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COVID-19 Pandemic and Nursing Approaches in Fragile Elderly

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 84 - 91, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.46971/ausbid.799374

Öz

Coronaviruses, a large group of large, diverse single-chain RNA viruses that cause disease in humans and animals, are the cause of unidentified cases of pneumonia in China in December 2019. This respiratory infection, which was identified as COVID-19 by 2020, has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization worldwide. The number of cases and those who lost their lives due to the disease increases day by day, reaching serious dimensions for all humanity. The mortality rate is higher than other age groups, especially for the elderly and those with chronic disease. To be 9.1% of the elderly population ratio in Turkey shows that countries has a big risk in this regard. Another group that is riskier in terms of COVID-19 than other populations is the fragile elderly. Fragile older people show features that are dependent on someone else in maintaining daily life activities, have low mobility, and characterized by weakness. For this reason, it is important to protect the fragile elderly population from COVID-19 and to establish correct planning and practices for diagnosis and post-treatment rehabilitation as soon as possible. The purpose of writing this review is to identify nursing interventions for the effects of COVID-19 in elderly people with fragility criteria and to contribute to the literature in this regard.

Kaynakça

  • Abbatecola, A., & Antonelli-Incalzi, R. (2020). COVID-19 Spiraling of Frailty in Older Italian Patients. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 1. Volume 24, Number http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1357-9
  • Bandeen-Roche, K., Seplaki, C. L., Huang, J., Buta, B., Kalyani, R. R., Varadhan, R. et al. (2015). Frailty in Older Adults: A Nationally Representative Profile in the United States. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 70(11), 1427-1434. doi:10.1093/gerona/glv133
  • Bilotta, C., Bowling, A., Case, A., Nicolini, P., Mauri, S., Castelli, M., & Vergani, C. (2010). Dimensions and correlates of quality of life according to frailty status: a cross-sectional study on community-dwelling older adults referred to an outpatient geriatric service in Italy. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 8(1), 56. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-8-56
  • Brooke, J., & Jackson, D. (2020). Older people and COVID‐19: Isolation, risk and ageism. Journal of clinical nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15274 Campbell, A. J., & Buchner, D. M. (1997). Unstable disability and the fluctuations of frailty. Age Ageing, 26(4), 315-318. doi:10.1093/ageing/26.4.315
  • Chan, J. F., Yuan, S., Kok, K. H., To, K. K., Chu, H., Yang, J., et al. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet, 395(10223), 514-523. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9
  • Chen, X., Hu, W., Ling, J., Mo, P., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Q., et al. (2020). Hypertension and diabetes delay the viral clearance in COVID-19 patients. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040774
  • Control, C. f. D., & Prevention. (2019). Novel coronavirus, Wuhan. China. Information for Healthcare Professionals. https://www. cdc. gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/hcp/index. html (Accessed on February 14, 2020).
  • Control, C. f. D., & Prevention. (2020). National diabetes statistics report, 2020. Retrieved from
  • Eyigor, S., Kutsal, Y. G., Duran, E., Huner, B., Paker, N., Durmus, B., et al. (2015). Turkish Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Rehabilitation Working Group Frailty prevalence and related factors in the older adult—FrailTURK Project. Age, 37(3), 9791.
  • Fried, L. P., Tangen, C. M., Walston, J., Newman, A. B., Hirsch, C., Gottdiener, J., et al. (2001). Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(3), M146-M157. doi:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146
  • Käll, A., Jägholm, S., Hesser, H., Andersson, F., Mathaldi, A., Norkvist, B. T., et al. (2020). Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for loneliness: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Behavior therapy, 51(1), 54-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2019.05.001
  • Kapucu, S., & Ünver, G. (2017). Kırılgan Yaşlı ve Hemşirelik Bakımı/Fragile Elderly and Nursing Care. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi, 39(1), 122-129. https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.288967
  • Kulcsar, K. A., Coleman, C. M., Beck, S. E., & Frieman, M. B. (2019). Comorbid diabetes results in immune dysregulation and enhanced disease severity following MERS-CoV infection. JCI insight, 4(20). doi:10.1172/jci.insight.131774
  • Kwok, K. O., Li, K. K., Chan, H. H., Yi, Y. Y., Tang, A., Wei, W. I., et al. (2020). Community responses during the early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic in Hong Kong: risk perception, information exposure and preventive measures. medRxiv. doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200500
  • Landi, F., Barillaro, C., Bellieni, A., Brandi, V., Carfì, A., D’Angelo, M., et al. (2020). The new challenge of geriatrics: saving frail older people from the Sars-COV-2 pandemic infection. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1356-x
  • Lippi, G., & Henry, B. M. (2020). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Respiratory Medicine. DOI:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rmed.2020.105941
  • Liu, K., Chen, Y., Lin, R., & Han, K. (2020). Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: A comparison with young and middle-aged patients. Journal of Infection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005
  • Mello, A. d. C., Engstrom, E. M., & Alves, L. C. (2014). Health-related and sociodemographic factors associated with frailty in the elderly:a systematic literature review. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 30(6), 1143-1168. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00148213
  • Michel, J.-P., & Walston, J. D. (2018). Oxford textbook of geriatric medicine. In (pp. 430-435): Oxford University Press.
  • Mulasso, A., Roppolo, M., Giannotta, F., & Rabaglietti, E. (2016). Associations of frailty and psychosocial factors with autonomy in daily activities: a cross-sectional study in Italian community-dwelling older adults. Clinical interventions in aging, 11, 37. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S95162
  • Muniyappa, R., & Gubbi, S. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic, Corona Viruses, and Diabetes Mellitus. In: American Physiological Society Rockville, MD.
  • Onder, G., Rezza, G., & Brusaferro, S. (2020). Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. Jama. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4683
  • Organization, W. H. (2020a). Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance. In Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: Interim guidance (pp. 21-21).
  • Organization, W. H. (2020b). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation report, 28.
  • Phelan, A. L., Katz, R., & Gostin, L. O. (2020). The Novel Coronavirus Originating in Wuhan, China: Challenges for Global Health Governance. Jama. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1097
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı, T. S. (2020a). COVİD-19 (Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı) Nedir? Retrieved from https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/covid-19-yeni-koronavirus-hastaligi-nedir.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı, T. S. (2020b). Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı. Retrieved from https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/.
  • Santini, Z. I., Jose, P. E., Cornwell, E. Y., Koyanagi, A., Nielsen, L., Hinrichsen, C., et al. (2020). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among older Americans (NSHAP): a longitudinal mediation analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 5(1), e62-e70.
  • Scherbov, S., Andruchowitz, S., & Sanderson, W. (2018). Aging demographic data sheet 2018.
  • Sun, K., Chen, J., & Viboud, C. (2020). Early epidemiological analysis of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak based on crowdsourced data: a population-level observational study. Lancet Digit Health, 2(4), e201-e208. doi:10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30026-1
  • TUİK. (2020). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/.
  • Varan, H., Kılıç, M., Kızılarslanoğlu, M., Tuna Doğrul, R., Arık, G., Sümer, F. ve arkadaşları (2016). Geriatri Polikliniğine Başvuran Hastalarda Kırılganlık Prevalansı ve İlişkili Faktörlerin İncelenmesi. 9. Akademik Geriatri Kongresi, 13-17, Antalya.
  • Victor, C. R., & Bowling, A. (2012). A longitudinal analysis of loneliness among older people in Great Britain. The Journal of psychology, 146(3), 313-331.
  • Wang, C., Horby, P. W., Hayden, F. G., Gao, G. F. (2020). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet, 395(10223), 470-473. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9
  • Xie, J., Tong, Z., Guan, X., Du, B., Qiu, H., & Slutsky, A. S. (2020). Critical care crisis and some recommendations during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Intensive care medicine, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-05979-7
  • Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., et al. (2020). Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 395(10229), 1054-1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3

COVID-19 Pandemisi ve Kırılgan Yaşlılarda Hemşirelik Yaklaşımları

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 84 - 91, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.46971/ausbid.799374

Öz

İnsanlarda ve hayvanlarda hastalığa neden olabilecek, büyük çok çeşitli tek zincirli RNA virüslerinin büyük bir grubu olan koronavirüsler, Aralık 2019 ile birlikte Çin’de tanımlanamayan pnömoni vakalarının sebebi olarak gündeme gelmiştir. 2020 yılı ile birlikte COVİD-19 olarak tanımlanmış olan bu solunum yolu enfeksiyonu, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından tüm dünyada pandemi ilan edilmiştir. Vakaların ve hastalığa bağlı hayatını kaybedenlerin sayısı her geçen gün daha da artarak bütün insanlık için ciddi boyutlara ulaşmaktadır. Özellikle yaşlı ve kronik hastalığı olanlar için mortalite oranı diğer yaş gruplarına göre oldukça yüksektir. Türkiye’nin yaşlı nüfus oranının %9,1 olması, bu konuda risk altında olduğunu göstermektedir. Günlük yaşam aktivitelerinin sürdürülmesi konusunda bağımlı, hareket etme kabiliyeti daha düşük, halsizlik ve kuvvetsizlikle karakterize bir grup olan kırılgan yaşlı popülasyonu, COVİD-19 konusunda diğer gruplardan daha riskli ve bir gruptur. Bu nedenle kırılgan yaşlı popülasyonunun COVİD-19’dan korunması, tanı ve tedavi sonrası rehabilitasyonuna yönelik doğru planlama ve uygulamaların en kısa zamanda oluşturulması oldukça önemlidir. Bu derlemenin yazılmasındaki amaç, kırılganlık kriterlerine sahip yaşlılarda COVİD-19’un etkilerine yönelik hemşirelik müdahalelerini tanımlamak ve literatüre bu konuda katkı sağlamaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Abbatecola, A., & Antonelli-Incalzi, R. (2020). COVID-19 Spiraling of Frailty in Older Italian Patients. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 1. Volume 24, Number http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1357-9
  • Bandeen-Roche, K., Seplaki, C. L., Huang, J., Buta, B., Kalyani, R. R., Varadhan, R. et al. (2015). Frailty in Older Adults: A Nationally Representative Profile in the United States. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 70(11), 1427-1434. doi:10.1093/gerona/glv133
  • Bilotta, C., Bowling, A., Case, A., Nicolini, P., Mauri, S., Castelli, M., & Vergani, C. (2010). Dimensions and correlates of quality of life according to frailty status: a cross-sectional study on community-dwelling older adults referred to an outpatient geriatric service in Italy. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 8(1), 56. doi:10.1186/1477-7525-8-56
  • Brooke, J., & Jackson, D. (2020). Older people and COVID‐19: Isolation, risk and ageism. Journal of clinical nursing. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15274 Campbell, A. J., & Buchner, D. M. (1997). Unstable disability and the fluctuations of frailty. Age Ageing, 26(4), 315-318. doi:10.1093/ageing/26.4.315
  • Chan, J. F., Yuan, S., Kok, K. H., To, K. K., Chu, H., Yang, J., et al. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet, 395(10223), 514-523. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9
  • Chen, X., Hu, W., Ling, J., Mo, P., Zhang, Y., Jiang, Q., et al. (2020). Hypertension and diabetes delay the viral clearance in COVID-19 patients. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.22.20040774
  • Control, C. f. D., & Prevention. (2019). Novel coronavirus, Wuhan. China. Information for Healthcare Professionals. https://www. cdc. gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/hcp/index. html (Accessed on February 14, 2020).
  • Control, C. f. D., & Prevention. (2020). National diabetes statistics report, 2020. Retrieved from
  • Eyigor, S., Kutsal, Y. G., Duran, E., Huner, B., Paker, N., Durmus, B., et al. (2015). Turkish Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Rehabilitation Working Group Frailty prevalence and related factors in the older adult—FrailTURK Project. Age, 37(3), 9791.
  • Fried, L. P., Tangen, C. M., Walston, J., Newman, A. B., Hirsch, C., Gottdiener, J., et al. (2001). Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(3), M146-M157. doi:10.1093/gerona/56.3.m146
  • Käll, A., Jägholm, S., Hesser, H., Andersson, F., Mathaldi, A., Norkvist, B. T., et al. (2020). Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for loneliness: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Behavior therapy, 51(1), 54-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2019.05.001
  • Kapucu, S., & Ünver, G. (2017). Kırılgan Yaşlı ve Hemşirelik Bakımı/Fragile Elderly and Nursing Care. Osmangazi Tıp Dergisi, 39(1), 122-129. https://doi.org/10.20515/otd.288967
  • Kulcsar, K. A., Coleman, C. M., Beck, S. E., & Frieman, M. B. (2019). Comorbid diabetes results in immune dysregulation and enhanced disease severity following MERS-CoV infection. JCI insight, 4(20). doi:10.1172/jci.insight.131774
  • Kwok, K. O., Li, K. K., Chan, H. H., Yi, Y. Y., Tang, A., Wei, W. I., et al. (2020). Community responses during the early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic in Hong Kong: risk perception, information exposure and preventive measures. medRxiv. doi: 10.3201/eid2607.200500
  • Landi, F., Barillaro, C., Bellieni, A., Brandi, V., Carfì, A., D’Angelo, M., et al. (2020). The new challenge of geriatrics: saving frail older people from the Sars-COV-2 pandemic infection. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12603-020-1356-x
  • Lippi, G., & Henry, B. M. (2020). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Respiratory Medicine. DOI:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rmed.2020.105941
  • Liu, K., Chen, Y., Lin, R., & Han, K. (2020). Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: A comparison with young and middle-aged patients. Journal of Infection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.005
  • Mello, A. d. C., Engstrom, E. M., & Alves, L. C. (2014). Health-related and sociodemographic factors associated with frailty in the elderly:a systematic literature review. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, 30(6), 1143-1168. https://doi.org/10.1590/0102-311X00148213
  • Michel, J.-P., & Walston, J. D. (2018). Oxford textbook of geriatric medicine. In (pp. 430-435): Oxford University Press.
  • Mulasso, A., Roppolo, M., Giannotta, F., & Rabaglietti, E. (2016). Associations of frailty and psychosocial factors with autonomy in daily activities: a cross-sectional study in Italian community-dwelling older adults. Clinical interventions in aging, 11, 37. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S95162
  • Muniyappa, R., & Gubbi, S. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic, Corona Viruses, and Diabetes Mellitus. In: American Physiological Society Rockville, MD.
  • Onder, G., Rezza, G., & Brusaferro, S. (2020). Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. Jama. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4683
  • Organization, W. H. (2020a). Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance. In Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection is suspected: Interim guidance (pp. 21-21).
  • Organization, W. H. (2020b). Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation report, 28.
  • Phelan, A. L., Katz, R., & Gostin, L. O. (2020). The Novel Coronavirus Originating in Wuhan, China: Challenges for Global Health Governance. Jama. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1097
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı, T. S. (2020a). COVİD-19 (Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı) Nedir? Retrieved from https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/covid-19-yeni-koronavirus-hastaligi-nedir.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı, T. S. (2020b). Yeni Koronavirüs Hastalığı. Retrieved from https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/.
  • Santini, Z. I., Jose, P. E., Cornwell, E. Y., Koyanagi, A., Nielsen, L., Hinrichsen, C., et al. (2020). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among older Americans (NSHAP): a longitudinal mediation analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 5(1), e62-e70.
  • Scherbov, S., Andruchowitz, S., & Sanderson, W. (2018). Aging demographic data sheet 2018.
  • Sun, K., Chen, J., & Viboud, C. (2020). Early epidemiological analysis of the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak based on crowdsourced data: a population-level observational study. Lancet Digit Health, 2(4), e201-e208. doi:10.1016/S2589-7500(20)30026-1
  • TUİK. (2020). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/.
  • Varan, H., Kılıç, M., Kızılarslanoğlu, M., Tuna Doğrul, R., Arık, G., Sümer, F. ve arkadaşları (2016). Geriatri Polikliniğine Başvuran Hastalarda Kırılganlık Prevalansı ve İlişkili Faktörlerin İncelenmesi. 9. Akademik Geriatri Kongresi, 13-17, Antalya.
  • Victor, C. R., & Bowling, A. (2012). A longitudinal analysis of loneliness among older people in Great Britain. The Journal of psychology, 146(3), 313-331.
  • Wang, C., Horby, P. W., Hayden, F. G., Gao, G. F. (2020). A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet, 395(10223), 470-473. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9
  • Xie, J., Tong, Z., Guan, X., Du, B., Qiu, H., & Slutsky, A. S. (2020). Critical care crisis and some recommendations during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Intensive care medicine, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-05979-7
  • Zhou, F., Yu, T., Du, R., Fan, G., Liu, Y., Liu, Z., et al. (2020). Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 395(10229), 1054-1062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme Makaleler
Yazarlar

Betül Çakmak 0000-0002-8122-2101

Bahar İnkaya 0000-0002-9151-6795

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çakmak, B., & İnkaya, B. (2021). COVID-19 Pandemisi ve Kırılgan Yaşlılarda Hemşirelik Yaklaşımları. Ankara Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(1), 84-91. https://doi.org/10.46971/ausbid.799374