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The Relationship Between Body Composition and Self-Esteem and Body Image in Male Bodybuilding Athletes

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 9 - 14, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.51538/intjourexerpsyc.1250281

Öz

Being in optimal body composition is an important factor in athletes due to factors such as health, performance, and success of athletes. In general, lean body mass is considered an indicator of muscle fitness and is a performance-related factor. Bodybuilding is a branch of sports that aims to increase the strength and volume of the muscles and is mainly done by males. After a while, the training goals can move toward body images that cannot be achieved under normal conditions. This review aims to examine the relationship between body composition, self-esteem, and body image in male bodybuilders. Recent studies have shown an increased interest in the relationship between body dissatisfaction, self-esteem, and body image. It is seen that there is a negative relationship between self-esteem and body image in individuals with body dissatisfaction. Approaches that change one's self-esteem and body image can provide positive results in a treatment that will provide an approach to body dissatisfaction. More work is needed on this subject.

Kaynakça

  • Aimé, A., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Dion, J., Markey, C. H., Strodl, E., McCabe, M., ... & Maïano, C. (2020). Assessing positive body image, body satisfaction, weight bias, and appearance comparison in emerging adults: a cross-validation study across eight countries. Body Image, 35, 320-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.09.014
  • Alves, R. C., Prestes, J., Enes, A., de Moraes, W., Trindade, T. B., de Salles, B. F., ... & Souza-Junior, T. P. (2020). Training programs designed for muscle hypertrophy in bodybuilders: A narrative review. Sports, 8(11), 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8110149
  • Babusa, B., Czeglédi, E., Túry, F., Mayville, S. B., & Urbán, R. (2015). Differentiating the levels of risk for muscle dysmorphia among Hungarian male weightlifters: a factor mixture modeling approach. Body Image, 12, 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.001
  • Bégin, C., Turcotte, O., & Rodrigue, C. (2019). Psychosocial factors underlying symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in a non-clinical sample of men. Psychiatry Research, 272, 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.120
  • Behar, R., & Arancibia, M. (2015). Body image disorders: anorexia nervosa versus reverse anorexia (muscle dysmorphia). Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios, 6(2), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmta.2015.10.005
  • Besser, A., & Priel, B., (2010). Grandiose narcissism versus vulnerable narcissism in threatening situations: emotional reactions to achievement failure and interpersonal rejection. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(8), 874–902. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.8.874
  • Braun, T. D., Park, C. L., & Gorin, A. (2016). Self-compassion, body image, and disordered eating: A review of the literature. Body Image, 17, 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.03.003
  • Canda, A. S. (2021). Muscle mass index estimated by anthropometry vs bioelectrical impedance: Study in athletes competing by weight categories. Apunts Sports Medicine, 56(211), 100360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apunsm.2021.100360
  • Chappell, A. J., Simper, T., & Barker, M. E. (2018). Nutritional strategies of high level natural bodybuilders during competition preparation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0209-z
  • Danilova, D., Diekhoff, G. M., & Vandehey, M. A. (2013). A multidimensional scaling analysis of male body perception in men with muscle dysmorphia:" The adonis complex". International Journal of Men's Health, 12(2), 83-106. https://web.p.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=21ee7069-12e5-4854-88c2-5915fa20c058%40redis
  • Efthymiou, D., Kokokiris, L., Mesiari, C., & Vassilopoulou, E. (2021). Perceived ideal body weight exacerbates bulimia and dieting in Bodybuilding Athletes. Toxicology Reports, 8, 1777-1782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.10.007
  • Erdoğanoğlu, Y., & Tunç, Ü. (2020). Vücut geliştirme egzersiz programı uygulayan bireylerde beden algısı ve benlik saygısı [Body perception and self-esteem in individuals performing a bodybuilding exercise program]. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine], 55(2), 079-085. https://doi.org/10.5152/tjsm.2020.163
  • Franchini, E., Brito, C., & Artioli, G. (2012). Weight loss in combat sports: physiological, psychological and performance effects. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-52
  • Frederick, D. A., Buchanan, G. M., Sadehgi-Azar, L., Peplau, L. A., Haselton, M. G., Berezovskaya, A., & Lipinski, R. E. (2007). Desiring the muscular ideal: Men's body satisfaction in the United States, Ukraine, and Ghana. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 8(2), 103. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2007-06097-004
  • Goldsmith, K. M., & Byers, E. S. (2016). Perceived impact of body feedback from romantic partners on young adults’ body image and sexual well-being. Body Image, 17, 161-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.03.008
  • Greenway, C. W., & Price, C. (2018). A qualitative study of the motivations for anabolic-androgenic steroid use: The role of muscle dysmorphia and self-esteem in long-term users. Performance Enhancement & Health, 6(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2018.02.002
  • Greenway, C. W., & Price, C. (2020). Muscle dysmorphia and self-esteem in former and current users of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Performance Enhancement & Health, 7(3-4), 100154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2019.100154
  • Grieve, R., & Helmick, A. (2008). The influence of men's self-objectification on the drive for muscularity: Self-esteem, body satisfaction and muscle dysmorphia. International Journal of Men's Health, 7(3), 288. https://web.s.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=e56f8753-b642-4e94-af79-917c5d9a6f4d%40redis
  • Helms, E. R., Aragon, A. A., & Fitschen, P. J. (2014). Evidence-based recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: nutrition and supplementation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-11-20
  • Horney, K. (2008). Nevrotik kişilik. çağımızın nevrotik kişiliği [The neurotic personality of our time](S. Koçak, Ed.), Doruk Publications. https://wwnorton.com/books/9780393310979
  • Kıran, Z. (2021). Spor sonrası yaşamda elit sporcuların psikolojik iyi oluşları [The Psychological Well-Being of Elite Athletes After Sports Career] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Pamukkale University.
  • Klimecki, O. M., Leiberg, S., Ricard, M., & Singer, T. (2014). Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 873–879. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst060
  • Klimek, P., Murray, S. B., Brown, T., Gonzales IV, M., & Blashill, A. J. (2018). Thinness and muscularity internalization: Associations with disordered eating and muscle dysmorphia in men. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(4), 352-357. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22844
  • Kouri, E. M., Pope, H. G., Jr., Katz, D. L., & Oliva, P. (1995). Fat-free mass index in users and nonusers of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 5 (4), 223-228. https://journals.lww.com/cjsportsmed/Abstract/1995/10000/Fat_Free_Mass_Index_in_Users_and_Nonusers_of.3.asp?casa_token=NkQGywWlPrkAAAAA:TBrxjv-krjZu6avq0luAfNFlQO3iY0JfSH1eSwM86lD6coM0cQaiA57i9f152lViJsCkeObn4Ehno1QnF9p3P9sOOdvB
  • Marini, E., Campa, F., Buffa, R., Stagi, S., Matias, C. N., Toselli, S., ... & Silva, A. M. (2020). Phase angle and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in the evaluation of body composition in athletes. Clinical Nutrition, 39(2), 447-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.02.016
  • Mitchell, L., Murray, S. B., Cobley, S., Hackett, D., Gifford, J., Capling, L., & O’Connor, H. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and associated psychological features in bodybuilders and non-bodybuilder resistance trainers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(2), 233-259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0564-3
  • Modica, C. A. (2020). The associations between Instagram use, selfie activities, appearance comparison, and body dissatisfaction in adult men. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(2), 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0434
  • Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x
  • Parker, O., & Scott, J. (2018). Mirror mirror: A look into muscle dysmorphia. WKU. https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3184&context=postersatthecapitol
  • Pickett, T. C., Lewis, R. J., & Cash, T. F. (2005) Men, muscles and body image: Comparisons of competitive bodybuilders, weight trainers, and athletically active controls. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(4); 217-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.012013
  • Ricciardelli, L. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2003). A longitudinal analysis of the role of biopsychosocial factors in predicting body change strategies among adolescent boys. Sex Roles, 48(7), 349-359. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022942614727
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pjjh
  • Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. Basic Books, 56-68. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4097248W/Conceiving_the_self
  • Seyhan, S. (2018). Evaluation of the rapid weight loss practices of taekwondo athletes and their effects. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(10), 213-218. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i10.3663
  • Soohinda, G., Sampath, H., Mishra, D., & Dutta, S. (2020). Body image dissatisfaction in young Indian Men: Prevalence, psychosocial correlates, and the impact of sociocultural pressure. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry, 36(2), 130-135. https://journals.lww.com/ijsp/Fulltext/2020/36020/Body_Image_Dissatisfaction_in_Young_Indian_Men_.8.aspx
  • Stapleton, P., McIntyre, T., & Bannatyne, A. (2016). Body image avoidance, body dissatisfaction, and eating pathology: Is there a difference between male gym users and non–gym users?. American Journal of Men's Health, 10(2), 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883145566
  • Tan, M., & Karabulutlu, E. (2004). Sürekli Ayaktan Periton Diyalizi (SAPD) uygulanan hastaların benlik saygısı ve beden imajını algılayışları [Self-esteem and body image perceptions of patients undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)], Atatürk Üniversitesi, Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi [Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences], 7(3), 67-73. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunihem/issue/2628/33808
  • Tatlı, E. (2012). Benlik saygısı ve şüphe durumları yönünden gençlerin siyasal reklamlara yaklaşımı [The attitude of youth toward politicak advertisements in term of their self-esteem and skepticism level] [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Marmara University.
  • Tod, D., & Edwards, C. (2015). Relationships among muscle dysmorphia characteristics, body image quality of life, and coping in males. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(5), 585-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.07.015
  • Turk, F., & Waller, G. (2020). Is self-compassion relevant to the pathology and treatment of eating and body image concerns? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 79, 101856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101856
  • Valls, M., Bonvin, P., & Chabrol, H. (2013). Association between muscularity dissatisfaction and body dissatisfaction among normal-weight French men. Journal of Men's Health, 10(4), 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1089/jomh.2013.0005
  • Walker, D. C., Anderson, D. A., & Hildebrandt, T. (2009). Body checking behaviors in men. Body image, 6(3), 164-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.05.001

Erkek Vücut Geliştirme Sporcularında Vücut Kompozisyonu ile Benlik Saygısı ve Beden İmgesi Arasındaki İlişki

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 9 - 14, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.51538/intjourexerpsyc.1250281

Öz

Sporcuların sağlığı, performansı, başarısı gibi faktörlerden dolayı optimal vücut kompozisyonunda olmaları sporcular için önemli bir etkendir. Genel olarak yağsız vücut kütlesi, kas kondisyonunun bir göstergesi olarak kabul edilir ve performansla ilişkili bir faktördür. Vücut geliştirme, kasların gücünü ve hacmini artırmayı amaçlayan ve ağırlıklı olarak erkekler tarafından yapılan bir spor dalıdır. Bir süre sonra antrenman hedefleri normal şartlarda elde edilemeyen vücut imajına doğru kayabilir. Bu derleme, erkek vücut geliştiricilerde vücut kompozisyonu, benlik saygısı ve beden imajı arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Son araştırmalar, beden memnuniyetsizliği, benlik saygısı ve beden imajı arasındaki ilişkiye artan bir ilgi göstermiştir. Beden memnuniyetsizliği olan bireylerde benlik saygısı ile beden imajı arasında negatif bir ilişki olduğu görülmektedir. Kişinin benlik saygısını ve beden imajını değiştiren yaklaşımlar, beden memnuniyetsizliğine yaklaşım sağlayacak bir tedavide olumlu sonuçlar verebilir. Bu konuda daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

Kaynakça

  • Aimé, A., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Dion, J., Markey, C. H., Strodl, E., McCabe, M., ... & Maïano, C. (2020). Assessing positive body image, body satisfaction, weight bias, and appearance comparison in emerging adults: a cross-validation study across eight countries. Body Image, 35, 320-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.09.014
  • Alves, R. C., Prestes, J., Enes, A., de Moraes, W., Trindade, T. B., de Salles, B. F., ... & Souza-Junior, T. P. (2020). Training programs designed for muscle hypertrophy in bodybuilders: A narrative review. Sports, 8(11), 149. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8110149
  • Babusa, B., Czeglédi, E., Túry, F., Mayville, S. B., & Urbán, R. (2015). Differentiating the levels of risk for muscle dysmorphia among Hungarian male weightlifters: a factor mixture modeling approach. Body Image, 12, 14-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2014.09.001
  • Bégin, C., Turcotte, O., & Rodrigue, C. (2019). Psychosocial factors underlying symptoms of muscle dysmorphia in a non-clinical sample of men. Psychiatry Research, 272, 319-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.120
  • Behar, R., & Arancibia, M. (2015). Body image disorders: anorexia nervosa versus reverse anorexia (muscle dysmorphia). Revista Mexicana de Trastornos Alimentarios, 6(2), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmta.2015.10.005
  • Besser, A., & Priel, B., (2010). Grandiose narcissism versus vulnerable narcissism in threatening situations: emotional reactions to achievement failure and interpersonal rejection. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(8), 874–902. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.8.874
  • Braun, T. D., Park, C. L., & Gorin, A. (2016). Self-compassion, body image, and disordered eating: A review of the literature. Body Image, 17, 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.03.003
  • Canda, A. S. (2021). Muscle mass index estimated by anthropometry vs bioelectrical impedance: Study in athletes competing by weight categories. Apunts Sports Medicine, 56(211), 100360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apunsm.2021.100360
  • Chappell, A. J., Simper, T., & Barker, M. E. (2018). Nutritional strategies of high level natural bodybuilders during competition preparation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 15(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-018-0209-z
  • Danilova, D., Diekhoff, G. M., & Vandehey, M. A. (2013). A multidimensional scaling analysis of male body perception in men with muscle dysmorphia:" The adonis complex". International Journal of Men's Health, 12(2), 83-106. https://web.p.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=21ee7069-12e5-4854-88c2-5915fa20c058%40redis
  • Efthymiou, D., Kokokiris, L., Mesiari, C., & Vassilopoulou, E. (2021). Perceived ideal body weight exacerbates bulimia and dieting in Bodybuilding Athletes. Toxicology Reports, 8, 1777-1782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.10.007
  • Erdoğanoğlu, Y., & Tunç, Ü. (2020). Vücut geliştirme egzersiz programı uygulayan bireylerde beden algısı ve benlik saygısı [Body perception and self-esteem in individuals performing a bodybuilding exercise program]. Spor Hekimliği Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Sports Medicine], 55(2), 079-085. https://doi.org/10.5152/tjsm.2020.163
  • Franchini, E., Brito, C., & Artioli, G. (2012). Weight loss in combat sports: physiological, psychological and performance effects. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 9(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-9-52
  • Frederick, D. A., Buchanan, G. M., Sadehgi-Azar, L., Peplau, L. A., Haselton, M. G., Berezovskaya, A., & Lipinski, R. E. (2007). Desiring the muscular ideal: Men's body satisfaction in the United States, Ukraine, and Ghana. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 8(2), 103. https://psycnet.apa.org/buy/2007-06097-004
  • Goldsmith, K. M., & Byers, E. S. (2016). Perceived impact of body feedback from romantic partners on young adults’ body image and sexual well-being. Body Image, 17, 161-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.03.008
  • Greenway, C. W., & Price, C. (2018). A qualitative study of the motivations for anabolic-androgenic steroid use: The role of muscle dysmorphia and self-esteem in long-term users. Performance Enhancement & Health, 6(1), 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2018.02.002
  • Greenway, C. W., & Price, C. (2020). Muscle dysmorphia and self-esteem in former and current users of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Performance Enhancement & Health, 7(3-4), 100154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2019.100154
  • Grieve, R., & Helmick, A. (2008). The influence of men's self-objectification on the drive for muscularity: Self-esteem, body satisfaction and muscle dysmorphia. International Journal of Men's Health, 7(3), 288. https://web.s.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=0&sid=e56f8753-b642-4e94-af79-917c5d9a6f4d%40redis
  • Helms, E. R., Aragon, A. A., & Fitschen, P. J. (2014). Evidence-based recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: nutrition and supplementation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-11-20
  • Horney, K. (2008). Nevrotik kişilik. çağımızın nevrotik kişiliği [The neurotic personality of our time](S. Koçak, Ed.), Doruk Publications. https://wwnorton.com/books/9780393310979
  • Kıran, Z. (2021). Spor sonrası yaşamda elit sporcuların psikolojik iyi oluşları [The Psychological Well-Being of Elite Athletes After Sports Career] [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Pamukkale University.
  • Klimecki, O. M., Leiberg, S., Ricard, M., & Singer, T. (2014). Differential pattern of functional brain plasticity after compassion and empathy training. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 9, 873–879. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nst060
  • Klimek, P., Murray, S. B., Brown, T., Gonzales IV, M., & Blashill, A. J. (2018). Thinness and muscularity internalization: Associations with disordered eating and muscle dysmorphia in men. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51(4), 352-357. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22844
  • Kouri, E. M., Pope, H. G., Jr., Katz, D. L., & Oliva, P. (1995). Fat-free mass index in users and nonusers of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 5 (4), 223-228. https://journals.lww.com/cjsportsmed/Abstract/1995/10000/Fat_Free_Mass_Index_in_Users_and_Nonusers_of.3.asp?casa_token=NkQGywWlPrkAAAAA:TBrxjv-krjZu6avq0luAfNFlQO3iY0JfSH1eSwM86lD6coM0cQaiA57i9f152lViJsCkeObn4Ehno1QnF9p3P9sOOdvB
  • Marini, E., Campa, F., Buffa, R., Stagi, S., Matias, C. N., Toselli, S., ... & Silva, A. M. (2020). Phase angle and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis in the evaluation of body composition in athletes. Clinical Nutrition, 39(2), 447-454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2019.02.016
  • Mitchell, L., Murray, S. B., Cobley, S., Hackett, D., Gifford, J., Capling, L., & O’Connor, H. (2017). Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and associated psychological features in bodybuilders and non-bodybuilder resistance trainers: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 47(2), 233-259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0564-3
  • Modica, C. A. (2020). The associations between Instagram use, selfie activities, appearance comparison, and body dissatisfaction in adult men. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 23(2), 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2019.0434
  • Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00330.x
  • Parker, O., & Scott, J. (2018). Mirror mirror: A look into muscle dysmorphia. WKU. https://digitalcommons.murraystate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3184&context=postersatthecapitol
  • Pickett, T. C., Lewis, R. J., & Cash, T. F. (2005) Men, muscles and body image: Comparisons of competitive bodybuilders, weight trainers, and athletically active controls. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(4); 217-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.012013
  • Ricciardelli, L. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2003). A longitudinal analysis of the role of biopsychosocial factors in predicting body change strategies among adolescent boys. Sex Roles, 48(7), 349-359. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022942614727
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt183pjjh
  • Rosenberg, M. (1979). Conceiving the self. Basic Books, 56-68. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4097248W/Conceiving_the_self
  • Seyhan, S. (2018). Evaluation of the rapid weight loss practices of taekwondo athletes and their effects. Journal of Education and Training Studies, 6(10), 213-218. https://doi.org/10.11114/jets.v6i10.3663
  • Soohinda, G., Sampath, H., Mishra, D., & Dutta, S. (2020). Body image dissatisfaction in young Indian Men: Prevalence, psychosocial correlates, and the impact of sociocultural pressure. Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry, 36(2), 130-135. https://journals.lww.com/ijsp/Fulltext/2020/36020/Body_Image_Dissatisfaction_in_Young_Indian_Men_.8.aspx
  • Stapleton, P., McIntyre, T., & Bannatyne, A. (2016). Body image avoidance, body dissatisfaction, and eating pathology: Is there a difference between male gym users and non–gym users?. American Journal of Men's Health, 10(2), 100-109. https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883145566
  • Tan, M., & Karabulutlu, E. (2004). Sürekli Ayaktan Periton Diyalizi (SAPD) uygulanan hastaların benlik saygısı ve beden imajını algılayışları [Self-esteem and body image perceptions of patients undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)], Atatürk Üniversitesi, Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi [Journal of Anatolia Nursing and Health Sciences], 7(3), 67-73. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunihem/issue/2628/33808
  • Tatlı, E. (2012). Benlik saygısı ve şüphe durumları yönünden gençlerin siyasal reklamlara yaklaşımı [The attitude of youth toward politicak advertisements in term of their self-esteem and skepticism level] [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Marmara University.
  • Tod, D., & Edwards, C. (2015). Relationships among muscle dysmorphia characteristics, body image quality of life, and coping in males. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(5), 585-589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.07.015
  • Turk, F., & Waller, G. (2020). Is self-compassion relevant to the pathology and treatment of eating and body image concerns? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 79, 101856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101856
  • Valls, M., Bonvin, P., & Chabrol, H. (2013). Association between muscularity dissatisfaction and body dissatisfaction among normal-weight French men. Journal of Men's Health, 10(4), 139-145. https://doi.org/10.1089/jomh.2013.0005
  • Walker, D. C., Anderson, D. A., & Hildebrandt, T. (2009). Body checking behaviors in men. Body image, 6(3), 164-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.05.001
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Derleme Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gözde Şentürk 0000-0002-8705-6765

Pınar Gobel 0000-0001-7152-1581

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 1 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Şubat 2023
Kabul Tarihi 17 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Şentürk, G., & Gobel, P. (2023). The Relationship Between Body Composition and Self-Esteem and Body Image in Male Bodybuilding Athletes. Uluslararası Egzersiz Psikolojisi Dergisi, 5(1), 9-14. https://doi.org/10.51538/intjourexerpsyc.1250281