BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Enerji İçeceklerinin Sağlık Üzerine Etkilerinin Toksikolojik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 1, 89 - 127, 01.01.2016

Sevtap Aydın Berra Nur Dede

Öz

Enerji içecekleri enerji ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak ve uyanık kalmak için tüketilmektedir. Enerji içeceklerinin ilk tüketicilerinin genç ve yetişkinler olduğu görülmektedir. Enerji içecekleri üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar az sayıda ve sınırlı olup çoğunlukla enerji içeceği tüketiminin davranış ve fiziksel aktivite üzerinedir. Bu incelenen parametreler, sınırlı veri sağlamakta ve sağlık üzerine etkileri ve güvenliliği konusunda yeterli bilgi içermemektedir. Enerji içecekleri üzerine yapılan çalışmaların sınırlı olması nedeniyle, enerji içeceklerinin sağlık üzerine etkilerinin incelenmesi amacıyla bu derleme kapsamında enerji içeceğinin içeriğindeki maddelerin toksisiteleri değerlendirilmiştir. Enerji içeceği tüketiminin sağlık üzerine olumsuz etkileri olabildiği, enerji içecekleri üzerine yapılan çalışmaların yetersiz olduğu ve ileri bilimsel çalışmaların gerekli olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca toplum tarafından enerji içeceğinin bilinçli bir şekilde tüketiminin sağlanması, bu konuda gerekli eğitimin verilmesi ve gerekli düzenlemelerin yapılması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Enerji içecekleri kafein taurin toksisite insan sağlığı

Kaynakça

  • 1. Reissig CJ, Strain EC, Griffiths RR: Caffeinated energy drinks-A growing problem. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2009, 99(1):1-10
  • 2. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Enerji İçecekleri Tebliği Tebliğ No: 2006/47. T.C. Resmi Gazete, 26309, 4 Ekim 2006, 2006.
  • 3. Wolk BJ, Ganetsky M, Babu KM: Toxicity of energy drinks. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2012, 24(2):243-251.
  • 4. Heckman MA, Sherry K, Gonzalez de Mejia E: Energy drinks: an assessment of their market size, consumer demographics, ingredient profile, functionality, and regulations in the United States. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2010, 9(3):303-317.
  • 5. Coombes JS, Hamilton KL: The effectiveness of commercially available sports drinks. Sports Medicine 2009, 29(3):181-209.
  • 6. O'Brien MC, McCoy TP, Rhodes SD, Wagoner A, Wolfson M: Caffeinated cocktails: energy drink consumption, high-risk drinking, and alcohol-related consequences among college students. Academic Emergency Medicine 2008, 15 (5):453-460.
  • 7. EFSA, 2013. Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks; 2015 October 15. Available from: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/ 394e.pdf [Website]
  • 8. İşçioğlu F, Ova G, Duyar Y, Köksal M: Üniversite öğrencileri arasındaki enerji içeceği tüketimi ve bilinci araştırması. Akademik Gıda Bilimi ve Teknolojisi Dergisi 2010, 8 (5):6-11.
  • 9. Şen L, Dere HE, Koçak Şen İ: Survey on consumption behaviour of energy drink among university students: Example of Afyon Kocatepe University. Turkish Journal of Agriculture- Food Science and Technology 2015, 3(6):394-401.
  • 10. Rotsten J, Barber J, Strowbridge C, Hayward S, Huang R, Godfroy SB: Energy drinks: an assesment of the health risks in the Canadian context. International Food Risk Analysis Journal 2013, 3(5):1-29.
  • 11. Rashti SL, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Faigenbaum AD, Chilakos A, Hoffman JR: Thermogenic effect of meltdown RTD™ energy drink in young healthy women: a double blind, cross-over design study. Lipids in Health and Disease 2009, 8:57-64.
  • 12. BfR. New human data on the assessment of energy drinks (Information No. 016/2008). Alman Federal Risk Değerlendirme Enstitüsü 2008 March 13. Available from: http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/new_human_data_on_the_assessment_of_energy_ drinks.pdf [Website]
  • 13. Riksen NP, Rongen GA, Smits P: Acute and long-term cardiovascular effects of coffee: implications for coronary heart disease. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2009, 121(2): 185-191.
  • 14. Alford C, Cox H, Wescott R: The effects of red bull energy drink on human performance and mood. Amino Acids 2001, 21(2):139-150.
  • 16. Clauson KA, Shields KM, McQueen CE, Persad N: Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks. Pharmacy Today 2008, 14(5):52-64.
  • 17. Ivy JL, Kammer L, Ding Z, Wang B, Bernard JR, LiaoY, Hwang J: Improved cycling time-trial performance after ingestion of a caffeine energy drink. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 2009, 19(1):61-78.
  • 18. Forbes SC, Candow DG, Little JP, Magnus C, Chilibeck PD: Effect of Red Bull energy drink on repeated Wingate cycle performance and bench-press muscle endurance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolizm 2007, 17 (5):433-444.
  • 19. Lockwood C M, Moon JR, Smith AE, Tobkin SE, Kendall KL, Graef JL, Cramer JT, Stout JR: Low-calorie energy drink improves physiological response to exercise in previously sedentary men: a placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2010, 24(8):2227-2238.
  • 20. Candow DG, Kleisinger AK, Grenier S, Dorsch KD: Effect of sugar-free Red Bull energy drink on high-intensity run time-to-exhaustion in young adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2009, 23(4):1271-1275.
  • 21. Health Canada. It is Your Health - Safe Use of Energy Drinks. 2010; 2015 October 15 Available from: http://www.lccbenefits.ca/downloads/hcnewsenergydrink.pdf [Website].
  • 22. Malinauskas BM, Aeby VG, Overton RF, Carpenter Aeby T, Barber Heidal K: A survey of energy drink consumption patterns among college students. Nutrition Journal 2007, 6(1):35-41.
  • 23. Sipahi H, Sönmez İ, Aydın A: Enerji içecekleri ve insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Pharmacy Sciences 2014, 6 (1):39-46.
  • 24. Volk BM, Creighton BC. An Overview on Caffeine. In: Bagchi D, Sreejayan N, Sen CK (eds.), Nutration and Enhanced Sports Performance Muscle Building, Endurance, and Strength. Academic Press. 2013: 487-495.
  • 25. Garipağaoğlu M, Kuyrukçu N: Çocuk sağlığı ve kafein. Çocuk Dergisi 2009, 9(3):110- 115.
  • 26. Göksel S. Santral sinir sistemi stimülanları ve kilo kaybettiren ilaçlar. In: Kayaalp SO (ed), Rasyonel Tedavi Yönünden Tıbbi Farmakoloji. Pelikan, Ankara. 2009: 873.
  • 27. Giray B, Erkekoğlu P, Şahin S: Zayıflama amacıyla kullanılan çok etken maddeli bazı preparatların toksikolojik açıdan değerlendirilmesi: Fen-Phen ve Usnik Asit. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi 2009, 29(2):131-148.
  • 28. Gonzalez de Mejia E, Ramirez Mares MV: Impact of caffeine and coffee on our health. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 2014, 25(10):489-492.
  • 29. Burdan F: Pharmacology of caffeine: the main active compound of coffee. In: Preedy V (ed), Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention. Academic Press. 2015: 823-829.
  • 30. Tavares C, Sakata RK: Caffeine in the treatment of pain. Revista rasileira de Anestesiologia 2012, 62(3):394-401.
  • 31. Worthley MI, Prabhu A, De Sciscio P, Schultz C, Sanders P, Willoughby SR: Detrimental effects of energy drink consumption on platelet and endothelial function. The American Journal of Medicine 2010, 123(2):184-187.
  • 32. Timbrell JA, Seabra V, Waterfield CJ: The in vivo and in vitro protective properties of taurine. General Pharmacology: The Vascular System 1995, 26(3):453-462.
  • 33. SCF (Scientific Committee on Food Authority). Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Additional information on “energy” drinks (2003). 2003 March 5. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out169_en.pdf [Website]
  • 34. Cozzi R, Ricordy R, Bartolini F, Ramadori L, Perticone P, De Salvia R: Taurine and ellagic acid: Two differently-acting natural antioxidants. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1995, 26(3):248-254.
  • 35. Blankson KL, Thompson AM, Ahrendt DM, Patrick V: Energy drinks: what teenagers (and their doctors) should know. Pediatrics in Review 2013, 34:55-62.
  • 36. Dikici S, Yılmaz Aydın L, Kutlucan A, Ercan N: Enerji İçecekleri hakkında neler biliyoruz?. Dicle Tıp Dergisi 2012, 39(4):609-613.
  • 37. Arpacı N, Ersoy G: What is the power of energy drinks?. International Journal of Human Sciences 2011, 8(1):809-819.
  • 38. McLellan TM, Lieberman HR: Do energy drinks contain active components other than caffeine?. Nutrition Reviews 2012, 70(12):730-744.
  • 39. Gunja N, Brown JA: Energy drinks: health risks and toxicity. Medical Journal of Australia 2012, 196(1):46-49.
  • 41. Nah SY, Kim DH, Rhim H: Ginsenosides: are any of them candidates for drugs acting on the central nervous system? CNS Drug Reviews 2007, 13(4).381-404.
  • 42. Kennedy DO, Haskell CF, Wesnes KA, Scholey AB: Improved cognitive performance in human volunteers following administration of guarana (Paullinia cupana) extract: comparison and interaction with Panax ginseng. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior 2004, 79(3):401-411.
  • 43. Kulaputana O, Thanakomsirichot S, Anomasiri W: Ginseng supplementation does not change lactate threshold and physical performances in physically active Thai men. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2007, 90(6):1172-1179.
  • 44. ANZFA (Australia New Zealand Food Authority). Inquiry Report Application A394. Formulated caffeinated beverages. 2001 August 8. Available from: https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/applications/documents/A394_(full)_report.pdf [Website]
  • 45. Estensen RD, Wattenberg LW: Studies of chemopreventive effects of myo-inositol on benzo (a) pyrene-induced neoplasia of the lung and forestomach of female A/J mice. Carcinogenesis 1993, 14(9):1975-1977.
  • 46. Arendrup K, Gregersen G, Hawley J, Hawthorne JN: High-dose dietary myo-inositol supplementation does not alter the ischaemia phenomenon in human diabetics. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1989, 80(2).99-102.
  • 47. Colodny L, Hoffman R: Inositol-clinical applications for exogenous use. Alternative Medicine Review 1998, 3:432-447.
  • 48. Seifert SM, Schaechter JL, Hershorin ER, Lipshultz SE: Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics 2011, 127(3):511-528.
  • 49. Rath M: Energy drinks: what is all the hype? The dangers of energy drink consumption. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners 2012, 24(2):70-76.
  • 50. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine. Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. 2015 October 15. Available from: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/consultation/150115.pdf [Website]
  • 51. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) on a request from the European Commission on the use of taurine and D-glucurono-γ-lactone as constituents of the socalled “energy” drinks . The EFSA Journal 2009, 935:1-31.
  • 52. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Enerji İçecekleri Tebliği Tebliğ No: 2002/24. T.C. Resmi Gazete, 24687, 6 Mart 2002, 2002.
  • 53. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Enerji İçecekleri Tebliği Tebliğ No:2004/11. T.C. Resmi Gazete, 25397, 9 Mart 2004, 2004.
  • 54. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Enerji İçeceği Tebliğinde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Tebliğ Tebliğ No: 2005/ 7. T.C. Resmi Gazete, 25717, 4 Şubat 2005, 2005.
  • 55. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Enerji İçeceği Tebliği Tebliğ No: 2006/ 5. T.C. Resmi Gazete, 26062, 27 Ocak 2006, 2006.

Toxicological Evaluation of Energy Drinks on Health Effects

Yıl 2016, Sayı: 1, 89 - 127, 01.01.2016

Sevtap Aydın Berra Nur Dede

Öz

Energy drinks have been consumed to provide energy requirement and maintain mental alertness. It has been shown that the primary consumers of energy drinks are teenagers and adults. The researches on energy drinks, which are generally focused on the behavior and physical activities of consumption of energy drinks, are less and limited. The studied parameters have provided limited data and have not enough information on their health effects and safety. Since the limited studies on energy drinks, to evaluate the effects of energy drinks on health, in this review the toxicity of ingredients of energy drinks were evaluated. Moreover, it has been concluded that it is necessary to provide the deliberative consumption of energy drinks, to give necessary education on this issue, and to execute essential regulations of energy drinks.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Energy drinks caffeine taurine toxicity human health

Kaynakça

  • 1. Reissig CJ, Strain EC, Griffiths RR: Caffeinated energy drinks-A growing problem. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 2009, 99(1):1-10
  • 2. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Enerji İçecekleri Tebliği Tebliğ No: 2006/47. T.C. Resmi Gazete, 26309, 4 Ekim 2006, 2006.
  • 3. Wolk BJ, Ganetsky M, Babu KM: Toxicity of energy drinks. Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2012, 24(2):243-251.
  • 4. Heckman MA, Sherry K, Gonzalez de Mejia E: Energy drinks: an assessment of their market size, consumer demographics, ingredient profile, functionality, and regulations in the United States. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 2010, 9(3):303-317.
  • 5. Coombes JS, Hamilton KL: The effectiveness of commercially available sports drinks. Sports Medicine 2009, 29(3):181-209.
  • 6. O'Brien MC, McCoy TP, Rhodes SD, Wagoner A, Wolfson M: Caffeinated cocktails: energy drink consumption, high-risk drinking, and alcohol-related consequences among college students. Academic Emergency Medicine 2008, 15 (5):453-460.
  • 7. EFSA, 2013. Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks; 2015 October 15. Available from: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/ 394e.pdf [Website]
  • 8. İşçioğlu F, Ova G, Duyar Y, Köksal M: Üniversite öğrencileri arasındaki enerji içeceği tüketimi ve bilinci araştırması. Akademik Gıda Bilimi ve Teknolojisi Dergisi 2010, 8 (5):6-11.
  • 9. Şen L, Dere HE, Koçak Şen İ: Survey on consumption behaviour of energy drink among university students: Example of Afyon Kocatepe University. Turkish Journal of Agriculture- Food Science and Technology 2015, 3(6):394-401.
  • 10. Rotsten J, Barber J, Strowbridge C, Hayward S, Huang R, Godfroy SB: Energy drinks: an assesment of the health risks in the Canadian context. International Food Risk Analysis Journal 2013, 3(5):1-29.
  • 11. Rashti SL, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Faigenbaum AD, Chilakos A, Hoffman JR: Thermogenic effect of meltdown RTD™ energy drink in young healthy women: a double blind, cross-over design study. Lipids in Health and Disease 2009, 8:57-64.
  • 12. BfR. New human data on the assessment of energy drinks (Information No. 016/2008). Alman Federal Risk Değerlendirme Enstitüsü 2008 March 13. Available from: http://www.bfr.bund.de/cm/349/new_human_data_on_the_assessment_of_energy_ drinks.pdf [Website]
  • 13. Riksen NP, Rongen GA, Smits P: Acute and long-term cardiovascular effects of coffee: implications for coronary heart disease. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2009, 121(2): 185-191.
  • 14. Alford C, Cox H, Wescott R: The effects of red bull energy drink on human performance and mood. Amino Acids 2001, 21(2):139-150.
  • 16. Clauson KA, Shields KM, McQueen CE, Persad N: Safety issues associated with commercially available energy drinks. Pharmacy Today 2008, 14(5):52-64.
  • 17. Ivy JL, Kammer L, Ding Z, Wang B, Bernard JR, LiaoY, Hwang J: Improved cycling time-trial performance after ingestion of a caffeine energy drink. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 2009, 19(1):61-78.
  • 18. Forbes SC, Candow DG, Little JP, Magnus C, Chilibeck PD: Effect of Red Bull energy drink on repeated Wingate cycle performance and bench-press muscle endurance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolizm 2007, 17 (5):433-444.
  • 19. Lockwood C M, Moon JR, Smith AE, Tobkin SE, Kendall KL, Graef JL, Cramer JT, Stout JR: Low-calorie energy drink improves physiological response to exercise in previously sedentary men: a placebo-controlled efficacy and safety study. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2010, 24(8):2227-2238.
  • 20. Candow DG, Kleisinger AK, Grenier S, Dorsch KD: Effect of sugar-free Red Bull energy drink on high-intensity run time-to-exhaustion in young adults. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2009, 23(4):1271-1275.
  • 21. Health Canada. It is Your Health - Safe Use of Energy Drinks. 2010; 2015 October 15 Available from: http://www.lccbenefits.ca/downloads/hcnewsenergydrink.pdf [Website].
  • 22. Malinauskas BM, Aeby VG, Overton RF, Carpenter Aeby T, Barber Heidal K: A survey of energy drink consumption patterns among college students. Nutrition Journal 2007, 6(1):35-41.
  • 23. Sipahi H, Sönmez İ, Aydın A: Enerji içecekleri ve insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Pharmacy Sciences 2014, 6 (1):39-46.
  • 24. Volk BM, Creighton BC. An Overview on Caffeine. In: Bagchi D, Sreejayan N, Sen CK (eds.), Nutration and Enhanced Sports Performance Muscle Building, Endurance, and Strength. Academic Press. 2013: 487-495.
  • 25. Garipağaoğlu M, Kuyrukçu N: Çocuk sağlığı ve kafein. Çocuk Dergisi 2009, 9(3):110- 115.
  • 26. Göksel S. Santral sinir sistemi stimülanları ve kilo kaybettiren ilaçlar. In: Kayaalp SO (ed), Rasyonel Tedavi Yönünden Tıbbi Farmakoloji. Pelikan, Ankara. 2009: 873.
  • 27. Giray B, Erkekoğlu P, Şahin S: Zayıflama amacıyla kullanılan çok etken maddeli bazı preparatların toksikolojik açıdan değerlendirilmesi: Fen-Phen ve Usnik Asit. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi 2009, 29(2):131-148.
  • 28. Gonzalez de Mejia E, Ramirez Mares MV: Impact of caffeine and coffee on our health. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 2014, 25(10):489-492.
  • 29. Burdan F: Pharmacology of caffeine: the main active compound of coffee. In: Preedy V (ed), Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention. Academic Press. 2015: 823-829.
  • 30. Tavares C, Sakata RK: Caffeine in the treatment of pain. Revista rasileira de Anestesiologia 2012, 62(3):394-401.
  • 31. Worthley MI, Prabhu A, De Sciscio P, Schultz C, Sanders P, Willoughby SR: Detrimental effects of energy drink consumption on platelet and endothelial function. The American Journal of Medicine 2010, 123(2):184-187.
  • 32. Timbrell JA, Seabra V, Waterfield CJ: The in vivo and in vitro protective properties of taurine. General Pharmacology: The Vascular System 1995, 26(3):453-462.
  • 33. SCF (Scientific Committee on Food Authority). Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on Additional information on “energy” drinks (2003). 2003 March 5. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out169_en.pdf [Website]
  • 34. Cozzi R, Ricordy R, Bartolini F, Ramadori L, Perticone P, De Salvia R: Taurine and ellagic acid: Two differently-acting natural antioxidants. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 1995, 26(3):248-254.
  • 35. Blankson KL, Thompson AM, Ahrendt DM, Patrick V: Energy drinks: what teenagers (and their doctors) should know. Pediatrics in Review 2013, 34:55-62.
  • 36. Dikici S, Yılmaz Aydın L, Kutlucan A, Ercan N: Enerji İçecekleri hakkında neler biliyoruz?. Dicle Tıp Dergisi 2012, 39(4):609-613.
  • 37. Arpacı N, Ersoy G: What is the power of energy drinks?. International Journal of Human Sciences 2011, 8(1):809-819.
  • 38. McLellan TM, Lieberman HR: Do energy drinks contain active components other than caffeine?. Nutrition Reviews 2012, 70(12):730-744.
  • 39. Gunja N, Brown JA: Energy drinks: health risks and toxicity. Medical Journal of Australia 2012, 196(1):46-49.
  • 41. Nah SY, Kim DH, Rhim H: Ginsenosides: are any of them candidates for drugs acting on the central nervous system? CNS Drug Reviews 2007, 13(4).381-404.
  • 42. Kennedy DO, Haskell CF, Wesnes KA, Scholey AB: Improved cognitive performance in human volunteers following administration of guarana (Paullinia cupana) extract: comparison and interaction with Panax ginseng. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior 2004, 79(3):401-411.
  • 43. Kulaputana O, Thanakomsirichot S, Anomasiri W: Ginseng supplementation does not change lactate threshold and physical performances in physically active Thai men. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2007, 90(6):1172-1179.
  • 44. ANZFA (Australia New Zealand Food Authority). Inquiry Report Application A394. Formulated caffeinated beverages. 2001 August 8. Available from: https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/code/applications/documents/A394_(full)_report.pdf [Website]
  • 45. Estensen RD, Wattenberg LW: Studies of chemopreventive effects of myo-inositol on benzo (a) pyrene-induced neoplasia of the lung and forestomach of female A/J mice. Carcinogenesis 1993, 14(9):1975-1977.
  • 46. Arendrup K, Gregersen G, Hawley J, Hawthorne JN: High-dose dietary myo-inositol supplementation does not alter the ischaemia phenomenon in human diabetics. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1989, 80(2).99-102.
  • 47. Colodny L, Hoffman R: Inositol-clinical applications for exogenous use. Alternative Medicine Review 1998, 3:432-447.
  • 48. Seifert SM, Schaechter JL, Hershorin ER, Lipshultz SE: Health effects of energy drinks on children, adolescents, and young adults. Pediatrics 2011, 127(3):511-528.
  • 49. Rath M: Energy drinks: what is all the hype? The dangers of energy drink consumption. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners 2012, 24(2):70-76.
  • 50. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine. Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies. 2015 October 15. Available from: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/consultation/150115.pdf [Website]
  • 51. EFSA (European Food Safety Authority). Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) on a request from the European Commission on the use of taurine and D-glucurono-γ-lactone as constituents of the socalled “energy” drinks . The EFSA Journal 2009, 935:1-31.
  • 52. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Enerji İçecekleri Tebliği Tebliğ No: 2002/24. T.C. Resmi Gazete, 24687, 6 Mart 2002, 2002.
  • 53. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Enerji İçecekleri Tebliği Tebliğ No:2004/11. T.C. Resmi Gazete, 25397, 9 Mart 2004, 2004.
  • 54. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Enerji İçeceği Tebliğinde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Tebliğ Tebliğ No: 2005/ 7. T.C. Resmi Gazete, 25717, 4 Şubat 2005, 2005.
  • 55. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Enerji İçeceği Tebliği Tebliğ No: 2006/ 5. T.C. Resmi Gazete, 26062, 27 Ocak 2006, 2006.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Sevtap Aydın

Berra Nur Dede Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Ocak 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Aydın S, Dede BN. Enerji İçeceklerinin Sağlık Üzerine Etkilerinin Toksikolojik Açıdan Değerlendirilmesi. HUJPHARM. 2016(1):89-127.