Gençlerin ve Yaşlıların Otobiyografik Bellek Özellikleri Açısından Karşılaştırılması: Betimsel Bir Çalışma
Öz
Bu araştırmada otobiyografik anı özellikleri
(içeriği, bakış açısı ve zamanı) ergen, erken yetişkin
ve yaşlı gruplar açısından betimsel olarak
incelenmiştir. Araştırmaya 80 ergen, 80 erken
yetişkin ve 80 yaşlı olmak üzere toplam 240 gönüllü
katılmıştır. Katılımcılara İpuçlu Hatırlama
Tekniğine dayanan bir otobiyografik bellek testi
uygulanmış ve verilerin betimsel analizi yapılmıştır.
Buna göre, yaşlılar olumlu kelimelerle
ilgili olarak diğer gruplara göre en fazla sosyal
takdirle ilgili anı anlatmıştır. Olumsuz kelimelerde
ise, ergenlerin en çok arkadaş anlaşmazlıklarıyla,
erken yetişkinlerin en çok aile ve özel ilişkilerle,
yaşlıların ise hem aile içi ve özel ilişkilerle hem de
hastalıklarla ilgili olumsuzlukları anlatmayı tercih
ettikleri gözlenmiştir. Anıların bakış açısına bakıldığında,
olumlu kelimelerde, alan bakış açısını en
fazla erken yetişkinler, gözlemci bakış açısını ise
en fazla yaşlılar kullanırken; olumsuz kelimelerde
alan bakış açısını en fazla yaşlılar, gözlemci bakış
açısını ise en fazla ergenler kullanmıştır. Bu sonuç
yaşlılardaki “bilgelik eğilimiyle” açıklanmıştır.
Anıların zamanı incelendiğinde, hem olumlu hem
de olumsuz kelimeler için, son 5 yıla ait anılarını
daha çok ergenler, son 5 yıldan önceki anılarını
ise daha çok yaşlılar anlatmıştır. Ayrıca, araştırmada
kullanılan kelimeler semantik açıdan
değerlendirildiğinde ise, tüm grupların olumlu
kelimelerdeki değerlendirmeleri olumsuzlara göre
daha yüksekken, yaşlılar olumsuz kelimeleri de
daha fazla olumlu olarak değerlendirerek bir tür
“olumluluk yanlılığı” göstermiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Bilişsel yaşlanma, otobiyografik
bellek, duygusal bellek.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Baltes, P.B. & Staudinger, U.M. (1993). The search for a psychology of wisdom. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2: 75-80.
- Brewer, W.F. (1986). What is autobiographical memory. In: Rubin DC, eds. Autobiographical Memory . Cambrigde: Cambridge University Press, 25-49.
- Carstensen, L.L. & Charles, S.T. (1994). The salience of emotion across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 9(2): 259-2
- Carstensen, L.L. & Mikels, J. (2005). At the intersection of emotion andcognition: Aging and the positivity effect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14: 117–121.
- Charles, S.T. & Carstensen, L.L. (2008). Unpleasant situations elicit different emotional responses in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 23(3): 495-50
- Charles, S.T., Mather, M. & Carstensen, L.L. (2003). Aging and emotional memory: The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132: 310-324.
- Comblain, C., D’Argembeau, A. & Linden, M.V. (2005). Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for emotional and neutral events in older and younger adults. Experimental Aging Reserach, 31(2): 173-89.
- Conway, M.A. (2009). Episodic memories. Neuropsychologia Neuropsychologia, 47: 2305-2313.
- Conway, M.A. & Holmes, E.A. (2005). Autobiographical memory and the working self. In: Braisbry, NR, Gellatly ARH, eds. Cognitive Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 507 - 538.
- Conway, M.A. & Pleydell-Pearce. (2000). The Construction of Autobiographical Memories in the Self- memory Systems. Psychological Review, 107(2): 261-288. Conway, M.A. & Williams, H.L. (2008). The nature of autobiographical memory. In: John H, Byrne et al. Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd.
- Crovitz, H.F. & Schiffman, H. (1974). Frequency of episodic memories as a function of their age. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 4: 517–518.
- D’argembeau, A., Comblain, C.C. & Linden, M.V.D. (2003). Phenomenal Characteristics of Autobiographical Memories for Positive, Negative, and Neutral Events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17(3): 281-2
- Ertan, T. & Eker, E. (2000). Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Geriatric Depression Scale in Turkish elderly: Are there different factor structures for different cultures. International Psychogeriatrics, 12(2): 163–172.
- Fivush, R. & Haden, C.A. (2003). Autobiographical memory and the construction of a narrative self: Developmental and cultural perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Fivush, R. & Nelson, K. (2004). Culture and language in the emergence of autobiographical memory. Psychological Science, 15(9): 573-577.
- Folstein, M., Folstein, S. & McHugh, P. (1975). Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients from clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12: 189–198.
- Göregenli, M. (1997). Individualist and collectivist tendencies in a Turkish sample. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28: 787-793.
- Gross, J.J., Carstensen, L.L., Tsai, J., Skorpen, C.G. & Hsu, A.Y.C. (1997). Emotion and aging: Experience, expression and control. Psychology and Aging, 12(4): 590-599.
- Güngen, C., Ertan, T., Eker, E., Yasar, R. & Engin, F. (2002). Standardize minimental testin Türk toplumunda hafif demans tanısında geçerlik ve güvenilirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13 (4): 273–281.
- Löckenhoff, C.E. & Carstensen, L.L. (2004). Socioemotional theory, aging, and health: The increasingly delicate balance between regulating emotions and making togh choices. Journal of Personality, 72(6): 1395-1424.
- Mather, M. & Carstensen, L.L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9: 496-502.
- Nigro, G. & Neisser, U. (1983). Point of view in personal memories. Cognitive Psychology, 15: 467-482.
- Pfeffer, R.I., Kurosaki, T.T., Harrah, C.H. Jr, Chance, C.M. & Filos, S. (1982). Measurement of activities of older adults in community. Journal of Gerontology, 37(3): 323–329.
- Phalet ,K. & Claeys, W. (1993).Beyond individualism-collectivism: A comparative study of Turkish and Belgian youth. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24: 319–343.
- Robinson, J.A. (1986). Autobiographical memory: A historical prologue. In: Rubin, DC, eds. Autobiographical Memory. Cambridge University Press, 19-24.
- Robinson, J.A. & Swanson, K.L. (1993). Field and observer modes of remembering. Memory, 1: 169-184.
- Scheikh, J.I. & Yesavage, J.A. (1986). Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontology, 5: 165–173.
- Selekler, K., Cangöz, B. & Karakoç, E. (2004). İşlevsel Faaliyetler Anketi’nin 50 yaş ve üzeri grupta Türk kültürü için uyarlama ve norm belirleme çalışması. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi, 10 (2): 102–107. Tosun, A. & Dağ, İ. (2000). Depresif Duygu Durumu Olan ve Olmayan Kişilerin, Örtük Bellek Görevinde Duygu Durum Tutarlı Bellek Yanlılığı Açısından
- Karşılaştırılması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15: 29-39. Wang, Q. (2001). Culture effects on adults’ earliest childhood recollection and selfdescription: Implications for the relation between memory and the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2): 220–233.
- Wang, Q. (2008). Being American, being Asian: The bicultural self and autobiographical memory in Asian Americans. Cognition, 107: 743-751.
- Wang, Q. & Conway, M.A. (2004). The stories we keep: Autobiographical memory in American and Chinese middle-aged adults. Journal of Personality, 72(5): 911–938.
- Wang, Q. & Ross M. (2005). What we remember and what we tell: The effects of culture and self-priming on memory representations and narratives. Memory, 13(6): 594–606.
A Comparison With Respect To Features Of Autobiographıcal Memories Between Young And Elderly People: A Descriptive Study
Öz
In the present research, features of autobiographical memory (content, point of view and time) were examined with respect to adolescent, early adult and elderly groups. 240 volunteers composed of 80 adolescents, 80 early adults and 80 elderly people participated in the research. An autobiographical memory test (4 positive and 4 negative adjectives) depending on cued-recall technique was applied to the subjects and the data were analysed descriptively. Consequently, the elderly recalled more memories related to positive words from social admiration category than the other groups. On the other hand, with respect to negative words, while adolescents recalled the most memories from friend controversy category, early adults recalled related to family and private relationships and the elderly people prefered remembering negative memories related to both family & private relationships and diseases categories. When the point of view of the memories was examined, for the positive words early adults used field point of view mostly, the elderly used observer point of view; for the negative words the elderly utilized field point of view, adolescents utilized observer point of view mostly. The given result can be explained by “wisdom tendency” in the elderly people. When the time of memories was examined, for both positive and negative words adolescents told their memories concerning the last five years mostly; the elderly told their memories relating to before the last five years mostly. Furthermore, when the words used in the research were considered in terms of semantics while the evaluations of all the groups for the positive words were higher than those for the negative words, the elderly evaluated the negative words more positive, so they showed a “positivity effect.”
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Baltes, P.B. & Staudinger, U.M. (1993). The search for a psychology of wisdom. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2: 75-80.
- Brewer, W.F. (1986). What is autobiographical memory. In: Rubin DC, eds. Autobiographical Memory . Cambrigde: Cambridge University Press, 25-49.
- Carstensen, L.L. & Charles, S.T. (1994). The salience of emotion across the adult life span. Psychology and Aging, 9(2): 259-2
- Carstensen, L.L. & Mikels, J. (2005). At the intersection of emotion andcognition: Aging and the positivity effect. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14: 117–121.
- Charles, S.T. & Carstensen, L.L. (2008). Unpleasant situations elicit different emotional responses in younger and older adults. Psychology and Aging, 23(3): 495-50
- Charles, S.T., Mather, M. & Carstensen, L.L. (2003). Aging and emotional memory: The forgettable nature of negative images for older adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132: 310-324.
- Comblain, C., D’Argembeau, A. & Linden, M.V. (2005). Phenomenal characteristics of autobiographical memories for emotional and neutral events in older and younger adults. Experimental Aging Reserach, 31(2): 173-89.
- Conway, M.A. (2009). Episodic memories. Neuropsychologia Neuropsychologia, 47: 2305-2313.
- Conway, M.A. & Holmes, E.A. (2005). Autobiographical memory and the working self. In: Braisbry, NR, Gellatly ARH, eds. Cognitive Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 507 - 538.
- Conway, M.A. & Pleydell-Pearce. (2000). The Construction of Autobiographical Memories in the Self- memory Systems. Psychological Review, 107(2): 261-288. Conway, M.A. & Williams, H.L. (2008). The nature of autobiographical memory. In: John H, Byrne et al. Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference. Oxford: Elsevier Ltd.
- Crovitz, H.F. & Schiffman, H. (1974). Frequency of episodic memories as a function of their age. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 4: 517–518.
- D’argembeau, A., Comblain, C.C. & Linden, M.V.D. (2003). Phenomenal Characteristics of Autobiographical Memories for Positive, Negative, and Neutral Events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 17(3): 281-2
- Ertan, T. & Eker, E. (2000). Reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Geriatric Depression Scale in Turkish elderly: Are there different factor structures for different cultures. International Psychogeriatrics, 12(2): 163–172.
- Fivush, R. & Haden, C.A. (2003). Autobiographical memory and the construction of a narrative self: Developmental and cultural perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Fivush, R. & Nelson, K. (2004). Culture and language in the emergence of autobiographical memory. Psychological Science, 15(9): 573-577.
- Folstein, M., Folstein, S. & McHugh, P. (1975). Mini-mental state: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients from clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12: 189–198.
- Göregenli, M. (1997). Individualist and collectivist tendencies in a Turkish sample. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28: 787-793.
- Gross, J.J., Carstensen, L.L., Tsai, J., Skorpen, C.G. & Hsu, A.Y.C. (1997). Emotion and aging: Experience, expression and control. Psychology and Aging, 12(4): 590-599.
- Güngen, C., Ertan, T., Eker, E., Yasar, R. & Engin, F. (2002). Standardize minimental testin Türk toplumunda hafif demans tanısında geçerlik ve güvenilirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13 (4): 273–281.
- Löckenhoff, C.E. & Carstensen, L.L. (2004). Socioemotional theory, aging, and health: The increasingly delicate balance between regulating emotions and making togh choices. Journal of Personality, 72(6): 1395-1424.
- Mather, M. & Carstensen, L.L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9: 496-502.
- Nigro, G. & Neisser, U. (1983). Point of view in personal memories. Cognitive Psychology, 15: 467-482.
- Pfeffer, R.I., Kurosaki, T.T., Harrah, C.H. Jr, Chance, C.M. & Filos, S. (1982). Measurement of activities of older adults in community. Journal of Gerontology, 37(3): 323–329.
- Phalet ,K. & Claeys, W. (1993).Beyond individualism-collectivism: A comparative study of Turkish and Belgian youth. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 24: 319–343.
- Robinson, J.A. (1986). Autobiographical memory: A historical prologue. In: Rubin, DC, eds. Autobiographical Memory. Cambridge University Press, 19-24.
- Robinson, J.A. & Swanson, K.L. (1993). Field and observer modes of remembering. Memory, 1: 169-184.
- Scheikh, J.I. & Yesavage, J.A. (1986). Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): Recent evidence and development of a shorter version. Clinical Gerontology, 5: 165–173.
- Selekler, K., Cangöz, B. & Karakoç, E. (2004). İşlevsel Faaliyetler Anketi’nin 50 yaş ve üzeri grupta Türk kültürü için uyarlama ve norm belirleme çalışması. Türk Nöroloji Dergisi, 10 (2): 102–107. Tosun, A. & Dağ, İ. (2000). Depresif Duygu Durumu Olan ve Olmayan Kişilerin, Örtük Bellek Görevinde Duygu Durum Tutarlı Bellek Yanlılığı Açısından
- Karşılaştırılması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 15: 29-39. Wang, Q. (2001). Culture effects on adults’ earliest childhood recollection and selfdescription: Implications for the relation between memory and the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2): 220–233.
- Wang, Q. (2008). Being American, being Asian: The bicultural self and autobiographical memory in Asian Americans. Cognition, 107: 743-751.
- Wang, Q. & Conway, M.A. (2004). The stories we keep: Autobiographical memory in American and Chinese middle-aged adults. Journal of Personality, 72(5): 911–938.
- Wang, Q. & Ross M. (2005). What we remember and what we tell: The effects of culture and self-priming on memory representations and narratives. Memory, 13(6): 594–606.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 27 Haziran 2013 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 27 Mart 2014 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2013 Cilt: 33 Sayı: 1 |
Kaynak Göster
Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680