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Moringa Ağacı (Moringa oleifera Lam.): Biyolojik Özellikleri, Kültürü ve Tıbbi Faydaları

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 56 - 75, 31.08.2021

Öz

Son yıllarda dünya nüfusunun artışı ile birlikte, insanların gıda ve sağlık ihtiyaçlarında da yükseliş ve değişiklik görülmektedir. Buna paralel olarak, toplumun bilinçlenmesi sonucu doğal ve sağlıklı ürünlerin tüketimine yönelik rağbet artmıştır. Uzun geçmişe sahip olan Moringa Ağacı [Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae)], tüm kısımlarında (kök, gövde, dal, kabuk, yaprak, çiçek, legümen ve tohum) içerdiği sekonder metabolitleri, besin değeri, tarımsal ve endüstriyel özellikleri nedeniyle ilgi çekerek geniş çapta kullanılmaktadır. Orta büyüklükte olan Moringa Ağacı, Güney Asya kökenlidir, ancak günümüzde sub-tropikal ve tropikal iklim koşullarına sahip ülkelerde de yayılmıştır. Ayrıca, bu ağacın orta derecede kuraklık ve hafif don olaylarına dayanıklılığı ile birlikte düşük bakım maliyeti de yayılışında etkili olmuştur. Moringa Ağacı proteinler, lipitler, karbonhidratlar, vitaminler, amino asitler ve iz mineraller gibi 90'dan fazla besin maddesi içerir. Moringa Ağacı içerdiği etken maddeleri sayesinde anti-oksidan, anti-enflamatuar, immünomodülatör, anti-kanser, hipoglisemik, hipolipidemik, hepato ve böbrek protektifi gibi aktivitelere sahiptir ve sağlık alanında birçok araştırmaya konu olmaktadır. Bu derlemede Moringa Ağacı'nın botanik, biyolojik, ekolojik, tarımsal, yetiştiricilik, besin değeri, tıbbi etkileri ve farklı kullanım alanları hakkında bilgi verilmesi hedeflenilmiştir. Sunulan bu bilgiler ışığında Moringa Ağacı gıda, sağlık ve diğer endüstrilerdeki ileri uygulamalar için bir temel oluşturabilir.

Kaynakça

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Miracle Tree (Moringa oleifera): Biological Characteristics, Cultivation and Medicinal Benefits

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 56 - 75, 31.08.2021

Öz

Due to the enhance in the world's population in recent years, human food and health needs are increasing and changing inevitability. Concurrently, as a result of community awareness, the desire to consume natural and healthy products has increased. Moringa Tree [Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae)], which has an ancient history, is widely used in all parts (root, stem, branch, shell, leaf, flower, legume and seed) due to its secondary metabolites, nutritional values, agricultural and industrial properties. The medium-sized Moringa Tree is South Asian origin, but today it has also spread in countries with sub-tropical and tropical climatic conditions. Besides, low management costs, tolerance to moderate to severe drought stress and mild frost have spread the cultivation area of this plant. The various Moringa Tree parts contain more than 90 nutrients such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, amino acids and micro minerals. According to its bioactive ingredients, Moringa Tree has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, hepato- renal protective activities. In consequence, shedding light on the specifications of this plant has been the subject of numerous studies in the field of health. In this review, a comprehensive overview is provided on botanical, biological, ecological, cultivation, nutritional values, medicinal effects, and other Moringa Tree applications. The presented information can be used to further apply Moringa Tree in food, pharmaceutical, and other industries.

Kaynakça

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  • Marwah, R.G., Fatope, M.O., Al-Mahrooqi, R., Varma, G.B., Al-Abadi, H. & Al-Burtamani, S.K.S. (2007). Antioxidant capacity of some edible and wound healing plants in Oman. Food Chemistry 101 (2): 465-470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.001
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  • Nair, A.G.R. & Subramanian, S.S. (1962). Pigments of the flowers of Moringa pterygosperma. Current Science 31: 55-56.
  • Nambiar, V. & Seshadri, S. (2001). Bioavailability Trials of Beta-Carotene From Fresh and Dehydrated Drumstick Leaves (Moringa Oleifera) in a Rat Model. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 56 (1): 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008132503972
  • Nautiyal, B.P. & Venhataraman, K.G. (1987). Moringa (Drumstick) - an ideal tree for social forestry. My forest 23, 53-58.
  • Ndabigengeser, A. & Narasiah, K.S. (1998). Use of Moringa oleifera seeds as a primary coagulant in waste water treatment. Environmental Technology 19 (8): 789-800.
  • Nouman, W., Basra, S.M.A., Siddiqui, M.T., Yasmeen, A., Gull, T. & Alcayde, M.A.C. (2014). Potential of Moringa oleifera L. as livestock fodder crop: A review. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 38 (1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1211-66
  • Oguntibeju, O.O., Aboua, G.Y., & Omodanisi, E.I. (2020). Effects of Moringa oleifera on oxidative stress, apoptotic and inflammatory biomarkers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic animal model. South African Journal of Botany 129: 354-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.039
  • Olson, M.E. (2002). Combining data from DNA sequences and morphology for a phylogeny of Moringaceae (Brassicales). Systematic Botany 27 (1): 55-73. https://doi.org/10.1043/0363-6445-27.1.55
  • Padayachee, B. & Baijnath, H. (2020). An updated comprehensive review of the medicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Moringa oleifera. South African Journal of Botany 129: 304-316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.08.021
  • Padmarao, P., Acharya, B.M. & Dennis, T.J. (1996). Pharmacognostic study on stembark of Moringa oleifera Lam. Bulletin of Medico-Ethno-Botanical Research, 17: 141-151.
  • Palada, M.C. & Chang, L.C. (2003). Suggested cultural practices for Moringa. International Cooperators Guide. March. AVRDC Pub. 03-545.
  • Palada, M.C. (1996). Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.): A versatile tree crop with horticultural potential in the subtropical United States. HortScience 31 (5): 794-797. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.31.5.794
  • Paliwal, R., Sharma, V. & Pracheta. (2011). A review on horse radish tree (Moringa oleifera): A multipurpose tree with high economic and commercial importance. Asian Journal of Biotechnology 3 (4): 317-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajbkr.2011.317.328
  • Ponnuswami, V. (2019). Advances in Production of Moringa, All India Co-ordinated Research Project- Vegetable Crops. Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu. pp. 604-625.
  • Popoola, J.O, Oluyisola, B. & Obembe, O. (2014). Genetic diversity in Moringa oleifera from Nigeria using fruit morpho-metric characters and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Covenant Journal of Physical and Life Sciences 1 (2): 43-60.
  • Popoola, J.O. & Obembe, O.O. (2013). Local knowledge, use pattern and geographical distribution of Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) in Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 150 (2): 682-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.043
  • Proyecto Biomasa. (1996). Internal Report, UNI Managua.
  • Qaiser, M. (1973). Moringaceae. In: Nasir, E., Ali, S. I., Flora of West Pakistan, No. 38; Eds.; Department of Botany, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan, pp. 1-4.
  • Radovich, T. (2009). Farm and forestry production and marketing profile for Moringa (Moringa oleifera). In: Specialty Crops for Pacific Island Agroforestry (Elevitch, C.R. ed.). Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Holualoa, Hawaii 22-40.
  • Ramachandran, C.N., Peter, K.V. & Gopalakrishnan, P.N. (1980). Drumstick (Moringa oleifera): A multipurpose lndian vegetable. Economic Botany 34 (3): 276-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02858648
  • Richter, N., Siddhuraju, P. & Becker, K. (2003). Evaluation of nutritional quality of Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) leaves as an alternative protein source for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). Aquaculture 217 (1): 599-611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00497-0
  • Ross, I.A. (1999). Medicinal plants of the world; chemical constituents, traditional and modern medicinal uses. Humana Press. Totowa, New Jersey. pp. 231-239.
  • Roy, S.K., Chandra, K., Ghosh, K., Mondal, S. & Maiti, D. (2007). Structural investigation of a heteropolysaccharide isolated from the pods (fruits) of Moringa oleifera (Sajina). Carbohydrate Research 342, 2380-2389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2007.07.020
  • Ruckmani, K., Kavimani, S., Anandan, R. & Jaykar, B. 1998. Effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. on paracetamol-induced hepatoxicity. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 60 (1): 33-35.
  • Saini, R.K., Saad, K.R. & Ravishankar, G.A. (2013). Genetic diversity of commercially grown Moringa oleifera Lam. cultivars from India by RAPD, ISSR and cytochrome P450-based markers. Plant Systematics and Evolution 299 (7): 1205-1213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-013-0789-7
  • Saint Sauveur, A. & Broin, M. (2010). Growing and processing Moringa leaves. Published by CDE CTA. Moringa Association of Ghana. http://www.moringanews.org/documents/moringawebEN.pdf
  • Sánchez, N.R., Ledin, S. & Ledin, I. (2006a). Biomass production and chemical composition of Moringa oleifera under different management regimes in Nicaragua. Agroforestry Systems 66 (3): 231-242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-005-8847-y
  • Sánchez, N.R., Spörndly, E. & Ledin, I. (2006b). Effect of feeding different levels of foliage of Moringa oleifera to creole dairy cows on intake, digestibility, milk production and composition. Livestock Science 101 (1-3): 24-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.09.010
  • Sanchez-Machado, D.I., Lopez, C.J. & Vázquez, N.J.R. (2006). High-performance liquid chromatography method to measure alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in leaves, flowers and fresh beans from Moringa oleifera. Journal of Chromatography A, 1105 (1-2): 111-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.07.048
  • Shahzad, U., Jaskani, M.J. & Khan, A. (2013). Genetic diversity and population structure of Moringa oleifera. Conservation Genetics 14 (6): 1161-1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10592-013-0503-x
  • Sharma, P., Kumari, P., Srivastava, M.M. & Srivastava, S. (2006). Removal of cadmium from aqueous system by shelled Moringa oleifera Lam. seed powder. Bioresource Technology 97 (2): 299-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.02.034
  • Shehata, S., Badr, S., & Wahba, S. (2002). Drinking water treatment options for eliminating freshwater algae. International Journal of Environmental Studies 59 (6): 679-688. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207230214397
  • Siddhuraju, P. & Becker, K. (2003). Antioxidant properties of various solvent extracts of total phenolic constituents from three different agro-climatic origins of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51 (8): 2144-2155. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020444+
  • Soliva, C.R., Kreuzer, M., Foidl, N., Foidl, G., Machmüller, A. & Hess, H.D. (2005). Feeding value of whole and extracted Moringa oleifera leaves for ruminants and their effects on ruminal fermentation in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology 118 (1/2): 47-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.10.005
  • Srivastava, M. Dhakad, P.K. & Srivastava, B. (2020). A Review on medicinal constituents and therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera. Universal Journal of Plant Science 8 (2): 22-33. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujps.2020.080202
  • Subadra, S., Jain, M. & Dhabhai, D. (2009). Retention and storage stability of beta-carotene in dehydrated drumstick leaves (Moringa oleifera). International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 48 (6): 373-379. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637489709028585
  • Suthanthirapandian, I.R., Sambandamurthy, S. & Irulappan I. (1989). Variations in seedling populations of annual Moringa (Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn.). South Indian Horticulture 37 (5): 301-302.
  • Thapa, K., Poudel, M. & Adhikari, P. (2019). Moringa oleifera: A review article on nutritional properties and its prospect in the context of Nepal. Acta Scientific Agriculture 3 (11): 47-54. https://doi.org/10.31080/ASAG.2019.03.0683
  • Tsaknis, J, Lalas, S., Gergis, V., Dourtoglou, V. & Spilitois V. (1999). Characterization of Moringa oleifera variety Mbololo seed oil of Kenya. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 47 (11): 4495-4499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf9904214
  • Verdcourt, B. (1985). A Synopsis of the Moringaceae. Kew Bull 40 (1): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.2307/4108470
  • Vijayakumar, R.M. (2000). Studies on influence of months of sowing and growth regulation on annual Moringa (Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn.). Ph.D Thesis. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. 112 P.
  • Villasenor, I.M. (1994). Bioactive metabolites from Moringa oleifera Lam. Kimika 10 (1): 47-52. https://doi.org/10.26534/kimika.v10i1.47-52
  • Yang, R.Y., Tsou, S.C.S., Lee, T.C., Chang, L.C. Kuo G. & Lai. P.Y. (2006). Moringa, a novel plant rich in antioxidants, bioavailable iron, and nutrients. In: Wang, M., Sang, S., Hwang, L.S. and Ho, C.T. Eds. Herbs: Challenges in Chemistry and Biology. American Chemical Society, ACS Symposium Series 925: 224-239. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2006-0925.ch017
  • Zaku, S.G., Emmanuel, S., Tukur, A.A. & Kabir, A. 2015. Moringa oleifera: An underutilized tree in Nigeria with amazing versatility: A review. African Journal of Food Science 9 (9): 456-461. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2015.1346
Toplam 121 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji , Koruma ve Biyolojik Çeşitlilik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nurullah Okumuş 0000-0001-6082-0818

Amir Soltanbeigi 0000-0002-8791-0482

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Okumuş, N., & Soltanbeigi, A. (2021). Moringa Ağacı (Moringa oleifera Lam.): Biyolojik Özellikleri, Kültürü ve Tıbbi Faydaları. Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi, 8(2), 56-75. https://doi.org/10.35163/bagbahce.810760