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COVID-19 Pnömonisi ile Yoğun Bakıma Yatan Hastalarda Yüksek Akışlı Nazal Oksijen Tedavisinin Etkinliğinin Retrospektif Olarak Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 152 - 162, 01.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1175991

Öz

COVID-19 pnömonisi nedeniyle yoğun bakım ünitesine (YBÜ) yatırılan hastalar yüksek oranda oksijene ihtiyaç duyarlar. Gelişen kanıtlar ışığında hastalarda, invaziv mekanik ventilasyon (IMV) yerine non-invaziv oksijenasyon stratejileri çok büyük öneme sahip olmuştur. Yüksek akışlı nazal oksijen (High Flow Nasal Oxygen (HFNO)) tedavisi bu yöntemlerden birisidir. HFNO tedavisinin mortaliteyi azalttığına dair literatürde çalışmalar mevcuttur. Çalışmamızda COVID-19 pnömonisine bağlı akut solunum yetmezliğinde HFNO tedavisinin etkinliğini ve sonuçlarını değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Çalışmaya COVID-19 pnömonisi nedeniyle YBÜ’ne kabul edilen, periferik oksijen saturasyonu (SpO2) <%92 olan ve HFNO başlanan 23 hasta dahil edildi. Hastaların yaş, cinsiyet, Akut Fizyoloji ve Kronik Sağlık Değerlendirmesi (APACHE) ІІ skorları, ek hastalık varlığı, HFNO verilme süresi ve bu süreçteki hemodinamik parametreleri, laboratuvar sonuçları, PaO2/FiO2 oranı, solunum hızı oksijenasyonu (Respiratory Rate Oxygenation (ROX)) indeksi, YBÜ’de kalış süresi, mortalitesi, non-invaziv mekanik ventilasyon (NIMV) ve IMV’ye geçme süresi kaydedildi. HFNO tedavisi sürecinde; servise çıkan ve YBÜ’de exitus olan hastalar, demografik veriler ve solunum parametreleri açısından değerlendirildi. Hastaların %69,6’sında ek hastalık olup en çok hipertansiyon bulunmaktaydı. Hastaların mortalitesi % 69,6 bulundu. Exitus olanlarda olmayanlara göre yaş ve APACHE-II skoruları daha yüksekti (P=0,012; P=0,005). Hastaların HFNO süresi 48,22±26,20 saatti. Hastaların entübasyon zamanı ortalaması 4,94±2,48 gündü. NIMV’ye geçenlerin ROX indeks ortalamaları, IMV’ye geçenlere göre yüksek bulundu (P=0,01). ROX indeksi ve PaO2/FiO2 oranı HFNO tedavisinden sonra ilk olarak artmış ancak devam eden tedavi süresince HFNO’dan ayrılma anına kadar oranlarda düşme saptanmıştır. HFNO süresince nötrofil yüzdesi ve PaO2 ortalamalarında yükselme bulunmuşken (P=0,001), lenfosit yüzdesinde düşme saptandı (P=0,001). Sonuç olarak biz bu çalışmada ek hastalık, cinsiyet, yaş, solunum sayısı, hipoksemi şiddeti, düşük ROX indeks değerinin HFNO başarısını etkileyebileceğini düşünmekteyiz.

Kaynakça

  • Ambrosino I, Barbagelata E, Ortona E, Ruggieri A, Massiah G, Giannico OV. 2020. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: a narrative review. Arch Chest Diseas, 90(2). DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2020.1389.
  • Bain W, Yang H, Shah FA, Suber T, Drohan C, Al-Yousif N. 2021. COVID-19 versus Non-COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome: comparison of demographics, physiologic parameters, ınflammatory biomarkers, and clinical outcomes. Ann Amer Thorac Soc, 18(7): 1202-1210.
  • Calligaro GL, Lalla U, Audley G, Gina P, Miller MG, Mendelson M. 2020. Theutility of high-flow nasal oxygen for severe COVID-19 pneumonia in a resource-constrained setting: A multi-centre prospective observational study. E Clin Med, 28: 100570. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100570.
  • Chang R, Elhusseiny KM, Yeh YC, Sun WZ. 2021. COVID-19 ICU and mechanical ventilation patient characteristics and outcomes-A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 16(2): e0246318.
  • Cheng H, Wang Y, Wang GQ. 2020. Organ-protective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of COVID-19. J Med Virol, 92(7): 726-730.
  • Franco C, Facciolongo N, Tonelli R, Dongilli R, Vianello A, Pisani L. 2020. Feasibility and clinical impact of out-of-ICU noninvasive respiratory support in patients with COVID-19-related pneumonia. Eur Respir J, 56(5): 2002130.
  • Grasselli G, Greco M, Zanella A, Albano G, Antonelli M, Bellani G. 2020. Risk factors associated with mortality among patients with COVID-19 in ıntensive care units in Lombardy, Italy. JAMA Intern Med, 180(10): 1345-1355.
  • Henry BM, de Oliveira MHS, Benoit S, Plebani M, Lippi G. 2020. Hematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirüs disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med, 58(7): 1021-1028.
  • Hernandez-Romieu AC, Adelman MW, Hockstein MA, Robichaux CJ, Edwards JA, Fazio JC. 2020 Timing of ıntubation and mortality among critically ill Coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A single-center cohort study. Crit Care Med, 48(11): 1045-1053.
  • Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL. 2020. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol, 19: 141-154.
  • Jhou HJ, Chen PH, Lin C, Yang LY, Lee CH, Peng CK. 2020. High-flow nasal cannula therapy as apneic oxygenation during endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep, 10(1): 3541.
  • Jin JM, Bai P, He W, Wu F, Liu XF, Han DM. 2020. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: Focus on severity and mortality. Front Pub Health, 8: 152.
  • Kang BJ, Koh Y, Lim C-M, Huh JW, Baek S, Han M. 2015. Failure of high-flow nasal cannula therapy may delay intubation and increase mortality. Intensive Care Med, 41(4): 623-632.
  • Kang YS, Choi SM, Lee J, Park YS, Lee CH, Yoo CG. 2018. Improved oxygenation 48 hours after high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy is associated with good outcome in immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure. J Thorac Dis, 10(12): 6606-6615.
  • Koyauchi T, Hasegawa H, Kanata K, Kakutani T, Amano Y, Ozawa Y. 2018. Efficacy and tolerability of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for hypoxemic respiratory failure in patients with ınterstitial lung disease with do-not-ıntubate orders: A retrospective single-center study. Respiration, 96(4): 323-329.
  • Liotta EM, Batra A, Clark JR, Shlobin NA, Hoffman SC, Orban ZS. 2020. Frequent neurologic manifestations and encephalopathy-associated morbidity in Covid-19 patients. Ann Clin Trans Neurol, 7(11): 2221-2230.
  • Liu L, Xie J, Wu W, Chen H, Li S, He H. 2021. A simple nomogram for predicting failure of non-invasive respiratory strategies in adults with COVID-19: a retrospective multi centre study. Lancet Digit Health, 3(3): e166-e174.
  • Liu W, Zhang Q, Chen J, Xiang R, Song H, Shu S. 2020. Detection of Covid-19 in children in early January 2020 in Wuhan. Engl J Med, 382(14): 1370-1371.
  • Madabhavi I, Sarkar M, Kadakol N. 2020. COVID-19: A review. Arch Chest Diseas, 90(2). DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2020.1298.
  • McDonough G, Khaing P, Treacy T, McGrath C, Yoo EJ. 2020. The use of high-flow nasal oxygen in the ICU as a first linetherapy for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure secondary to Coronavirus disease 2019. Crit Care Explor, 2(10): e0257.
  • Mellado-Artigas R, Ferreyro BL, Angriman F, Hernández-Sanz M, Arruti E, Torres A. 2021. High-flow nasal oxygen in patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory failure. Crit Care, 25(1): 58.
  • Moretti M, Cilione C, Tampieri A, Fracchia C, Marchioni A, Nava S. 2000. Incidence and causes of non-invasive mechanical ventilation failure after initial success, Thorax, 55(10): 819-825.
  • Onofrio L, Caraglia M, Facchini G, Margherita V, Placido SD, Buonerba C. 2020. Toll-like receptors and COVID-19: A two-faced story with an exciting ending. Future Sci, 6(8). DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2020-0091.
  • Ouyang L, Yu M, Zhu Y, Gong J. 2021. Respiratory supports of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit: A systematic review. Heliyon, 7(4): e06813.
  • Ozyilmaz E, Ugurlu AO, Nava S. 2014. Timing of noninvasive ventilation failure: causes, risk factors, and potential remedies. BMC Pulm Med, 14: 19.
  • Panadero C, Abad-Fernández A, Rio-Ramirez MT, AcostaGutierrez CM, Calderon-Alcala M, Lopez-Riolobos C. 2020. High-flow nasal cannula for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19. Multidis Respir Med, 15(1): 693.
  • Patel M, Gangemi A, Marron R, Chowdhury J, Yousef I, Zheng M. 2020. Retrospective analysis of high flow nasal therapy in COVID-19 related moderate to severe hypoxaemic respiratory failure. BMJ Open Respir, 7(1): 000650.
  • Pfortmueller CA, Spinetti T, Urman RD, Luedi MM, Schefold JC. 2021. COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS): Current knowledge on pathophysiology and ICU treatment – A narrative review. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 35(3): 351-368.
  • Plotnikow GA, Accoce M, Fredes S, Tiribelli N, Setten M, Dorado J. 2021. High-flow oxygen therapy application in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure: A multi center study. Crit Care Explor, 3(2): e0337.
  • Roca O, Messika J, Caralt B, García-de-Acilu M, Sztrymf B, Ricard J-D. 2016. Predicting success of high-flow nasal cannula in pneumonia patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure: Theutility of the ROX index. J Crit Care, 35: 200-205.
  • Sayan İ, Altınay M, Çınar AS, Türk HŞ, Peker N, Şahin K. 2021. Impact of HFNC application on mortality and intensive care length of stay in acute respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 pneumonia, Heart Lung, 50(3): 425-429.
  • Shang X, Wang Y. 2021. Comparison of outcomes of high-flow nasal cannula and noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in patients with hypoxemia and various APACHE II scores after extubation. Ther Adv Respir Dis, 15: 175346662110042.
  • Shen Y, Zhang W. 2017. High-flow nasal cannula versus noninvasive positive Pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure: interaction between PaO2/FiO2 and tidal volume. Crit Care, 21(1): 285.
  • Teng X, Shen Y, Han M, Yang G, Zha L, Shi J. 2021. The value of high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in treating novel coronavirüs pneumonia. Eur J Clin Invest, 51(3): e13435. DOI: 10.1111/eci.13435.
  • Vianello A, Arcaro G, Molena B, Turato C, Sukthi A, Guarnieri G. 2020. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy to treat patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure consequent to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thorax, 75(11): 998-1000.
  • Xia J, Zhang Y, Ni L, Chen L, Zhou C, Gao C. 2020. High-flow nasal oxygen in Coronavirus disease 2019 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: A multi center, retrospective cohort study. Crit Care Med, 48(11): e1079-86.
  • Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H. 2020. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med, 8(5): 475-481.
  • Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z. 2020. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 395(10229): 1054-1062.
  • Zhu Y, Yin H, Zhang R, Wei J. 2017. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy versus conventional oxygen therapy in patients with acute respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Pulm Med, 17(1): 201.
  • Zou X, Li S, Fang M, Hu M, Bian Y, Ling J. 2020. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation ıı score as a predictor of hospital mortality in patients of Coronavirus disease 2019. Crit Care Med, 48(8): e 657-65.

Retrospective Evaluation of the Efficacy of High-Flow Nasal Oxygen Therapy in Intensive Care Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 152 - 162, 01.01.2023
https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1175991

Öz

Patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to COVID-19 pneumonia require high levels of oxygen. In the light of the developing evidence, non-invasive oxygenation strategies instead of invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) have become of paramount importance in patients. High flow nasal oxygen (High Flow Nasal Oxygen (HFNO)) therapy is one of these methods. There are studies in the literature showing that HFNO treatment reduces mortality. In our study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and results of HFNO treatment in acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19 pneumonia. The study included 23 patients who were admitted to the ICU due to COVID-19 pneumonia, had peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) <92%, and were started on HFNO. Patients' age, gender, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Assessment (APACHE) ІІ scores, presence of additional disease, HFNO administration time and hemodynamic parameters in this process, laboratory results, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, respiratory rate oxygenation (ROX) index, length of stay in the ICU, mortality, non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV), and time to switch to IMV were recorded. In the process of HFNO treatment; Patients who went to the ward and died in the ICU were evaluated in terms of demographic data and respiratory parameters. In 69.6% of the patients, comorbidity was the most common hypertension. The mortality of the patients was 69.6%. Age and APACHE-II scores were higher in those who did not have exitus (P=0.012; P=0.005). The HFNO duration of the patients was 48.22±26.20 hours. The mean intubation time of the patients was 4.94±2.48 days. ROX index averages of those who switched to NIMV were higher than those who switched to IMV (P=0.01). ROX index and PaO2/FiO2 ratio initially increased after HFNO treatment, but decreased until the moment of weaning from HFNO during continued treatment. While neutrophil percentage and PaO2 averages increased during HFNO (P=0.001), a decrease was found in lymphocyte percentage (P=0.001). In conclusion, we think that additional disease, gender, age, respiratory rate, hypoxemia severity, and low ROX index value may affect the success of HFNO in this study.

Kaynakça

  • Ambrosino I, Barbagelata E, Ortona E, Ruggieri A, Massiah G, Giannico OV. 2020. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: a narrative review. Arch Chest Diseas, 90(2). DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2020.1389.
  • Bain W, Yang H, Shah FA, Suber T, Drohan C, Al-Yousif N. 2021. COVID-19 versus Non-COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome: comparison of demographics, physiologic parameters, ınflammatory biomarkers, and clinical outcomes. Ann Amer Thorac Soc, 18(7): 1202-1210.
  • Calligaro GL, Lalla U, Audley G, Gina P, Miller MG, Mendelson M. 2020. Theutility of high-flow nasal oxygen for severe COVID-19 pneumonia in a resource-constrained setting: A multi-centre prospective observational study. E Clin Med, 28: 100570. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100570.
  • Chang R, Elhusseiny KM, Yeh YC, Sun WZ. 2021. COVID-19 ICU and mechanical ventilation patient characteristics and outcomes-A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 16(2): e0246318.
  • Cheng H, Wang Y, Wang GQ. 2020. Organ-protective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and its effect on the prognosis of COVID-19. J Med Virol, 92(7): 726-730.
  • Franco C, Facciolongo N, Tonelli R, Dongilli R, Vianello A, Pisani L. 2020. Feasibility and clinical impact of out-of-ICU noninvasive respiratory support in patients with COVID-19-related pneumonia. Eur Respir J, 56(5): 2002130.
  • Grasselli G, Greco M, Zanella A, Albano G, Antonelli M, Bellani G. 2020. Risk factors associated with mortality among patients with COVID-19 in ıntensive care units in Lombardy, Italy. JAMA Intern Med, 180(10): 1345-1355.
  • Henry BM, de Oliveira MHS, Benoit S, Plebani M, Lippi G. 2020. Hematologic, biochemical and immune biomarker abnormalities associated with severe illness and mortality in coronavirüs disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med, 58(7): 1021-1028.
  • Hernandez-Romieu AC, Adelman MW, Hockstein MA, Robichaux CJ, Edwards JA, Fazio JC. 2020 Timing of ıntubation and mortality among critically ill Coronavirus disease 2019 patients: A single-center cohort study. Crit Care Med, 48(11): 1045-1053.
  • Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL. 2020. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol, 19: 141-154.
  • Jhou HJ, Chen PH, Lin C, Yang LY, Lee CH, Peng CK. 2020. High-flow nasal cannula therapy as apneic oxygenation during endotracheal intubation in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep, 10(1): 3541.
  • Jin JM, Bai P, He W, Wu F, Liu XF, Han DM. 2020. Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: Focus on severity and mortality. Front Pub Health, 8: 152.
  • Kang BJ, Koh Y, Lim C-M, Huh JW, Baek S, Han M. 2015. Failure of high-flow nasal cannula therapy may delay intubation and increase mortality. Intensive Care Med, 41(4): 623-632.
  • Kang YS, Choi SM, Lee J, Park YS, Lee CH, Yoo CG. 2018. Improved oxygenation 48 hours after high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy is associated with good outcome in immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure. J Thorac Dis, 10(12): 6606-6615.
  • Koyauchi T, Hasegawa H, Kanata K, Kakutani T, Amano Y, Ozawa Y. 2018. Efficacy and tolerability of high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for hypoxemic respiratory failure in patients with ınterstitial lung disease with do-not-ıntubate orders: A retrospective single-center study. Respiration, 96(4): 323-329.
  • Liotta EM, Batra A, Clark JR, Shlobin NA, Hoffman SC, Orban ZS. 2020. Frequent neurologic manifestations and encephalopathy-associated morbidity in Covid-19 patients. Ann Clin Trans Neurol, 7(11): 2221-2230.
  • Liu L, Xie J, Wu W, Chen H, Li S, He H. 2021. A simple nomogram for predicting failure of non-invasive respiratory strategies in adults with COVID-19: a retrospective multi centre study. Lancet Digit Health, 3(3): e166-e174.
  • Liu W, Zhang Q, Chen J, Xiang R, Song H, Shu S. 2020. Detection of Covid-19 in children in early January 2020 in Wuhan. Engl J Med, 382(14): 1370-1371.
  • Madabhavi I, Sarkar M, Kadakol N. 2020. COVID-19: A review. Arch Chest Diseas, 90(2). DOI: 10.4081/monaldi.2020.1298.
  • McDonough G, Khaing P, Treacy T, McGrath C, Yoo EJ. 2020. The use of high-flow nasal oxygen in the ICU as a first linetherapy for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure secondary to Coronavirus disease 2019. Crit Care Explor, 2(10): e0257.
  • Mellado-Artigas R, Ferreyro BL, Angriman F, Hernández-Sanz M, Arruti E, Torres A. 2021. High-flow nasal oxygen in patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory failure. Crit Care, 25(1): 58.
  • Moretti M, Cilione C, Tampieri A, Fracchia C, Marchioni A, Nava S. 2000. Incidence and causes of non-invasive mechanical ventilation failure after initial success, Thorax, 55(10): 819-825.
  • Onofrio L, Caraglia M, Facchini G, Margherita V, Placido SD, Buonerba C. 2020. Toll-like receptors and COVID-19: A two-faced story with an exciting ending. Future Sci, 6(8). DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2020-0091.
  • Ouyang L, Yu M, Zhu Y, Gong J. 2021. Respiratory supports of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit: A systematic review. Heliyon, 7(4): e06813.
  • Ozyilmaz E, Ugurlu AO, Nava S. 2014. Timing of noninvasive ventilation failure: causes, risk factors, and potential remedies. BMC Pulm Med, 14: 19.
  • Panadero C, Abad-Fernández A, Rio-Ramirez MT, AcostaGutierrez CM, Calderon-Alcala M, Lopez-Riolobos C. 2020. High-flow nasal cannula for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) due to COVID-19. Multidis Respir Med, 15(1): 693.
  • Patel M, Gangemi A, Marron R, Chowdhury J, Yousef I, Zheng M. 2020. Retrospective analysis of high flow nasal therapy in COVID-19 related moderate to severe hypoxaemic respiratory failure. BMJ Open Respir, 7(1): 000650.
  • Pfortmueller CA, Spinetti T, Urman RD, Luedi MM, Schefold JC. 2021. COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CARDS): Current knowledge on pathophysiology and ICU treatment – A narrative review. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol, 35(3): 351-368.
  • Plotnikow GA, Accoce M, Fredes S, Tiribelli N, Setten M, Dorado J. 2021. High-flow oxygen therapy application in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure: A multi center study. Crit Care Explor, 3(2): e0337.
  • Roca O, Messika J, Caralt B, García-de-Acilu M, Sztrymf B, Ricard J-D. 2016. Predicting success of high-flow nasal cannula in pneumonia patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure: Theutility of the ROX index. J Crit Care, 35: 200-205.
  • Sayan İ, Altınay M, Çınar AS, Türk HŞ, Peker N, Şahin K. 2021. Impact of HFNC application on mortality and intensive care length of stay in acute respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 pneumonia, Heart Lung, 50(3): 425-429.
  • Shang X, Wang Y. 2021. Comparison of outcomes of high-flow nasal cannula and noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in patients with hypoxemia and various APACHE II scores after extubation. Ther Adv Respir Dis, 15: 175346662110042.
  • Shen Y, Zhang W. 2017. High-flow nasal cannula versus noninvasive positive Pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure: interaction between PaO2/FiO2 and tidal volume. Crit Care, 21(1): 285.
  • Teng X, Shen Y, Han M, Yang G, Zha L, Shi J. 2021. The value of high‐flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in treating novel coronavirüs pneumonia. Eur J Clin Invest, 51(3): e13435. DOI: 10.1111/eci.13435.
  • Vianello A, Arcaro G, Molena B, Turato C, Sukthi A, Guarnieri G. 2020. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy to treat patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure consequent to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thorax, 75(11): 998-1000.
  • Xia J, Zhang Y, Ni L, Chen L, Zhou C, Gao C. 2020. High-flow nasal oxygen in Coronavirus disease 2019 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure: A multi center, retrospective cohort study. Crit Care Med, 48(11): e1079-86.
  • Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H. 2020. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med, 8(5): 475-481.
  • Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z. 2020. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet, 395(10229): 1054-1062.
  • Zhu Y, Yin H, Zhang R, Wei J. 2017. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy versus conventional oxygen therapy in patients with acute respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Pulm Med, 17(1): 201.
  • Zou X, Li S, Fang M, Hu M, Bian Y, Ling J. 2020. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation ıı score as a predictor of hospital mortality in patients of Coronavirus disease 2019. Crit Care Med, 48(8): e 657-65.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Cerrahi, İç Hastalıkları, Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Miray Kübra Turgut Aksu 0000-0003-4479-0852

Emel Yıldız 0000-0003-4493-2099

Canan Balcı 0000-0002-3318-8455

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Eylül 2022
Kabul Tarihi 2 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Turgut Aksu, M. K., Yıldız, E., & Balcı, C. (2023). COVID-19 Pnömonisi ile Yoğun Bakıma Yatan Hastalarda Yüksek Akışlı Nazal Oksijen Tedavisinin Etkinliğinin Retrospektif Olarak Değerlendirilmesi. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 6(1), 152-162. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1175991
AMA Turgut Aksu MK, Yıldız E, Balcı C. COVID-19 Pnömonisi ile Yoğun Bakıma Yatan Hastalarda Yüksek Akışlı Nazal Oksijen Tedavisinin Etkinliğinin Retrospektif Olarak Değerlendirilmesi. BSJ Health Sci. Ocak 2023;6(1):152-162. doi:10.19127/bshealthscience.1175991
Chicago Turgut Aksu, Miray Kübra, Emel Yıldız, ve Canan Balcı. “COVID-19 Pnömonisi Ile Yoğun Bakıma Yatan Hastalarda Yüksek Akışlı Nazal Oksijen Tedavisinin Etkinliğinin Retrospektif Olarak Değerlendirilmesi”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 6, sy. 1 (Ocak 2023): 152-62. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1175991.
EndNote Turgut Aksu MK, Yıldız E, Balcı C (01 Ocak 2023) COVID-19 Pnömonisi ile Yoğun Bakıma Yatan Hastalarda Yüksek Akışlı Nazal Oksijen Tedavisinin Etkinliğinin Retrospektif Olarak Değerlendirilmesi. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 6 1 152–162.
IEEE M. K. Turgut Aksu, E. Yıldız, ve C. Balcı, “COVID-19 Pnömonisi ile Yoğun Bakıma Yatan Hastalarda Yüksek Akışlı Nazal Oksijen Tedavisinin Etkinliğinin Retrospektif Olarak Değerlendirilmesi”, BSJ Health Sci., c. 6, sy. 1, ss. 152–162, 2023, doi: 10.19127/bshealthscience.1175991.
ISNAD Turgut Aksu, Miray Kübra vd. “COVID-19 Pnömonisi Ile Yoğun Bakıma Yatan Hastalarda Yüksek Akışlı Nazal Oksijen Tedavisinin Etkinliğinin Retrospektif Olarak Değerlendirilmesi”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science 6/1 (Ocak 2023), 152-162. https://doi.org/10.19127/bshealthscience.1175991.
JAMA Turgut Aksu MK, Yıldız E, Balcı C. COVID-19 Pnömonisi ile Yoğun Bakıma Yatan Hastalarda Yüksek Akışlı Nazal Oksijen Tedavisinin Etkinliğinin Retrospektif Olarak Değerlendirilmesi. BSJ Health Sci. 2023;6:152–162.
MLA Turgut Aksu, Miray Kübra vd. “COVID-19 Pnömonisi Ile Yoğun Bakıma Yatan Hastalarda Yüksek Akışlı Nazal Oksijen Tedavisinin Etkinliğinin Retrospektif Olarak Değerlendirilmesi”. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, c. 6, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 152-6, doi:10.19127/bshealthscience.1175991.
Vancouver Turgut Aksu MK, Yıldız E, Balcı C. COVID-19 Pnömonisi ile Yoğun Bakıma Yatan Hastalarda Yüksek Akışlı Nazal Oksijen Tedavisinin Etkinliğinin Retrospektif Olarak Değerlendirilmesi. BSJ Health Sci. 2023;6(1):152-6.