A Field Study in the Northeast Anatolia Region of Turkey (Kars and Iğdır). Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 21 (4), 477-481.
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- Bonelli F, Barsotti G, Attili AR et al. (2014). Conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora in Clinically normal sheep. Vet Rec Open, 1 (1), 1-5.
- Dass SP, Neelam S, Kumar GR, Parul S (2013). Aerobic bacterial flora of the normal conjunctiva at high altitude area of Shimla Hills in India: a hospital study. Int J Ophthalmol, 6 (5), 723-726.
- Ferreira ARA, Santana AF, Almeida ACVR et al. (2017) Bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity from the ocular conjunctiva of horses. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 47 (6), e20160753.
- Fernández-Garayzábal JF, LaFrentz S, Casamayor A et al. (2022). Corynebacterium conjunctivae: A New Corynebacterium Species Isolated from the Ocular Surface of Healthy Horses. Anim, 12 (14), 1827.
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- Johns IC, Baxter K, Booler H, Hicks C, Menzies GN (2011). Conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora in healthy horses in the UK. Vet Ophthalmol, 14 (3), 195-199.
- Khosravi AR, Nikaein D, Sharifzadeh A, Gharagozlou F (2014). Ocular fungal flora from healthy horses in Iran. J Mycol Méd, 24 (1), 29-33.
- Laus F, Faillace V, Attili V et al. (2016) Conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora in healthy donkeys in Central Italy. Large Animal Review, 22 (3), 137-142.
- Markey B, Leonard F, Archambault M, Cullinane A, Maguire D (2013). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. 2th. Edition. Missouri, Mosby Elsevier, USA.
- Paschalis-Trela K, Cywińska A, Trela J et al. (2017). The prevalence of ocular diseases in polish Arabian horses. BMC Veterinary Research, 13 (1), 319.
- Santibáñez R, Lara F, Barros TM et al. (2022). Ocular Microbiome in a Group of Clinically Healthy Horses. Anim, 12 (8), 943.
- Scott EM, Arnold C, Dowell S, Suchodolski JS (2019). Evaluation of the bacterial ocular surface microbiome in clinically normal horses before and after treatment with topical neomycin-polymyxin-bacitracin. Plos One, 14 (4), e0214877.
- Soimala T, Lübke-Becker A, Schwarz S et al. (2018). Occurrence and molecular composition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ocular surfaces of horses presented with ophthalmologic disease. Vet Microbiol, 222, 1–6.
- Stoppini R, Barbasso E, Peruccio C, Ratto A, Gallo G (2003). Cheratomicosi equina in Italia Settentrionale: 13 casi clinici (1998–2002). Ippologia, 4, 13–28.
- Walsh ML, Meason-Smith C, Arnold C, Suchodolski JS, ScottI EM (2021) Evaluation of the ocular surface mycobiota in clinically normal horses. Plos One, 16 (2), e0246537.
- Voelter-Ratson K, Unger L, Spiess BM, Simon A (2014). Evaluation of the conjunctival fungal flora and its susceptibility to antifungal agents in healthy horses in Switzerland. Vet Ophthalmol, 17 (1), 31-36.
- Zafarnaderi S, Araghi-Sooreh A (2017). Ocular fungal flora in healthy donkeys in Iran. Veterinary Journal of Equine Sciences, 1 (1), 1-6.
- Zak A, Siwinska N, Slowikowska M et al. (2018). Conjunctival aerobic bacterial flora in healthy Silesian foals and adult horses in Poland. BMC Veterinary Research, 14 (1), 261.
Abstract
The ocular flora can be affected by many factors such as the environment in which the horse lives, climate, geography, etc. The aim of this study was to determine the bacterial and fungal ocular flora and to define the determined bacterial and fungal species in healthy racehorses that race at Diyarbakir Hippodrome and do not race in farms close to the Hippodrome. The study group consisted of 112 healthy eyes of 28 Thoroughbred Arabian and British horses of different ages and genders, which raced in the Diyarbakir Hippodrome and 28 did not race in the farms near the Hippodrome. Bacterial and fungal agents in the conjunctival flora were isolated and identified by swabbing with sterile swaps from the medial canthus of healthy eyes and transported to Dicle University Veterinary Faculty Microbiology Laboratory in a cold chain. Bacteriological growth was 94.64%, fungal growth was 28.57% in the hippodrome group, bacteriological growth was 100% in the farm group, and fungal growth (14.29%) was detected. It was determined that of the evaluated conjunctival swab samples, 87.79% of isolated and identified bacteria were Gram-positive in the hippodrome group, 12.21% were Gram-negative, 82.56% were Gram-positive and 17.43% were Gram-negative in the farm group. Staphylococcus spp. formed the majority of the microflora in both groups. As a result, it is thought that it will help to determine the conjunctival flora at regular intervals and to determine the treatment to be followed in case of possible corneal or eye damage, and vision loss due to corneal damage can be prevented with early intervention.
References
- Andrew SE, Nguyen A, Jones GL, Brooks DE (2003). Seasonal effects on the aerobic bacterial and fungal conjunctival flora of normal thoroughbred brood mares in Florida. Vet Ophthalmo, 6 (1), 45-50.
- Arda M (2000). Mantarların genel karakterleri. Arda M (Ed). Temel Mikrobiyoloji (s. 315-367). Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara.
- Baran V, Özaydın İ, Genç O et al. (2015) The Effects of High and Low Altitudes on Conjunctival Flora in Sport and Work Horses: A Field Study in the Northeast Anatolia Region of Turkey (Kars and Iğdır). Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 21 (4), 477-481.
- Barsotti G, Sgorbini M, Nardoni S, Corazza M, Mancianti F (2006). Occurrence of Fungi from Conjunctiva of Healthy Horses in Tuscany, Italy. Vet Res Commun, 30 (8), 903-906.
- Bonelli F, Barsotti G, Attili AR et al. (2014). Conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora in Clinically normal sheep. Vet Rec Open, 1 (1), 1-5.
- Dass SP, Neelam S, Kumar GR, Parul S (2013). Aerobic bacterial flora of the normal conjunctiva at high altitude area of Shimla Hills in India: a hospital study. Int J Ophthalmol, 6 (5), 723-726.
- Ferreira ARA, Santana AF, Almeida ACVR et al. (2017) Bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity from the ocular conjunctiva of horses. Ciência Rural, Santa Maria, 47 (6), e20160753.
- Fernández-Garayzábal JF, LaFrentz S, Casamayor A et al. (2022). Corynebacterium conjunctivae: A New Corynebacterium Species Isolated from the Ocular Surface of Healthy Horses. Anim, 12 (14), 1827.
- Fraczkowska K, Zak-Bochenek A, Siwinska N, Rypula K, Ploneczka-Janeczko K (2022). Aerobic Commensal Conjunctival Microflora in Healthy Donkeys. Anim, 12 (6), 756.
- Hampson ECGM, Gibson JS, Barot M, Shapter FM, Greer RM (2019). Identification of bacteria and fungi sampled from the conjunctivalsurface of normal horses in South-East Queensland, Australia. Vet Ophthalmol, 22 (3), 265-275.
- Johns IC, Baxter K, Booler H, Hicks C, Menzies GN (2011). Conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora in healthy horses in the UK. Vet Ophthalmol, 14 (3), 195-199.
- Khosravi AR, Nikaein D, Sharifzadeh A, Gharagozlou F (2014). Ocular fungal flora from healthy horses in Iran. J Mycol Méd, 24 (1), 29-33.
- Laus F, Faillace V, Attili V et al. (2016) Conjunctival bacterial and fungal flora in healthy donkeys in Central Italy. Large Animal Review, 22 (3), 137-142.
- Markey B, Leonard F, Archambault M, Cullinane A, Maguire D (2013). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology. 2th. Edition. Missouri, Mosby Elsevier, USA.
- Paschalis-Trela K, Cywińska A, Trela J et al. (2017). The prevalence of ocular diseases in polish Arabian horses. BMC Veterinary Research, 13 (1), 319.
- Santibáñez R, Lara F, Barros TM et al. (2022). Ocular Microbiome in a Group of Clinically Healthy Horses. Anim, 12 (8), 943.
- Scott EM, Arnold C, Dowell S, Suchodolski JS (2019). Evaluation of the bacterial ocular surface microbiome in clinically normal horses before and after treatment with topical neomycin-polymyxin-bacitracin. Plos One, 14 (4), e0214877.
- Soimala T, Lübke-Becker A, Schwarz S et al. (2018). Occurrence and molecular composition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ocular surfaces of horses presented with ophthalmologic disease. Vet Microbiol, 222, 1–6.
- Stoppini R, Barbasso E, Peruccio C, Ratto A, Gallo G (2003). Cheratomicosi equina in Italia Settentrionale: 13 casi clinici (1998–2002). Ippologia, 4, 13–28.
- Walsh ML, Meason-Smith C, Arnold C, Suchodolski JS, ScottI EM (2021) Evaluation of the ocular surface mycobiota in clinically normal horses. Plos One, 16 (2), e0246537.
- Voelter-Ratson K, Unger L, Spiess BM, Simon A (2014). Evaluation of the conjunctival fungal flora and its susceptibility to antifungal agents in healthy horses in Switzerland. Vet Ophthalmol, 17 (1), 31-36.
- Zafarnaderi S, Araghi-Sooreh A (2017). Ocular fungal flora in healthy donkeys in Iran. Veterinary Journal of Equine Sciences, 1 (1), 1-6.
- Zak A, Siwinska N, Slowikowska M et al. (2018). Conjunctival aerobic bacterial flora in healthy Silesian foals and adult horses in Poland. BMC Veterinary Research, 14 (1), 261.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Veterinary Sciences (Other) |
| Journal Section | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | July 26, 2023 |
| Publication Date | July 29, 2023 |
| Submission Date | January 31, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | April 25, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 34 Issue: 2 |
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