Çürük Kontrolünde Minimal İnvaziv Bir Yaklaşım: Nano Silver Florür Uygulaması

Özge Bektaş

doi:10.54617/adoklinikbilimler.1220761

Derleme

A Minimally Invasive Approach to Caries Control: Nano Silver Fluoride Application

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 467 - 473, 25.09.2023

Özge Bektaş

https://doi.org/10.54617/adoklinikbilimler.1220761

Öz

As a common chronic disease, dental caries negatively affects oral health and quality of life,
especially in children. The control of dental caries with minimally invasive methods is based
on non-restorative, non-invasive techniques that effectively eliminate the progression of the
carious lesion and reduce the loss of healthy tooth structure. One of these strategies is the use
of caries arrest agents with antibacterial and remineralizing properties. The use of silver
diamine fluoride (SDF) successfully prevents both primary tooth caries and permanent tooth
root caries. Although SDF is an effective anti-caries agent, it has some disadvantages such as
gingival irritation, metallic taste and tooth discoloration. As an alternative agent, Nano Silver
Fluoride (NSF) is preferred because it has a clinical effect like SDF without causing tooth
discoloration. It has preventive and antibacterial activities comparable to SDF. It is also economical and safe for children and adults. This review aims to highlight the superior
properties of NSF as an alternative anti-caries agent to the discoloration disadvantage of SDF.

Anahtar Kelimeler

dental caries, minimally invasive approaches, nano silver fluoride

Kaynakça

1. Petersen P. E., Ogawa H. Prevention of dental caries through the use of fluoride– the WHO approach. Community dent health 2016;33(2):66-8.
2. Petersen P E. Priorities for research for oral health in the 21st century - The approach of the WHO global oral health programme. Community Dent. Health 2005;22(2):71–4.
3. Crystal Y, Niederman R. Silver diamine fluoride treatment considerations in children’s caries management brief communication and commentary. Pediatr Dent 2016;38(7):466–71.
4. Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, Ekstrand K, Weintraub JA, Ramos-Gomez F, et al. Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017;3:1-16.
5. Punyanirun K, Yospiboonwong T, Kunapinun T, Thanyasrisung P, Trairatvorakul C. Silver diamine fluoride remineralized artificial incipient caries in permanent teeth after bacterial pH-cycling in-vitro. Journal of Dentistry 2018;69:55-9.
6. Geddes DA. Acids produced by human dental plaque metabolism in situ. Caries Res 1975;9:98-109.
7. Silverstone LM. The structure of carious enamel, including the early lesion. Oral Sci Rev 1973;3:100-60.
8. Lamont RJ, Egland P G. Dental caries. Molecular Medical Microbiology, 2th ed. 2015, p.945–55.
9. ten Cate JM, Duijsters PP. Alternating demineralisation and remineralisation of artificial enamel lesions. Caries Res 1982;6:201-210.
10. Urquhart O, Tampi M P, Pilcher L, Slayton R L, Araujo M W B, Fontana M et al. Nonrestorative treatments for caries: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of Dental Research 2019;98(1):14–26.
11. Yan, I. G., Zheng, F. M., Gao, S. S., Duangthip, D., Lo, E. C. M., & Chu, C. H. (2022). Ion concentration of silver diamine fluoride solutions. International Dental Journal 2022;72(6):779-84.
12. Yan, I. G., Zheng, F. M., Gao, S. S., Duangthip, D., Lo, E. C. M., & Chu, C. H. (2022). Fluoride delivered via a topical application of 38% SDF and 5% NaF. International Dental Journal 2022;72(6):773-78.
13. Gao, S. S., Zhang, S., Mei, M. L., Lo, E. C. M., & Chu, C. H. (2016). Caries remineralisation and arresting effect in children by professionally applied fluoride treatment–a systematic review. BMC oral health 2016;16(1):1-9.
14. Gao, S. S., Zhao, I. S., Hiraishi, N., Duangthip, D., Mei, M. L., Lo, E. C. M., & Chu, C. H. (2016). Clinical trials of silver diamine fluoride in arresting caries among children: a systematic review. JDR Clinical & Translational Research 2016;1(3):201-10.
15. Yamaga R, Yokomizo I. Arrestment of caries of deciduous teeth with diamine silver fluoride. Dent Outlook. 1969;33:1007-13.
16. Yamaga R, Nishino M, Yoshida S, Yokomizo I. Diammine silver fluoride and its clinical application. J Osaka Univ Dent Sch. 1972;12:1-20.
17. Chibinski AC, Wambier LM, Feltrin J, at al. Silver diamine fluoride has efficacy in controlling caries progression in primary teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Caries Res. 2017;51(5):527-541.
18. Sato R, Saito Y. Clinical application of silver ammonia fluoride (Saforide) to children. Nippon Dental Review. 1970;332:66-67.
19. McDonald S. P., Sheiham A. A clinical comparison of non-traumatic methods of treating dental caries. Int Dent J. 1994;44(5):465-470.
20. Llodra J. C., Rodriguez A., Ferrer B., Menardia V., Ramos T., Morato M. Efficacy of silver diamine fluoride for caries reduction in primary teeth and first permanent molars of schoolchildren: 36-month clinical trial. J Dent Res. 2005;84(8):721-724.
21. Chu CH, Lo EC, Lin HC. Effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride and sodium fluoride varnish in arresting dentin caries in Chinese pre-school children. J Dent Res. 2002;81(11):767-70.
22. Yan, I. G., Zheng, F. M., Gao, S. S., Duangthip, D., Lo, E. C. M., & Chu, C. H. (2022). Effect of application time of 38% silver diamine fluoride solution on arresting early childhood caries in preschool children: a randomised double-blinded controlled trial protocol. Trials 2022:23(1):215.
23. Mei M. L., Ito L., Cao Y., Li Q. L., Lo E. C. M., Chu C. H. Inhibitory effect of silver diamine fluoride on dentine demineralisation and collagen degradation. Journal of Dentistry, 2013;41(9):809–17.
24. Mei M, Chu C, Low K, Che C, Lo E. Caries arresting effect of silver diamine fluoride on dentine carious lesion with s.mutans and l.acidophilus dual-species cariogenic biofilm. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013;18(6):824–31.
25. Shah S, Bhaskar V, Venkatraghavan K, Choudhary P, M. G, Trivedi K. Silver diamine fluoride: a review and current applications. J Adv Oral Res. 2014;5(1):25–35.
26. Mei ML, Li Q, Chu C, Lo EC, Samaranayake LP. Antibacterial effects of silver diamine fluoride on multi-species cariogenic biofilm on caries. Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials, 2013;12(1):1–7.
27. Punyanirun K, Yospiboonwong T, Kunapinun T, Thanyasrisung P, Trairatvorakul C. Silver diamine fluoride remineralized artificial incipient caries in permanent teeth after bacterial pH-cycling in-vitro. J Dent. 2018;69:55–9.
28. Zohra J, Vishnupriya V, Nighi A, Iffat N. Silver diamine fluoride-a potent caries arresting and preventing agent. Int J Pharm Res. 2021;13(02):313-20.
29. Sayed, M., Matsui, N., Hiraishi, N., Inoue, G., Nikaido, T., Burrow, M. F., & Tagami, J. (2019). Evaluation of discoloration of sound/demineralized root dentin with silver diamine fluoride: In-vitro study. Dental Materials Journal 2019:38(1):143-149.
30. Uçar Z., Akyıldız B. M. Çocuk diş hekimliğinde gümüş diamin florür kullanımı. Selcuk Dental Journal, 2022;9(2):652-61.
31. Roberts A, Bradley J, Merkley S, Pachal T, Gopal J V., Sharma D. Does potassium iodide application following silver diamine fluoride reduce staining of tooth? a systematic review. Aust Dent J. 2020;65(2):109–17.
32. Santos VE dos Jr, Vasconcelos Filho A, Targino AGR, Flores MAP, Galembeck A, Caldas AF Jr, et al. A new “silver-bullet” to treat caries in children--nano silver fluoride: a randomised clinical trial. J Dent 2014;42:945–51.
33. Patel J, Anthonappa RP, King NM. Evaluation of the staining potential of silver diamine fluoride: in vitro. Int J Paediatr Dent 2018;28:514-22.
34. Espíndola-Castro LF, Rosenblatt A, Galembeck A, Monteiro G. Dentin staining caused by nano-silver fluoride: a comparative study. Oper Dent 2020;45:435–41.
35. Yin IX, Zhao IS, Mei ML, Lo ECM, Tang J, Li Q, et al. Synthesis and characterization of fluoridated silver nanoparticles and their potential as a non-staining anti-caries agent. Int J Nanomedicine, 2020;15:3207–15.
36. Fernandez CC, Sokolonski AR, Fonseca MS, Stanisic D, Araújo DB, Azevedo V, et al. Applications of silver nanoparticles in dentistry: advances and technological innovation. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(5):1–21.
37. Shrivastava S, Bera T, Roy A, Singh G, Ramachandrarao P, Dash D. Characterization of enhanced antibacterial effects of novel silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology. 2007;18(22):3181–91.
38. Corrêa JM, Mori M, Sanches HL, da Cruz AD, Poiate E, Isis Andréa Venturini. Silver nanoparticles in dental biomaterials. Int J Biomater 2015;1:1-9.
39. Waikhom, N., Agarwal, N., Jabin, Z., Anand, A. Antimicrobial effectiveness of nano silver fluoride varnish in reducing streptococcus mutans in saliva and plaque biofilm when compared with chlorhexidine and sodium fluoride varnishes. J Clin and Exp Dent, 2022;14(4):321-8.
40. Ahmed F., Prashanth S., Sindhu K., Nayak A., Chaturvedi S. Antimicrobial efficacy of nanosilver and chitosan against streptococcus mutans, as an ingredient of toothpaste formulation: an in vitro study. J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent. 2019;37:46-54.
41. Gao S. S., Zhang S., Mei M. L., Lo E. C., Chu C. H.. Caries remineralisation and arresting effect in children by professionally applied fluoride treatment - a systematic review. BMC Oral Health 2016;16(1):12–9.
42. Tirupathi S, Nirmala SVSG, Rajasekhar S, Nuvvula S. Comparative cariostatic efficacy of a novel nano-silver fluoride varnish with 38 silver diamine fluoride varnish a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Clin Exp Dent. 2019;11(2):105–12.
43. Oliveira B. H., Rajendra A., Veitz-Keenan A., Niederman R. The effect of silver diamine fluoride in preventing caries in the primary dentition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Caries Res. 2019;53(1):24–32.
44. Nozari A., Ajami S., Rafiei A., Niazi E. Impact of nano hydroxyapatite, nano silver fluoride and sodium fluoride varnish on primary teeth enamel remineralization: an in vitro study. J. Clin. Diagn Res. 2017;11(9):97-100.
45. Nanda, K. J., & Naik, S. An in-vitro comparative evaluation of pre-treatment with nano-silver fluoride on inhibiting secondary caries at tooth restoration interface. Cureus 2020;12(5):7934.
46. Vieira Costa e Silva, A., Teixeira, J. A., Mota, C. C., Clayton Cabral Correia Lins, E., Correia de Melo Júnior, P., de Souza Lima, M. G., ... & Rosenblatt, A. (2018). In vitro morphological, optical and microbiological evaluation of nanosilver fluoride in the remineralization of deciduous teeth enamel. Nanotechnology Reviews 2018;7(6):509-20.
47. Zhao IS, Yin IX, Mei ML, Lo ECM, Tang J, Li Q et al. Remineralising dentine caries using sodium fluoride with silver nanoparticles: an in vitro study. Int J Nanomedicine 2020;15:2829–39.
48. Jiang, F., Hörber, H., Howard, J., & Müller, D. J. Assembly of collagen into microribbons: effects of pH and electrolytes. Journal of structural biology 2004;148(3): 268-78.
49. Mei, M. L., Ito, L., Cao, Y., Lo, E. C., Li, Q. L., & Chu, C. H. An ex vivo study of arrested primary teeth caries with silver diamine fluoride therapy. Journal of dentistry 2014;42(4):395-402.
50. Sayed M, Hiraishi N, Matin K, Abdou A, Burrow MF, Tagami J. Effect of silver-containing agents on the ultra-structural morphology of dentinal collagen. Dent Mater 2020;36(7):936–44.

Çürük Kontrolünde Minimal İnvaziv Bir Yaklaşım: Nano Silver Florür Uygulaması

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 467 - 473, 25.09.2023

Özge Bektaş

https://doi.org/10.54617/adoklinikbilimler.1220761

Öz

Diş çürüğü yaygın bir kronik hastalık olarak özellikle çocuklarda ağız sağlığını ve yaşam
kalitesini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Diş çürüğünün minimal girişimsel yöntemlerle kontrolü;
çürük lezyonunun ilerlemesini etkili bir şekilde ortadan kaldıran, sağlıklı diş yapısının kaybını
azaltan, restoratif ve invaziv olmayan tekniklere dayanır. Bu stratejilerden biri de
antibakteriyel ve remineralize edici özelliklere sahip çürük durdurucu ajanların
kullanılmasıdır. Silver diamin florür (SDF) kullanımı hem süt diş çürüklerini hem de kalıcı
dişlerdeki kök çürüklerini başarıyla engellemektedir. SDF etkili bir çürük önleyici ajan
olmasına rağmen diş eti irritasyonu, metalik tat ve diş renklenmesi gibi bazı dezavantajlara
sahiptir. Alternatif bir ajan olarak Nano Silver Florür (NSF), dişlerde renklenme oluşturmadan
SDF gibi klinik etki gösterdiği için tercih edilebilir. SDF ile karşılaştırılabilir önleyici ve
antibakteriyel aktivitelere sahiptir. Ayrıca çocuklarda ve yetişkinlerde ergonomik, ekonomik
ve güvenlidir. Bu derleme SDF'nin renklenme dezavantajına alternatif kullanılan çürük
önleyici ajan olan NSF'nin üstün özelliklerini vurgulamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

diş çürüğü, minimal invaziv yaklaşımlar, nano silver florür

Kaynakça

1. Petersen P. E., Ogawa H. Prevention of dental caries through the use of fluoride– the WHO approach. Community dent health 2016;33(2):66-8.
2. Petersen P E. Priorities for research for oral health in the 21st century - The approach of the WHO global oral health programme. Community Dent. Health 2005;22(2):71–4.
3. Crystal Y, Niederman R. Silver diamine fluoride treatment considerations in children’s caries management brief communication and commentary. Pediatr Dent 2016;38(7):466–71.
4. Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, Ekstrand K, Weintraub JA, Ramos-Gomez F, et al. Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2017;3:1-16.
5. Punyanirun K, Yospiboonwong T, Kunapinun T, Thanyasrisung P, Trairatvorakul C. Silver diamine fluoride remineralized artificial incipient caries in permanent teeth after bacterial pH-cycling in-vitro. Journal of Dentistry 2018;69:55-9.
6. Geddes DA. Acids produced by human dental plaque metabolism in situ. Caries Res 1975;9:98-109.
7. Silverstone LM. The structure of carious enamel, including the early lesion. Oral Sci Rev 1973;3:100-60.
8. Lamont RJ, Egland P G. Dental caries. Molecular Medical Microbiology, 2th ed. 2015, p.945–55.
9. ten Cate JM, Duijsters PP. Alternating demineralisation and remineralisation of artificial enamel lesions. Caries Res 1982;6:201-210.
10. Urquhart O, Tampi M P, Pilcher L, Slayton R L, Araujo M W B, Fontana M et al. Nonrestorative treatments for caries: systematic review and network meta-analysis. Journal of Dental Research 2019;98(1):14–26.
11. Yan, I. G., Zheng, F. M., Gao, S. S., Duangthip, D., Lo, E. C. M., & Chu, C. H. (2022). Ion concentration of silver diamine fluoride solutions. International Dental Journal 2022;72(6):779-84.
12. Yan, I. G., Zheng, F. M., Gao, S. S., Duangthip, D., Lo, E. C. M., & Chu, C. H. (2022). Fluoride delivered via a topical application of 38% SDF and 5% NaF. International Dental Journal 2022;72(6):773-78.
13. Gao, S. S., Zhang, S., Mei, M. L., Lo, E. C. M., & Chu, C. H. (2016). Caries remineralisation and arresting effect in children by professionally applied fluoride treatment–a systematic review. BMC oral health 2016;16(1):1-9.
14. Gao, S. S., Zhao, I. S., Hiraishi, N., Duangthip, D., Mei, M. L., Lo, E. C. M., & Chu, C. H. (2016). Clinical trials of silver diamine fluoride in arresting caries among children: a systematic review. JDR Clinical & Translational Research 2016;1(3):201-10.
15. Yamaga R, Yokomizo I. Arrestment of caries of deciduous teeth with diamine silver fluoride. Dent Outlook. 1969;33:1007-13.
16. Yamaga R, Nishino M, Yoshida S, Yokomizo I. Diammine silver fluoride and its clinical application. J Osaka Univ Dent Sch. 1972;12:1-20.
17. Chibinski AC, Wambier LM, Feltrin J, at al. Silver diamine fluoride has efficacy in controlling caries progression in primary teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Caries Res. 2017;51(5):527-541.
18. Sato R, Saito Y. Clinical application of silver ammonia fluoride (Saforide) to children. Nippon Dental Review. 1970;332:66-67.
19. McDonald S. P., Sheiham A. A clinical comparison of non-traumatic methods of treating dental caries. Int Dent J. 1994;44(5):465-470.
20. Llodra J. C., Rodriguez A., Ferrer B., Menardia V., Ramos T., Morato M. Efficacy of silver diamine fluoride for caries reduction in primary teeth and first permanent molars of schoolchildren: 36-month clinical trial. J Dent Res. 2005;84(8):721-724.
21. Chu CH, Lo EC, Lin HC. Effectiveness of silver diamine fluoride and sodium fluoride varnish in arresting dentin caries in Chinese pre-school children. J Dent Res. 2002;81(11):767-70.
22. Yan, I. G., Zheng, F. M., Gao, S. S., Duangthip, D., Lo, E. C. M., & Chu, C. H. (2022). Effect of application time of 38% silver diamine fluoride solution on arresting early childhood caries in preschool children: a randomised double-blinded controlled trial protocol. Trials 2022:23(1):215.
23. Mei M. L., Ito L., Cao Y., Li Q. L., Lo E. C. M., Chu C. H. Inhibitory effect of silver diamine fluoride on dentine demineralisation and collagen degradation. Journal of Dentistry, 2013;41(9):809–17.
24. Mei M, Chu C, Low K, Che C, Lo E. Caries arresting effect of silver diamine fluoride on dentine carious lesion with s.mutans and l.acidophilus dual-species cariogenic biofilm. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013;18(6):824–31.
25. Shah S, Bhaskar V, Venkatraghavan K, Choudhary P, M. G, Trivedi K. Silver diamine fluoride: a review and current applications. J Adv Oral Res. 2014;5(1):25–35.
26. Mei ML, Li Q, Chu C, Lo EC, Samaranayake LP. Antibacterial effects of silver diamine fluoride on multi-species cariogenic biofilm on caries. Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials, 2013;12(1):1–7.
27. Punyanirun K, Yospiboonwong T, Kunapinun T, Thanyasrisung P, Trairatvorakul C. Silver diamine fluoride remineralized artificial incipient caries in permanent teeth after bacterial pH-cycling in-vitro. J Dent. 2018;69:55–9.
28. Zohra J, Vishnupriya V, Nighi A, Iffat N. Silver diamine fluoride-a potent caries arresting and preventing agent. Int J Pharm Res. 2021;13(02):313-20.
29. Sayed, M., Matsui, N., Hiraishi, N., Inoue, G., Nikaido, T., Burrow, M. F., & Tagami, J. (2019). Evaluation of discoloration of sound/demineralized root dentin with silver diamine fluoride: In-vitro study. Dental Materials Journal 2019:38(1):143-149.
30. Uçar Z., Akyıldız B. M. Çocuk diş hekimliğinde gümüş diamin florür kullanımı. Selcuk Dental Journal, 2022;9(2):652-61.
31. Roberts A, Bradley J, Merkley S, Pachal T, Gopal J V., Sharma D. Does potassium iodide application following silver diamine fluoride reduce staining of tooth? a systematic review. Aust Dent J. 2020;65(2):109–17.
32. Santos VE dos Jr, Vasconcelos Filho A, Targino AGR, Flores MAP, Galembeck A, Caldas AF Jr, et al. A new “silver-bullet” to treat caries in children--nano silver fluoride: a randomised clinical trial. J Dent 2014;42:945–51.
33. Patel J, Anthonappa RP, King NM. Evaluation of the staining potential of silver diamine fluoride: in vitro. Int J Paediatr Dent 2018;28:514-22.
34. Espíndola-Castro LF, Rosenblatt A, Galembeck A, Monteiro G. Dentin staining caused by nano-silver fluoride: a comparative study. Oper Dent 2020;45:435–41.
35. Yin IX, Zhao IS, Mei ML, Lo ECM, Tang J, Li Q, et al. Synthesis and characterization of fluoridated silver nanoparticles and their potential as a non-staining anti-caries agent. Int J Nanomedicine, 2020;15:3207–15.
36. Fernandez CC, Sokolonski AR, Fonseca MS, Stanisic D, Araújo DB, Azevedo V, et al. Applications of silver nanoparticles in dentistry: advances and technological innovation. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(5):1–21.
37. Shrivastava S, Bera T, Roy A, Singh G, Ramachandrarao P, Dash D. Characterization of enhanced antibacterial effects of novel silver nanoparticles. Nanotechnology. 2007;18(22):3181–91.
38. Corrêa JM, Mori M, Sanches HL, da Cruz AD, Poiate E, Isis Andréa Venturini. Silver nanoparticles in dental biomaterials. Int J Biomater 2015;1:1-9.
39. Waikhom, N., Agarwal, N., Jabin, Z., Anand, A. Antimicrobial effectiveness of nano silver fluoride varnish in reducing streptococcus mutans in saliva and plaque biofilm when compared with chlorhexidine and sodium fluoride varnishes. J Clin and Exp Dent, 2022;14(4):321-8.
40. Ahmed F., Prashanth S., Sindhu K., Nayak A., Chaturvedi S. Antimicrobial efficacy of nanosilver and chitosan against streptococcus mutans, as an ingredient of toothpaste formulation: an in vitro study. J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent. 2019;37:46-54.
41. Gao S. S., Zhang S., Mei M. L., Lo E. C., Chu C. H.. Caries remineralisation and arresting effect in children by professionally applied fluoride treatment - a systematic review. BMC Oral Health 2016;16(1):12–9.
42. Tirupathi S, Nirmala SVSG, Rajasekhar S, Nuvvula S. Comparative cariostatic efficacy of a novel nano-silver fluoride varnish with 38 silver diamine fluoride varnish a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Clin Exp Dent. 2019;11(2):105–12.
43. Oliveira B. H., Rajendra A., Veitz-Keenan A., Niederman R. The effect of silver diamine fluoride in preventing caries in the primary dentition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Caries Res. 2019;53(1):24–32.
44. Nozari A., Ajami S., Rafiei A., Niazi E. Impact of nano hydroxyapatite, nano silver fluoride and sodium fluoride varnish on primary teeth enamel remineralization: an in vitro study. J. Clin. Diagn Res. 2017;11(9):97-100.
45. Nanda, K. J., & Naik, S. An in-vitro comparative evaluation of pre-treatment with nano-silver fluoride on inhibiting secondary caries at tooth restoration interface. Cureus 2020;12(5):7934.
46. Vieira Costa e Silva, A., Teixeira, J. A., Mota, C. C., Clayton Cabral Correia Lins, E., Correia de Melo Júnior, P., de Souza Lima, M. G., ... & Rosenblatt, A. (2018). In vitro morphological, optical and microbiological evaluation of nanosilver fluoride in the remineralization of deciduous teeth enamel. Nanotechnology Reviews 2018;7(6):509-20.
47. Zhao IS, Yin IX, Mei ML, Lo ECM, Tang J, Li Q et al. Remineralising dentine caries using sodium fluoride with silver nanoparticles: an in vitro study. Int J Nanomedicine 2020;15:2829–39.
48. Jiang, F., Hörber, H., Howard, J., & Müller, D. J. Assembly of collagen into microribbons: effects of pH and electrolytes. Journal of structural biology 2004;148(3): 268-78.
49. Mei, M. L., Ito, L., Cao, Y., Lo, E. C., Li, Q. L., & Chu, C. H. An ex vivo study of arrested primary teeth caries with silver diamine fluoride therapy. Journal of dentistry 2014;42(4):395-402.
50. Sayed M, Hiraishi N, Matin K, Abdou A, Burrow MF, Tagami J. Effect of silver-containing agents on the ultra-structural morphology of dentinal collagen. Dent Mater 2020;36(7):936–44.

Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Diş Hekimliği
Bölüm	Derleme
Yazarlar	Özge Bektaş 0000-0002-6157-2534
Yayımlanma Tarihi	25 Eylül 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi	1 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver	Bektaş Ö. Çürük Kontrolünde Minimal İnvaziv Bir Yaklaşım: Nano Silver Florür Uygulaması. ADO Klinik Bilimler Dergisi. 2023;12(3):467-73.

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