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Pharmacists' Knowledge, Attitudes And Beliefs About Attention Deficit And Hyperactivity Disorder And Medical Treatment

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 129 - 140, 27.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1397487

Öz

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and devastating disorder that poses a significant burden on families and society.ADHD treatment is multifaceted and requires long-term care and support. As pharmacists are directly involved in the distribution of medication, they are well positioned to collaborate with patients, support their treatment, highlight the importance of adherence to medication, and explain the medicine. This survey study aimed to identify pharmacists' knowledge gaps, attitudes and beliefs about ADHD and its medical treatment, and their experience in ADHD management. In our study, a questionnaire was prepared for pharmacists in Sivas Center, covering descriptive questions such as the pharmacist's age and professional year, what pharmacists do when they encounter children and adolescents with attention problems and/or mobility, and their thoughts on the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD, and applied face-to-face. The study involved 113 pharmacists. Respondents were asked to assess their level of knowledge regarding ADHD. It was observed that 29.2% of the participants had limited knowledge about ADHD and 14.2% had good knowledge. Nearly half (48.7%) of the respondents acknowledged their lack of knowledge on psychostimulants. It was revealed that 41.6% of the pharmacists consider ADHD treatment medication to be potentially addictive. When comparing survey responses on ADHD among participants based on their professional experience, it was discovered that there is a statistically significant relationship (p<0.023) between pharmacists with limited professional experience and their beliefs about ADHD as a condition that can lead to lifelong issues. Our study is the first to measure the awareness of pharmacists about ADHD in our country.Pharmacists have sufficient knowledge to counsel patients and to answer the most frequently asked questions about the drug's safety profile and onset of action is of great importance in the management of ADHD. So it would be useful to organize trainings on ADHD for pharmacists.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:942-948.
  • 2. Gallo EF, Posner J. Moving towards causality in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Overview of neural and genetic mechanisms. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:555-567.
  • 3. Baysal BK, Ercan, ES, Rohde, LA. 3 year longitudinal ADHD and ODD prevalence research in a Turkish sample. 3rd International Congress on ADHD, Berlin, Germany; May 2011.
  • 4. Erşan EE, Doğan O, Doğan S, Sümer H. The distribution of symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder in school age children in Turkey. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;13:354-361.
  • 5. Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular neuropharmacology: a foundation for clinical neuroscience, Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders. In: Sydor A BR, ed. NY: McGraw-Hill Medical. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009;368.
  • 6. Çalışkan Y, Tarakçıoğlu MC. Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunda Güncel Algoritmalar Tedavide Ne Öneriyor? İKSSTD. 2019;11(Ek sayı):16-23.
  • 7. Frazier TW, Youngstrom EA, Glutting JJ, Watkins MW. ADHD and achievement: meta-analysis of the child, adolescent and adult literatures and a concomitant study with college students. J Learn Disabil. 2007;40(1):49-65.
  • 8. Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Cortese S. Sleep and ADHD. Sleep Med 2010;11(7):652-8.
  • 9. Becker SP, Froehlich TE, Epstein JN. Effects of methylphenidate on sleep functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2016;37(5):395-404
  • 10. Bulloch M., Carleton W.C. ADHD Awareness Month and the Pharmacist’s Role. Pharm Times. 2021. [(accessed on 18 January 2023)]. Available online: https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/adhd-awareness-month-and-the-pharmacist-s-role
  • 11. Ghanizadeh A. Knowledge of pharmacists regarding ritalin and ADHD and their attitude towards the use of ritalin to treat ADHD. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Feb;46(2):84-8.
  • 12. Yuen T, Zhang H, Bonin RP. Pharmacists’ knowledge, experiences and perceptions of treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada. 2021;154(2):110-119.
  • 13. Semahegn A, Torpey K, Manu A, Assefa N, Tesfaye G, Ankomah A. Psychotropic medication non-adherence and its associated factors among patients with major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2020 Jan 16;9(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s13643-020-1274-3. PMID: 31948489; PMCID: PMC6966860.
  • 14. Farooq S, Naeem F. Tackling nonadherence in psychiatric disorders: current opinion. Review. Dovepress Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;10:1069–1077. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S40777. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 15. Önder, Arif, and Özge Gizli Çoban. "Psikiyatrist ve Çocuk Psikiyatristi Dışındaki Hekimlerin Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu ve Metilfenidat Kullanımı ile İlgili Bilgi, Tutum ve İnançları." Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health 28.1. 2021;45-51
  • 16. Kuhn C., Groves B.K., Kaczor C., Sebastian S., Ramtekkar U., Nowack J., Toth C., Valenti O., Gowda C. Pharmacist Involvement in Population Health Management for a Pediatric Managed Medicaid Accountable Care Organization. Children. 2019;6:82. doi: 10.3390/children6070082. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 17. 32. Kumar B.S., Pravallika P.M., Tanushree B.M., Ghosh S., Paul P., Ravindra B.N., Roy A.D. Need of the Hour-Clinical Pharmacist in Developing Pharmaceutical Care Plan for Better Patient Care. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2021;66:85–92.[Google Scholar]
  • 18. Bonner L. Pharmacists Improve Quality of Care for Patients at ADHD Clinic. Pharm. Today. 2021;27:42. doi: 10.1016/j.ptdy.2021.03.019. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 19. Coletti, Daniel J., et al. "Parent perspectives on the decision to initiate medication treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology 22.3. 2012; 226-237.
  • 20. El-Rachidi S., LaRochelle J.M., Morgan J.A. Pharmacists and Pediatric Medication Adherence: Bridging the Gap. Hosp. Pharm. 2017;52:124–131. doi: 10.1310/hpj5202-124. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 21. 42. Ranelli P.L., Bartsch K., London K. Psychology and Health Pharmacists’ Perceptions of Children and Families as Medicine Consumers. Psychol. Health. 2000;15:829–840. doi: 10.1080/08870440008405585. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 22. 43. Elnaem M.H., Nuffer W. Diabetes Care and Prevention Services Provided by Pharmacists: Progress Made during the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Need for Additional Efforts in the Post-Pandemic Era. Explor. Res. Clin. Soc. Pharm. 2022;6:100137. doi: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100137. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 23. Huang, R., Ridout, S. J., Harris, B., Ridout, K. K., & Raja, K. (2020). Pharmacist medication management of adults with attention deficit: an alternative clinical structure. The Permanente Journal, 24
  • 24. Breik, N., Fan Kuo, I., Bugden, S., Moffat, M., & Alessi-Severini, S. (2018). Treating children with ASD: The perspective of caregivers. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21(1s), 74s-87s.
  • 25. Wolraich, Mark L., Laura McGuinn, and Melissa Doffing. "Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents." Drug Safety 30.1. 2007; 17-26.
  • 26. Vitiello, Benedetto. "Long-term effects of stimulant medications on the brain: possible relevance to the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 11.1. 2001; 25-34.
  • 27. Dürsteler KM, Berger EM, Strasser J, Caflisch C, Mutschler J, Herdener M, Vogel M. Clinical potential of methylphenidate in the treatment of cocaine addiction: a review of the current evidence. Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2015;6:61-74.
  • 28. Schubiner H, Saules KK, Arfken CL, Johanson CE, Schuster CR, Lockhart N, Edwards A, Donlin J, Pihlgren E. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of methylphenidate in the treatment of adult ADHD patients with comorbid cocaine dependence. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;10:286-294
  • 29. Jadad AR, Booker L, Gauld M, et al. The treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: an annotated bibliography and critical appraisal of published systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Can J Psychiatry. 1999; 44(10): 1025–35
  • 30. Greenhill LL, Pliszka S, Dulcan MK, et al. Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002; 41(2 Suppl.): 26–49S
  • 31. National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement: diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyper-activity disorder (ADHD). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000; 39 (2): 182-93
  • 32. De Crescenzo, Franco, et al. "Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of adults with ADHD: a meta-review." Evidence-based mental health 20.1. 2017; 4-11.
  • 33. Oladapo, A. O., & Rascati, K. L. (2012). Review of survey articles regarding medication therapy management (MTM) services/programs in the United States. Journal of pharmacy practice, 25(4), 457-470.
  • 34. Fayyad, J., Sampson, N. A., Hwang, I., Adamowski, T., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., ... & Kessler, R. C. The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV adult ADHD in the world health organization world mental health surveys. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. 2017;9(1), 47-65.
  • 35. Leucht, S., Hierl, S., Kissling, W., Dold, M., & Davis, J. M. Putting the efficacy of psychiatric and general medicine medication into perspective: review of meta-analyses. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2012;200(2), 97-106.
  • 36. Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., ... & Wang, Y. The world federation of ADHD international consensus statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2021;128, 789-818.
  • 37. Groenman, A. P., Schweren, L. J., Weeda, W., Luman, M., Noordermeer, S. D., Heslenfeld, D. J., ... & Oosterlaan, J. Stimulant treatment profiles predicting co-occurring substance use disorders in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2014;28(9), 1213-1222.
  • 38. Dalsgaard, S., Mortensen, P. B., Frydenberg, M., & Thomsen, P. H. ADHD, stimulant treatment in childhood and subsequent substance abuse in adulthood—a naturalistic long-term follow-up study. Addictive Behaviors. 2004;39(1), 325-328.
  • 39. Wilens TE, Faraone SV, Biederman J, Gunawardene S. Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature. Pediatrics. 2003;111:179-185.
  • 40. Faraone, S. V., Rostain, A. L., Montano, C. B., Mason, O., Antshel, K. M., & Newcorn, J. H "Systematic review: nonmedical use of prescription stimulants: risk factors, outcomes, and risk reduction strategies." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 59.1. 2020;100-112.
  • 41. Faraone S V., Biederman J, Mick E. The Age-Dependent Decline of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta-Analysis of Follow-up Studies. Psychol Med. 2006;36(2):159–165.
  • 42. Pohl L., El-Kurdi R., Selinger R., Sauls A., Rhodes L.A., Marciniak M.W. Implementation of a Community-Based Pharmacist-Run Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Clinic in a College Health Center. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 2021;61:S178–S183. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.01.029. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]

Pharmacists' Knowledge, Attitudes And Beliefs About Attention Deficit And Hyperactivity Disorder And Medical Treatment

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 129 - 140, 27.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1397487

Öz

Dikkat eksikliği ve hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB), aile ve toplum için önemli bir yük oluşturan yaygın ve yıkıcı bir hastalıktır. DEHB tedavisi çok yönlüdür ve uzun süreli bakım ve destek gerektirir. Eczacılar ilaçların dağıtımına doğrudan dahil olduklarından dolayı hastalarla iş birliği yapmak, tedavilerini desteklemek, ilaca uyumun önemini belirtmek ve ilacı anlatmak konusunda iyi bir konumdadırlar. Bu anket çalışması, eczacıların DEHB ve tıbbi tedavisi hakkındaki bilgi boşluklarını, tutumlarını ve inançlarını ve DEHB yönetimi konusundaki deneyimlerini belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışmamızda Sivas Merkez de çalışan eczacılara, eczacının yaşı ve meslek yılı, dikkat sorunu ve/veya hareketliliği olan çocuk ve ergenlerle karşılaştıklarında ne yaptıkları, tanı ve tedavi konusundaki düşünceleri gibi tanımlayıcı soruları içeren bir anket hazırlanmıştır ve yüz yüze uygulanmıştır.
Çalışmaya 113 eczacı katılmıştır. Katılımcılara DEHB ile ilgili bilgi düzeyleri sorulduğunda %29,2'si sınırlı bilgiye %14,2'sinin bilgi düzeyinin ise iyi olduğu görülmüştür. Katılımcıların %48,7'si psikostimulanlar hakkında bilgi düzeyinin yetersiz olduğunu belirtmiştir. Katılımcıların %41,6'sı DEHB tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçların bağımlılık yapabileceğini düşünmektedir. Katılımcıların mesleki deneyimlerine göre DEHB ile ilgili ankete verdikleri cevaplar karşılaştırıldığında, daha az mesleki deneyime sahip olan eczacıların DEHB'yi yaşam boyu sorun yaratabilen bir hastalık olarak görmeleri arasındaki ilişki istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0,023). Çalışmamız ülkemizde eczacıların DEHB konusundaki farkındalıklarını ölçen ilk çalışmadır. Eczacıların hastalara danışmanlık yapmak ve ilacın güvenlik profili ve etki başlangıcı hakkında en sık sorulan soruları yanıtlamak için yeterli bilgiye sahip olması DEHB yönetiminde büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu nedenle eczacılara yönelik DEHB eğitimlerinin düzenlenmesi yararlı olacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Polanczyk G, de Lima MS, Horta BL, Biederman J, Rohde LA. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and metaregression analysis. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:942-948.
  • 2. Gallo EF, Posner J. Moving towards causality in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Overview of neural and genetic mechanisms. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:555-567.
  • 3. Baysal BK, Ercan, ES, Rohde, LA. 3 year longitudinal ADHD and ODD prevalence research in a Turkish sample. 3rd International Congress on ADHD, Berlin, Germany; May 2011.
  • 4. Erşan EE, Doğan O, Doğan S, Sümer H. The distribution of symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder in school age children in Turkey. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;13:354-361.
  • 5. Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE, Sydor A, Brown RY. Molecular neuropharmacology: a foundation for clinical neuroscience, Chapter 15: Reinforcement and Addictive Disorders. In: Sydor A BR, ed. NY: McGraw-Hill Medical. New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. 2009;368.
  • 6. Çalışkan Y, Tarakçıoğlu MC. Dikkat Eksikliği ve Hiperaktivite Bozukluğunda Güncel Algoritmalar Tedavide Ne Öneriyor? İKSSTD. 2019;11(Ek sayı):16-23.
  • 7. Frazier TW, Youngstrom EA, Glutting JJ, Watkins MW. ADHD and achievement: meta-analysis of the child, adolescent and adult literatures and a concomitant study with college students. J Learn Disabil. 2007;40(1):49-65.
  • 8. Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Cortese S. Sleep and ADHD. Sleep Med 2010;11(7):652-8.
  • 9. Becker SP, Froehlich TE, Epstein JN. Effects of methylphenidate on sleep functioning in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2016;37(5):395-404
  • 10. Bulloch M., Carleton W.C. ADHD Awareness Month and the Pharmacist’s Role. Pharm Times. 2021. [(accessed on 18 January 2023)]. Available online: https://www.pharmacytimes.com/view/adhd-awareness-month-and-the-pharmacist-s-role
  • 11. Ghanizadeh A. Knowledge of pharmacists regarding ritalin and ADHD and their attitude towards the use of ritalin to treat ADHD. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Feb;46(2):84-8.
  • 12. Yuen T, Zhang H, Bonin RP. Pharmacists’ knowledge, experiences and perceptions of treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada. 2021;154(2):110-119.
  • 13. Semahegn A, Torpey K, Manu A, Assefa N, Tesfaye G, Ankomah A. Psychotropic medication non-adherence and its associated factors among patients with major psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2020 Jan 16;9(1):17. doi: 10.1186/s13643-020-1274-3. PMID: 31948489; PMCID: PMC6966860.
  • 14. Farooq S, Naeem F. Tackling nonadherence in psychiatric disorders: current opinion. Review. Dovepress Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;10:1069–1077. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S40777. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 15. Önder, Arif, and Özge Gizli Çoban. "Psikiyatrist ve Çocuk Psikiyatristi Dışındaki Hekimlerin Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu ve Metilfenidat Kullanımı ile İlgili Bilgi, Tutum ve İnançları." Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health 28.1. 2021;45-51
  • 16. Kuhn C., Groves B.K., Kaczor C., Sebastian S., Ramtekkar U., Nowack J., Toth C., Valenti O., Gowda C. Pharmacist Involvement in Population Health Management for a Pediatric Managed Medicaid Accountable Care Organization. Children. 2019;6:82. doi: 10.3390/children6070082. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 17. 32. Kumar B.S., Pravallika P.M., Tanushree B.M., Ghosh S., Paul P., Ravindra B.N., Roy A.D. Need of the Hour-Clinical Pharmacist in Developing Pharmaceutical Care Plan for Better Patient Care. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res. 2021;66:85–92.[Google Scholar]
  • 18. Bonner L. Pharmacists Improve Quality of Care for Patients at ADHD Clinic. Pharm. Today. 2021;27:42. doi: 10.1016/j.ptdy.2021.03.019. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 19. Coletti, Daniel J., et al. "Parent perspectives on the decision to initiate medication treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder." Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology 22.3. 2012; 226-237.
  • 20. El-Rachidi S., LaRochelle J.M., Morgan J.A. Pharmacists and Pediatric Medication Adherence: Bridging the Gap. Hosp. Pharm. 2017;52:124–131. doi: 10.1310/hpj5202-124. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 21. 42. Ranelli P.L., Bartsch K., London K. Psychology and Health Pharmacists’ Perceptions of Children and Families as Medicine Consumers. Psychol. Health. 2000;15:829–840. doi: 10.1080/08870440008405585. [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 22. 43. Elnaem M.H., Nuffer W. Diabetes Care and Prevention Services Provided by Pharmacists: Progress Made during the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Need for Additional Efforts in the Post-Pandemic Era. Explor. Res. Clin. Soc. Pharm. 2022;6:100137. doi: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100137. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  • 23. Huang, R., Ridout, S. J., Harris, B., Ridout, K. K., & Raja, K. (2020). Pharmacist medication management of adults with attention deficit: an alternative clinical structure. The Permanente Journal, 24
  • 24. Breik, N., Fan Kuo, I., Bugden, S., Moffat, M., & Alessi-Severini, S. (2018). Treating children with ASD: The perspective of caregivers. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 21(1s), 74s-87s.
  • 25. Wolraich, Mark L., Laura McGuinn, and Melissa Doffing. "Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents." Drug Safety 30.1. 2007; 17-26.
  • 26. Vitiello, Benedetto. "Long-term effects of stimulant medications on the brain: possible relevance to the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder." Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 11.1. 2001; 25-34.
  • 27. Dürsteler KM, Berger EM, Strasser J, Caflisch C, Mutschler J, Herdener M, Vogel M. Clinical potential of methylphenidate in the treatment of cocaine addiction: a review of the current evidence. Subst Abuse Rehabil. 2015;6:61-74.
  • 28. Schubiner H, Saules KK, Arfken CL, Johanson CE, Schuster CR, Lockhart N, Edwards A, Donlin J, Pihlgren E. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of methylphenidate in the treatment of adult ADHD patients with comorbid cocaine dependence. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;10:286-294
  • 29. Jadad AR, Booker L, Gauld M, et al. The treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: an annotated bibliography and critical appraisal of published systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Can J Psychiatry. 1999; 44(10): 1025–35
  • 30. Greenhill LL, Pliszka S, Dulcan MK, et al. Practice parameter for the use of stimulant medications in the treatment of children, adolescents, and adults. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002; 41(2 Suppl.): 26–49S
  • 31. National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement: diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyper-activity disorder (ADHD). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000; 39 (2): 182-93
  • 32. De Crescenzo, Franco, et al. "Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment of adults with ADHD: a meta-review." Evidence-based mental health 20.1. 2017; 4-11.
  • 33. Oladapo, A. O., & Rascati, K. L. (2012). Review of survey articles regarding medication therapy management (MTM) services/programs in the United States. Journal of pharmacy practice, 25(4), 457-470.
  • 34. Fayyad, J., Sampson, N. A., Hwang, I., Adamowski, T., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., ... & Kessler, R. C. The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV adult ADHD in the world health organization world mental health surveys. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. 2017;9(1), 47-65.
  • 35. Leucht, S., Hierl, S., Kissling, W., Dold, M., & Davis, J. M. Putting the efficacy of psychiatric and general medicine medication into perspective: review of meta-analyses. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2012;200(2), 97-106.
  • 36. Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., ... & Wang, Y. The world federation of ADHD international consensus statement: 208 evidence-based conclusions about the disorder. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2021;128, 789-818.
  • 37. Groenman, A. P., Schweren, L. J., Weeda, W., Luman, M., Noordermeer, S. D., Heslenfeld, D. J., ... & Oosterlaan, J. Stimulant treatment profiles predicting co-occurring substance use disorders in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2014;28(9), 1213-1222.
  • 38. Dalsgaard, S., Mortensen, P. B., Frydenberg, M., & Thomsen, P. H. ADHD, stimulant treatment in childhood and subsequent substance abuse in adulthood—a naturalistic long-term follow-up study. Addictive Behaviors. 2004;39(1), 325-328.
  • 39. Wilens TE, Faraone SV, Biederman J, Gunawardene S. Does stimulant therapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder beget later substance abuse? A meta-analytic review of the literature. Pediatrics. 2003;111:179-185.
  • 40. Faraone, S. V., Rostain, A. L., Montano, C. B., Mason, O., Antshel, K. M., & Newcorn, J. H "Systematic review: nonmedical use of prescription stimulants: risk factors, outcomes, and risk reduction strategies." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 59.1. 2020;100-112.
  • 41. Faraone S V., Biederman J, Mick E. The Age-Dependent Decline of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta-Analysis of Follow-up Studies. Psychol Med. 2006;36(2):159–165.
  • 42. Pohl L., El-Kurdi R., Selinger R., Sauls A., Rhodes L.A., Marciniak M.W. Implementation of a Community-Based Pharmacist-Run Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Clinic in a College Health Center. J. Am. Pharm. Assoc. 2021;61:S178–S183. doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2021.01.029. [PubMed] [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikiyatri
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Cansu Mercan Işık 0000-0001-9437-3024

Ayla Uzun Cicek 0000-0003-2274-3457

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 2 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Mercan Işık, C., & Uzun Cicek, A. (2024). Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Attitudes And Beliefs About Attention Deficit And Hyperactivity Disorder And Medical Treatment. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(1), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1397487
AMA Mercan Işık C, Uzun Cicek A. Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Attitudes And Beliefs About Attention Deficit And Hyperactivity Disorder And Medical Treatment. CBU-SBED. Mart 2024;11(1):129-140. doi:10.34087/cbusbed.1397487
Chicago Mercan Işık, Cansu, ve Ayla Uzun Cicek. “Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Attitudes And Beliefs About Attention Deficit And Hyperactivity Disorder And Medical Treatment”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 11, sy. 1 (Mart 2024): 129-40. https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1397487.
EndNote Mercan Işık C, Uzun Cicek A (01 Mart 2024) Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Attitudes And Beliefs About Attention Deficit And Hyperactivity Disorder And Medical Treatment. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 11 1 129–140.
IEEE C. Mercan Işık ve A. Uzun Cicek, “Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Attitudes And Beliefs About Attention Deficit And Hyperactivity Disorder And Medical Treatment”, CBU-SBED, c. 11, sy. 1, ss. 129–140, 2024, doi: 10.34087/cbusbed.1397487.
ISNAD Mercan Işık, Cansu - Uzun Cicek, Ayla. “Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Attitudes And Beliefs About Attention Deficit And Hyperactivity Disorder And Medical Treatment”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 11/1 (Mart 2024), 129-140. https://doi.org/10.34087/cbusbed.1397487.
JAMA Mercan Işık C, Uzun Cicek A. Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Attitudes And Beliefs About Attention Deficit And Hyperactivity Disorder And Medical Treatment. CBU-SBED. 2024;11:129–140.
MLA Mercan Işık, Cansu ve Ayla Uzun Cicek. “Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Attitudes And Beliefs About Attention Deficit And Hyperactivity Disorder And Medical Treatment”. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 129-40, doi:10.34087/cbusbed.1397487.
Vancouver Mercan Işık C, Uzun Cicek A. Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Attitudes And Beliefs About Attention Deficit And Hyperactivity Disorder And Medical Treatment. CBU-SBED. 2024;11(1):129-40.