Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 203 - 209, 29.09.2020
Öz
Objective: This study aimed to identify the barriers to
women's Pap smear testing and related risk factors.
Methods: In this descriptive and cross‐sectional
study, 294 women were included by stratified random sampling. The General
Information Questionnaire, The Self-Efficacy Scale, The Health Belief Model
Scale for Cervical Cancer, and the Pap Smear Test were used.
Results: About half of the women (47.6%) had a Pap smear
test in their lifetime.Residing in a village/non-provincial district (OR = 0.412),
not having a Pap smear test because family members/friends did not have one (OR
= 7.752), having high Barriers subscale scores (OR = 1.053), and having lower
self-efficacy levels (OR = 0.951) were found to be risk factors for having a
Pap smear test.In addition, not knowing the symptoms of cervical cancer,
believing that the cervical cancer is a non-treatable condition, expecting to
experience vaginal infection,not being able to get permission from her husband,
and considering the test as embarrassing were found among the barriers (p < 0.005).
Conclusions: A well designed health education
program focusing on cervical cancer and the benefits of screening would
increase awareness, especially among women with a high educational attainment
status.Public health nurses should provide health educations considering the
local cultural environment. To improve access to health services, mobile health
services need to be developed, and in hospitals, routine Pap smear test health
educations should be conducted and guidance should be provided.
Anahtar Kelimeler
cervical cancer screening barriers self-efficacy health belief model
Teşekkür
Acknowledgements: We would like to thank all the participants for being a part of this study.
Kaynakça
- REFERENCES1. McGuire S. World cancer report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, international agency for research on cancer, WHO Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.116.0122112. Stewart BWKP, Wild CP. World cancer report 2014. Public Health. Acessed April 21, 2019 from http://publichealthwell.ie/search-results/world-cancer-report-2014?source=relatedblock&content=resource&member=572160&catalogue=none&collection=Conditions,Chronic%20Conditions,Cancer&tokens_complete=true3. Turkish Public Health Institution (TPHI). Cancer Statistics Turkey, 2018. Acessed March 24, 2019 from https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/kanser-db/istatistik/Turkiye_Kanser_Istatistikleri_2015.pdf4. Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI). Pap smear making status, 2012. Acessed May 15, 2019 from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/IcerikGetir.do?istab_id=223 . (Turkish)5. T. C. Ministry of Health Statistics. Annual Part 3: Morbidity, 2016. Acessed May 15, 2019 from https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/13183,sy2016turkcepdf.pdf6. Kög İ, Turan T, Karabük E, et al. Cervical and breast cancer screening programme results of Etlik KETEM Group. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin. 2012;11(2):145–152. (Original work published in Turkish). DOI: 10.5455/pmb.20110812120702.7. Solt A, Dutucu N, Gunaydin S, Citil ET, Arik E. Evaluation of the PAP Smear Test Status of Women and Affecting Factors. International Journal of Caring Sciences 2018;11(2):1231-1238.8. Crawford A, Benard V, King J, Thomas CC. Peer Reviewed: Understanding Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening in Women With Access to Care, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2014. Preventing Chronic Disease 2016:13: E154. doi: 10.5888/pcd13.1602259. Modibbo FI, Dareng E, Bamisaye P, et al. Qualitative study of barriers to cervical cancer screening among Nigerian women. BMJ open 2016;6(1): e008533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-00853310. Racey CS, Gesink DC. Barriers and Facilitators to Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women in Rural Ontario, Canada: The Role of Self‐Collected HPV Testing. The Journal of Rural Health 2016;32(2):136-145. ttps://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.1213611. Akinlotan M, Bolin JN, Helduser J, Ojinnaka C, Lichorad A, McClellan D. Cervical cancer screening barriers and risk factor knowledge among uninsured women. Journal of community health 2017;42(4):770-778. DOI 10.1007/s10900-017-0316-912. Soper DS. A-priori Sample Size Calculator for Multiple Regression, 2019. [Software]. Available from http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc13. Cohen J, Cohen P, West SG, Aiken LS. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (3rd edition). 2003. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.14. Kurt G, Akyuz A. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Interventions on Increasing Participation in Cervical Cancer Screening. The journal of nursing research: JNR 2019;0(0):1-11. DOI: 10.1097/jnr.0000000000000317.15. Salem MR, Amin TT, Alhulaybi AA, Althafar AS, Abdelhai RA. Perceived risk of cervical cancer and barriers to screening among secondary school female teachers in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP 2017;18(4):969. doi: 10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.4.96916. Lechner L, De Vries H, Offermans N. Participation in a breast cancer screening program: influence of past behavior and determinants on future screening participation. Preventive Medicine 1997;26(4):473-482. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1997.016117. Beser A, Bahar Z, Aydogdu NG, Ersin F, Kissal A. Validity and reliability study for the self-efficacy scale. HealthMED 2012:195-200. 18. Guvenc G, Akyuz A, Açikel CH. Health belief model scale for cervical cancer and Pap smear test: psychometric testing. Journal of advanced nursing 2011;67(2):428-437. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05450.x19. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics (sixth ed.). Pearson, Boston, 2013.20. Fang CY, Ma GX, Tan Y, Chi N. A multifaceted intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among underserved Korean women. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers 2007;16(6):1298-1302. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.21. Lee EE, Eun Y, Lee SY, Nandy K. Age-related differences in health beliefs regarding cervical cancer screening among Korean American women. Journal of Transcultural Nursing 2012;23(3):237-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/104365961244101522. Bazargan M, Bazargan SH, Farooq M, Baker RS. Correlates of cervical cancer screening among underserved Hispanic and African-American women. Preventive medicine 2004;39(3):465-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.05.00323. Adams EK, Breen N, Joski PJ. Impact of the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program on mammography and Pap test utilization among white, Hispanic, and African American women: 1996–2000. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society 2007;109(S2):348-358. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.2235324. Newmann SJ, Garner EO. Social inequities along the cervical cancer continuum: a structured review. Cancer Causes & Control 2005;16(1):63-70.25. Watts L, Joseph N, Velazquez A, et al. Understanding barriers to cervical cancer screening among Hispanic women. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2009;201(2):199-e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2009.05.01426. del Carmen MG, Findley M, Muzikansky A, et al. Demographic, risk factor, and knowledge differences between Latinas and non-Latinas referred to colposcopy. Gynecologic oncology 2007;104(1):70-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.07.00827. Daley E, Perrin K, Vamos C., et al. Confusion about Pap smears: lack of knowledge among high-risk women. Journal of women's healthv 2013;22(1):67-74. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2012.366728. Ebu NI, Mupepi SC, Siakwa MP, Sampselle CM. Knowledge, practice, and barriers toward cervical cancer screening in Elmina, Southern Ghana. International Journal of Women’s Health 2015;7:31–39. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S71797.29. Fernández ME, Diamond PM, Rakowski W, et al. Development and validation of a cervical cancer screening self-efficacy scale for low-income Mexican American women. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers 2009;18(3):866-875. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2950.30. Ezem BU. Awareness and uptake of cervical cancer screening in Owerri, South-Eastern Nigeria. Annals of African Medicine 2007;6(3):94. DOI: 10.4103/1596-3519.55727.31. Ogunwale AN, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Montealegre J, et al. Non-utilization of the Pap test among women with frequent health system contact. Journal of immigrant and minority health 2016;18(6):1404-1412. DOI 10.1007/s10903-015-0287-932. Karimy M, Azarpira H, Araban M. Using health belief model constructs to examine differences in adherence to Pap test recommendations among Iranian women. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP 2017;18(5):1389. doi: 10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.5.138933. Tahmasebi R, Hosseini F, Noroozi A. The effect of education based on the health belief model on women’s practice about Pap smear test. Journal of hayat 2016;21(4):80-92. http://hayat.tums.ac.ir/article-1-1291-en.html34. Park S, Chang S, Chung, C. Effects of a cognition‐emotion focused program to increase public participation in Papanicolaou smear screening. Public health nursing 2005;22(4):289-298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0737-1209.2005.220404.x35. Hogenmiller JR, Atwood JR, Lindsey AM, et al. Self-efficacy scale for Pap smear screening participation in sheltered women. Nursing research 2007;56(6):369-377. DOI: 10.1097/01.NNR.0000299848.21935.8d
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 203 - 209, 29.09.2020
Öz
Kaynakça
- REFERENCES1. McGuire S. World cancer report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, international agency for research on cancer, WHO Press, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.116.0122112. Stewart BWKP, Wild CP. World cancer report 2014. Public Health. Acessed April 21, 2019 from http://publichealthwell.ie/search-results/world-cancer-report-2014?source=relatedblock&content=resource&member=572160&catalogue=none&collection=Conditions,Chronic%20Conditions,Cancer&tokens_complete=true3. Turkish Public Health Institution (TPHI). Cancer Statistics Turkey, 2018. Acessed March 24, 2019 from https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/kanser-db/istatistik/Turkiye_Kanser_Istatistikleri_2015.pdf4. Turkish Statistical Institute (TSI). Pap smear making status, 2012. Acessed May 15, 2019 from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/IcerikGetir.do?istab_id=223 . (Turkish)5. T. C. Ministry of Health Statistics. Annual Part 3: Morbidity, 2016. Acessed May 15, 2019 from https://dosyasb.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/13183,sy2016turkcepdf.pdf6. Kög İ, Turan T, Karabük E, et al. Cervical and breast cancer screening programme results of Etlik KETEM Group. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin. 2012;11(2):145–152. (Original work published in Turkish). DOI: 10.5455/pmb.20110812120702.7. Solt A, Dutucu N, Gunaydin S, Citil ET, Arik E. Evaluation of the PAP Smear Test Status of Women and Affecting Factors. International Journal of Caring Sciences 2018;11(2):1231-1238.8. Crawford A, Benard V, King J, Thomas CC. Peer Reviewed: Understanding Barriers to Cervical Cancer Screening in Women With Access to Care, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2014. Preventing Chronic Disease 2016:13: E154. doi: 10.5888/pcd13.1602259. Modibbo FI, Dareng E, Bamisaye P, et al. Qualitative study of barriers to cervical cancer screening among Nigerian women. BMJ open 2016;6(1): e008533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-00853310. Racey CS, Gesink DC. Barriers and Facilitators to Cervical Cancer Screening Among Women in Rural Ontario, Canada: The Role of Self‐Collected HPV Testing. The Journal of Rural Health 2016;32(2):136-145. ttps://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.1213611. Akinlotan M, Bolin JN, Helduser J, Ojinnaka C, Lichorad A, McClellan D. Cervical cancer screening barriers and risk factor knowledge among uninsured women. Journal of community health 2017;42(4):770-778. DOI 10.1007/s10900-017-0316-912. Soper DS. A-priori Sample Size Calculator for Multiple Regression, 2019. [Software]. Available from http://www.danielsoper.com/statcalc13. Cohen J, Cohen P, West SG, Aiken LS. Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (3rd edition). 2003. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.14. Kurt G, Akyuz A. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Interventions on Increasing Participation in Cervical Cancer Screening. The journal of nursing research: JNR 2019;0(0):1-11. DOI: 10.1097/jnr.0000000000000317.15. Salem MR, Amin TT, Alhulaybi AA, Althafar AS, Abdelhai RA. Perceived risk of cervical cancer and barriers to screening among secondary school female teachers in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP 2017;18(4):969. doi: 10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.4.96916. Lechner L, De Vries H, Offermans N. Participation in a breast cancer screening program: influence of past behavior and determinants on future screening participation. Preventive Medicine 1997;26(4):473-482. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.1997.016117. Beser A, Bahar Z, Aydogdu NG, Ersin F, Kissal A. Validity and reliability study for the self-efficacy scale. HealthMED 2012:195-200. 18. Guvenc G, Akyuz A, Açikel CH. Health belief model scale for cervical cancer and Pap smear test: psychometric testing. Journal of advanced nursing 2011;67(2):428-437. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05450.x19. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics (sixth ed.). Pearson, Boston, 2013.20. Fang CY, Ma GX, Tan Y, Chi N. A multifaceted intervention to increase cervical cancer screening among underserved Korean women. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers 2007;16(6):1298-1302. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.21. Lee EE, Eun Y, Lee SY, Nandy K. Age-related differences in health beliefs regarding cervical cancer screening among Korean American women. Journal of Transcultural Nursing 2012;23(3):237-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/104365961244101522. Bazargan M, Bazargan SH, Farooq M, Baker RS. Correlates of cervical cancer screening among underserved Hispanic and African-American women. Preventive medicine 2004;39(3):465-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.05.00323. Adams EK, Breen N, Joski PJ. Impact of the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program on mammography and Pap test utilization among white, Hispanic, and African American women: 1996–2000. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society 2007;109(S2):348-358. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.2235324. Newmann SJ, Garner EO. Social inequities along the cervical cancer continuum: a structured review. Cancer Causes & Control 2005;16(1):63-70.25. Watts L, Joseph N, Velazquez A, et al. Understanding barriers to cervical cancer screening among Hispanic women. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2009;201(2):199-e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2009.05.01426. del Carmen MG, Findley M, Muzikansky A, et al. Demographic, risk factor, and knowledge differences between Latinas and non-Latinas referred to colposcopy. Gynecologic oncology 2007;104(1):70-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2006.07.00827. Daley E, Perrin K, Vamos C., et al. Confusion about Pap smears: lack of knowledge among high-risk women. Journal of women's healthv 2013;22(1):67-74. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2012.366728. Ebu NI, Mupepi SC, Siakwa MP, Sampselle CM. Knowledge, practice, and barriers toward cervical cancer screening in Elmina, Southern Ghana. International Journal of Women’s Health 2015;7:31–39. doi:10.2147/IJWH.S71797.29. Fernández ME, Diamond PM, Rakowski W, et al. Development and validation of a cervical cancer screening self-efficacy scale for low-income Mexican American women. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers 2009;18(3):866-875. DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2950.30. Ezem BU. Awareness and uptake of cervical cancer screening in Owerri, South-Eastern Nigeria. Annals of African Medicine 2007;6(3):94. DOI: 10.4103/1596-3519.55727.31. Ogunwale AN, Sangi-Haghpeykar H, Montealegre J, et al. Non-utilization of the Pap test among women with frequent health system contact. Journal of immigrant and minority health 2016;18(6):1404-1412. DOI 10.1007/s10903-015-0287-932. Karimy M, Azarpira H, Araban M. Using health belief model constructs to examine differences in adherence to Pap test recommendations among Iranian women. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP 2017;18(5):1389. doi: 10.22034/APJCP.2017.18.5.138933. Tahmasebi R, Hosseini F, Noroozi A. The effect of education based on the health belief model on women’s practice about Pap smear test. Journal of hayat 2016;21(4):80-92. http://hayat.tums.ac.ir/article-1-1291-en.html34. Park S, Chang S, Chung, C. Effects of a cognition‐emotion focused program to increase public participation in Papanicolaou smear screening. Public health nursing 2005;22(4):289-298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0737-1209.2005.220404.x35. Hogenmiller JR, Atwood JR, Lindsey AM, et al. Self-efficacy scale for Pap smear screening participation in sheltered women. Nursing research 2007;56(6):369-377. DOI: 10.1097/01.NNR.0000299848.21935.8d
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi |
| Bölüm | Articles |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 29 Eylül 2020 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 11 Kasım 2019 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3 |
Kaynak Göster
