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Sentetik Kannabinoid: Sokak Dilinde ˝Bonzai˝

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 1, 1 - 8, 31.12.2017

Öz

Hint keneviri bitkisinden elde
edilen ve kannabinoid reseptörlerine (CB1, CB2) etki eden kannabis (esrar) en
eski psikoaktif maddelerdendir. Sentetik kannabinoidler ise yapısal olarak
değişiklikler gösteren ve aynı reseptörler ile etkileşen yeni nesil psikoaktif
maddelerdir. Sokak dilinde “Bonzai” olarak bilinen
“(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-naphthalenyl-methanone” diğer adıyla JWH-018
uyuşturucu piyasasında ilk tespit edilen sentetik kannabinoiddir. Sentetik
kannabinoidler fonksiyonel olarak esrarın etken maddesi olan
delta-9-tetrahidrokannabinol (Δ9-THC) benzemekte ve sigara gibi içildiğinde
esrarın etkisini taklit etmektedir. Ancak bu ürünlerin çoğu THC’den daha
güçlüdür ve daha büyük sağlık riski oluşturmaktadır. Avrupa’da bu maddeler 2004
yılı başlarında itibaren internet üzerinden ve özel marketlerde satışa
sunulmuştur. Tüm dünyada olduğu gibi ülkemizde de yetişkinler ve gençler
arasında sentetik kannabinoid kullanımında bir artış gözlenmektedir. Bu
maddelerden bazıları ülkemizde 2010 yılından itibaren Erken Uyarı Sistemine
göre yasaklanan maddeler arasına alınmıştır. Bu çalışmada kullanımı giderek
artan sentetik kannabinoidlerin farmakolojik, toksikolojik ve genel
özelliklerini sunma amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Yargıç, İ., Sentetik kannabinoidler. Yeni Nesil Psikoaktif Maddeler Sempozyumu Kitabı, 2013:9-11. http://www.atk.gov.tr/pdf/ psikoakifmaddeler.pdf (erişim tarihi: 05/03/2014). 2. Aşıcıoğlu, F., Yeni Nesil Psikoaktif Maddeler. Yeni Nesil Psikoaktif Maddeler Sempozyumu Kitabı, 2013:3-5. http://www.atk.gov.tr/Pdf/ psikoakifmaddeler.pdf (erişim tarihi: 05/03/2014). 3. Gaoni, Y., Mechoulam, R., Isolation, Structure and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish, J Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 1646-1647. 4. Howlett, A. C., Barth, F., Bonner, T. I., Cabral, G., Casellas, P., Devane, W. A., Felder, C. C., Herkenham, M., Mackie, K., Martin, B. R., Mechoulam, R., Pertwee, R. G., International Union of Pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors, Pharmacol. Rev. 2002, 54, 161-202. 5. Ashton, C. H., Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: A brief review, Br. J. Psychiatry 2001, 178, 101-106. 6. Pacher, P., Bátkai, S., Kunos, G., The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy, Pharmacol. Rev. 2006, 58, 389-462. 7. Ottani, A., Giuliani, D., HU 210: A potent tool for investigations of the cannabinoid system, CNS Drug Rev. 2001, 7, 131-45. 8. Adams, R., Chen, K. H., Loewe, S., Tetrahydrocannabinol homologs with a s-alkyl group in the 3-Position. XVI, J. Am. Chem. Soc.1945, 67, 1534–1537. 9. Weissman, A., Milne, G. M., Melvin, L. S., Cannabimimetic activity from CP-47,497, aderivative of 3-phenylcyclohexanol, J. Pharm. Exp. Therapy 1982, 223, 516-523. 10. Mechoulam, R., Lander, N., Breuer, A., Zahalka, J., Synthesis of the individual, pharmacologically distinct, enantiomers of a tetrahydrocannabinol derivative, Tetrahedron: Asym. 1990, 1, 315-318. 11. Huffman, J. W., Dai, D., Martin, B. R., Compton, D. R., Design, synthesis and pharmacology of cannabimimetic indoles, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let. 1994, 4, 563-566. 12. Lan, R., Lu, Q., Fan, P., Gatley, J., Volkow, N. D., Fernando, S. R., Pertwee, R., Makriyannis, A., Design and synthesis of the CB1 selective cannabinoid antagonist AM-281: A potential human SPECT ligand, AAPS Pharm. Sci. 1999, 1, 2, 39–45. 13. UNODC. Synthetic cannabinoids in herbal products. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2011. 14. Akgül, A., Aşıcıoğlu, F., Uyuşturucu maddelerde yeni trendler ve Erken Uyarı Sistemi; Demir, O. Ö., Sever, M., Eds., Örgütlü suçlar ve yeni trendler, Ankara, Polis Akademisi Yayınları, 2011, 29-56. 15. 2013 Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu. http://www.kom.gov.tr/Tr/Dosyalar/ 2013 Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu (erişim tarihi: 07/03/2014). 16. Gürdal, F., Aşirdizer, M., Aker, R. G., Korkut, S., Göçer, Y., Küçükibrahimoğlu, E. E., Review of detection frequency and type of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal compounds analyzed by Istanbul Narcotic Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine, Turkey, J. Forensic Leg. Med. 2013, 20, 667-672. 17. Karaalp A., Sentetik kannabinoidler (“Bonzai”), Türk Farmakoloji Derneği Bülteni 2015, 127, 5-9. 18. Eker, H., Sentetik Esrar İmalat Ticaret ve Arz Problemi. Yeni Nesil Psiko-Aktif Maddeler Sempozyumu Kitabı 2013, 5-6. http://www.atk.gov.tr/Pdf/psikoakifmaddeler.pdf, (erişim tarihi:05/03/ 2014). 19. Evren, C., Bozkurt, M., Sentetik kannabinoidler: son yılların krizi. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi 2013, 26, 1-11. 20. TUBİM (2013) Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Kaçakçılık ve Organize Suçlarla Mücadele Daire Başkanlığı EMCDDA 2013 Ulusal Raporu (2012 Yılı Verileri): Reitox Ulusal Temas Noktası Türkiye: Yeni Gelişmeler, Trendler, Seçilmiş Konular. Ankara, Türkiye Uyuşturucu ve Uyuşturucu Bağımlılığı İzleme Merkezi. 21. TUBİM Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Kaçakçılık ve Organize Suçlarla Mücadele Daire Başkanlığı EMCDDA 2014 Ulusal Raporu (2013 Yılı Verileri): Reitox Ulusal Temas Noktası Türkiye: Yeni Gelişmeler, Trendler, Seçilmiş Konular. Ankara, Türkiye Uyuşturucu ve Uyuşturucu Bağımlılığı İzleme Merkezi, 2014. 22. Auwarter, V., Dresen, S., Weinmann, W., Mueller, M., Puetz, M., Ferreiros, N., ‘Spice’ and other herbal blends: Harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs, J. Mass Spect. 2009, 44, 832-837. 23. Pertwee, R. G., Pharmacology of cannabinoid receptor ligands, Curr. Med. Chem. 1999, 6, 635-64. 24. Eminler, A. T., Yıldırım, M., Uslan, M. İ., Köksal, A. Ş., Parlak E., Sentetik kannabinoidler (Bonzai) ve gastrointestinal sistem üzerine etkileri: “Kannabinoid Hiperemezis Sendromu”, Güncel Gastroenteroloji 2014, 18, 459-463. 25. Pacher, P., Mechoulam, R., Is lipid signaling through cannabinoid 2 receptors part of a protective system? Prog. Lipid Res. 2011, 50, 193-211. 26. Seely, K. A., Prather, P. L., James, L. P., Moran, J. H., Marijuana-based drugs: Innovative therapeutics or designer drugs of abuse? Mol. Interv. 2011, 11, 36-51. 27. Gluodenis, T. J., Identification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense blends, Forensic Magazine 2011, 4, 31–35. 28. Penn, H. J., Langman, L. J., Unold, D., Shields, J., Nichols, J. H., Detection of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense products, Clin. Biochem. 2011, 44, 1163-1165. 29. Vandrey, R., Dunn, K. E., Fry, J. A., Girling, E. R., A survey study to characterize use of spice products (synthetic cannabinoids), Drug. Alcohol. Depend. 2012, 120, 238-241. 30. Beal, J. E., Olson, R., Laubenstein, L., Morales, J. O., Bellman, P., Yangco, B., Lefkowitz, L., Plasse, T.F., Shepard, K. V., Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS, J. Pain Symptom. Manage. 1995, 10, 89-97. 31. Pertwee, R. G., Pharmacology of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, Pharmacol. Ther. 1997, 74, 129-180. 32. Wood, D. M., Dargan, P. I., Novel psychoactive substances: How to understand the acute toxicity associated with the use of these substances, Ther. Drug Monit. 2012, 34, 363-367. 33. Schneir, A. B., Cullen, J., Ly, B. T., “Spice” girls: Synthetic cannabinoid intoxication, J. Emerg. Med. 2011, 40, 296-299. 34. Hoyte, C. O., Jacob, J., Monte, A. A., Al-Jumaan, M., Bronstein, A. C., Heard, K. J., A Characterization of synthetic cannabinoid exposures reported to the national poison data system in 2010, Ann. Emerg. Med. 2012, 60, 435-438. 35. Artuç, S., Doğan, K. H., Demirci, Ş., New trend in narcotic drugs: Synthetic cannabinoid, Adli Tıp Bülteni 2014, 19, 198-203. 36. Seely, K. A., Lapoint, J., Moran, J. H., Fattore, L., Spice drugs are more than harmless herbal blends: A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids, Progress Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2012, 39, 234-243. 37. Vardakou, I., Pistos, C., Spiliopoulou, C., Spice drugs as a new trend: Mode of action, identification and legislation, Toxicol. Lett. 2010, 197, 157-162. 38. Wood, D. M., Dargan, P. I., Novel psychoactive substances: How to understand the acute toxicity associated with the use of these substances, Ther. Drug Monit. 2012, 34, 363-367. 39. Zuba, D., Byrska, B., Maciow, M., Comparison of “herbal highs” composition, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2011, 400, 119-126. 40. Uchiyama, N., Kikura-Hanajiri, R., Ogata, J., Goda, Y., Chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in herbal product, Forensic Sci. Int. 2010, 198, 31-38. 41. Dresen, S., Ferreirós, N., Pütz, M., Westphal, F., Zimmermann, R., Auwärte, V., Monitoring of herbal mixtures potentially containing synthetic cannabinoids as psychoactive compounds, J. Mass Spectrom. 2010, 45, 1186-1194. 42. Simmons, J., Cookman, L., Kang, C., Skinner, C., Three cases of “spice” exposure, Clin. Toxicol. 2011, 49, 431-433. 43. Simmons, J. R., Skinner, C. G., Williams, J., Kang C. S., Schwartz, M. D., Wills, B. K., Intoxication from smoking “spice”, Ann. Emerg. Med. 2011, 57, 187-188. 44. Hudson, S., Ramsey, J., King, L., Timbers, S., Maynard, S., Dargan, P. I., Wood, D. M., Use of high resolution accurate mass spectrometry to detect reported and previously unreported cannabinomimetics in “herbal high” products, J. Anal. Toxicol. 2010, 34, 252-260. 45. Winstock, A. R., Barratt, M. J., Synthetic Cannabis: A comparison of patterns of use and effect profile with natural cannabis in a large global sample, Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013, 131, 106-111. 46. Küçük E, Küçük İ, Kirazaldı Y. Y., A new threat in the emergency department: Synthetic cannabinoids (Bonzai, Jameika), Genel Tıp Dergisi 2015, 25, 18-22. 47. TUBİM Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu. Ankara, Türkiye Uyuşturucu ve Uyuşturucu Bağımlılığı İzleme Merkezi 2011. 48. Behonick, G., Shanks, K. G., Firchau, D. J., Mathur, G., Lynch, C. F., Nashelsky, M., Jaskierny, D. J., Meroueh C., Four postmortem case reports with quantitative detection of the synthetic cannabinoid, 5F-PB-22, J. Anal. Toxicol. 2014, 38, 559–562. 49. 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Synthetic cannabinoid: in the street language ˝bonsai˝ (Full-text language: Turkish)

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 1, 1 - 8, 31.12.2017

Öz

Cannabis (marijuana) which is
obtained from cannabis sativa has an effect on cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and
CB2) and known as one of the oldest psychoactive substances. From another point
of view, synthetic cannabinoids are the new generation synthetic pschoactive
substances interacting with the same receptors and showing differences in
structure. In the street language bonzai,
“(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1-naphthalenyl-methanone”, also known as JWH-018
group, is a drug belonging to the group of synthetic cannabinoids. Synthetic
cannabinoids are operationally similar to delta-9-tetrahidrokannabinol (Δ9-THC)
and imitates the effects of marijuana when smoked. However, many of them are
stronger than THC and pose a greater health risk. At the beginning of 2004, it
started to be sold on the internet and also private markets. An increase at the
demand is observed in the use of synthetic cannabinoid use among the teenagers
and adults not only in Turkey but all around the World.   Some of these compounds were put at the
prohibited substances list in our country since 2010, according to the Early
Warning System (EWS). In this study we aimed to present farmacological,
toxicological ve general properties of the increasingly used synthetic
cannabinoid.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Yargıç, İ., Sentetik kannabinoidler. Yeni Nesil Psikoaktif Maddeler Sempozyumu Kitabı, 2013:9-11. http://www.atk.gov.tr/pdf/ psikoakifmaddeler.pdf (erişim tarihi: 05/03/2014). 2. Aşıcıoğlu, F., Yeni Nesil Psikoaktif Maddeler. Yeni Nesil Psikoaktif Maddeler Sempozyumu Kitabı, 2013:3-5. http://www.atk.gov.tr/Pdf/ psikoakifmaddeler.pdf (erişim tarihi: 05/03/2014). 3. Gaoni, Y., Mechoulam, R., Isolation, Structure and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish, J Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 1646-1647. 4. Howlett, A. C., Barth, F., Bonner, T. I., Cabral, G., Casellas, P., Devane, W. A., Felder, C. C., Herkenham, M., Mackie, K., Martin, B. R., Mechoulam, R., Pertwee, R. G., International Union of Pharmacology. XXVII. Classification of cannabinoid receptors, Pharmacol. Rev. 2002, 54, 161-202. 5. Ashton, C. H., Pharmacology and effects of cannabis: A brief review, Br. J. Psychiatry 2001, 178, 101-106. 6. Pacher, P., Bátkai, S., Kunos, G., The endocannabinoid system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy, Pharmacol. Rev. 2006, 58, 389-462. 7. Ottani, A., Giuliani, D., HU 210: A potent tool for investigations of the cannabinoid system, CNS Drug Rev. 2001, 7, 131-45. 8. Adams, R., Chen, K. H., Loewe, S., Tetrahydrocannabinol homologs with a s-alkyl group in the 3-Position. XVI, J. Am. Chem. Soc.1945, 67, 1534–1537. 9. Weissman, A., Milne, G. M., Melvin, L. S., Cannabimimetic activity from CP-47,497, aderivative of 3-phenylcyclohexanol, J. Pharm. Exp. Therapy 1982, 223, 516-523. 10. Mechoulam, R., Lander, N., Breuer, A., Zahalka, J., Synthesis of the individual, pharmacologically distinct, enantiomers of a tetrahydrocannabinol derivative, Tetrahedron: Asym. 1990, 1, 315-318. 11. Huffman, J. W., Dai, D., Martin, B. R., Compton, D. R., Design, synthesis and pharmacology of cannabimimetic indoles, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let. 1994, 4, 563-566. 12. Lan, R., Lu, Q., Fan, P., Gatley, J., Volkow, N. D., Fernando, S. R., Pertwee, R., Makriyannis, A., Design and synthesis of the CB1 selective cannabinoid antagonist AM-281: A potential human SPECT ligand, AAPS Pharm. Sci. 1999, 1, 2, 39–45. 13. UNODC. Synthetic cannabinoids in herbal products. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2011. 14. Akgül, A., Aşıcıoğlu, F., Uyuşturucu maddelerde yeni trendler ve Erken Uyarı Sistemi; Demir, O. Ö., Sever, M., Eds., Örgütlü suçlar ve yeni trendler, Ankara, Polis Akademisi Yayınları, 2011, 29-56. 15. 2013 Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu. http://www.kom.gov.tr/Tr/Dosyalar/ 2013 Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu (erişim tarihi: 07/03/2014). 16. Gürdal, F., Aşirdizer, M., Aker, R. G., Korkut, S., Göçer, Y., Küçükibrahimoğlu, E. E., Review of detection frequency and type of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal compounds analyzed by Istanbul Narcotic Department of the Council of Forensic Medicine, Turkey, J. Forensic Leg. Med. 2013, 20, 667-672. 17. Karaalp A., Sentetik kannabinoidler (“Bonzai”), Türk Farmakoloji Derneği Bülteni 2015, 127, 5-9. 18. Eker, H., Sentetik Esrar İmalat Ticaret ve Arz Problemi. Yeni Nesil Psiko-Aktif Maddeler Sempozyumu Kitabı 2013, 5-6. http://www.atk.gov.tr/Pdf/psikoakifmaddeler.pdf, (erişim tarihi:05/03/ 2014). 19. Evren, C., Bozkurt, M., Sentetik kannabinoidler: son yılların krizi. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi 2013, 26, 1-11. 20. TUBİM (2013) Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Kaçakçılık ve Organize Suçlarla Mücadele Daire Başkanlığı EMCDDA 2013 Ulusal Raporu (2012 Yılı Verileri): Reitox Ulusal Temas Noktası Türkiye: Yeni Gelişmeler, Trendler, Seçilmiş Konular. Ankara, Türkiye Uyuşturucu ve Uyuşturucu Bağımlılığı İzleme Merkezi. 21. TUBİM Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü Kaçakçılık ve Organize Suçlarla Mücadele Daire Başkanlığı EMCDDA 2014 Ulusal Raporu (2013 Yılı Verileri): Reitox Ulusal Temas Noktası Türkiye: Yeni Gelişmeler, Trendler, Seçilmiş Konular. 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J., Identification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense blends, Forensic Magazine 2011, 4, 31–35. 28. Penn, H. J., Langman, L. J., Unold, D., Shields, J., Nichols, J. H., Detection of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense products, Clin. Biochem. 2011, 44, 1163-1165. 29. Vandrey, R., Dunn, K. E., Fry, J. A., Girling, E. R., A survey study to characterize use of spice products (synthetic cannabinoids), Drug. Alcohol. Depend. 2012, 120, 238-241. 30. Beal, J. E., Olson, R., Laubenstein, L., Morales, J. O., Bellman, P., Yangco, B., Lefkowitz, L., Plasse, T.F., Shepard, K. V., Dronabinol as a treatment for anorexia associated with weight loss in patients with AIDS, J. Pain Symptom. Manage. 1995, 10, 89-97. 31. Pertwee, R. G., Pharmacology of cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, Pharmacol. Ther. 1997, 74, 129-180. 32. Wood, D. M., Dargan, P. I., Novel psychoactive substances: How to understand the acute toxicity associated with the use of these substances, Ther. 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Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kimya Mühendisliği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Hülya Karadeniz

Erdal Özer

H. İlhan Aydoğdu

Mehmet Askay Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Karadeniz, H., Özer, E., Aydoğdu, H. İ., Askay, M. (2017). Sentetik Kannabinoid: Sokak Dilinde ˝Bonzai˝. Karadeniz Chemical Science and Technology(1), 1-8.
AMA Karadeniz H, Özer E, Aydoğdu Hİ, Askay M. Sentetik Kannabinoid: Sokak Dilinde ˝Bonzai˝. Karadeniz Chem. Sci. Tech. Aralık 2017;(1):1-8.
Chicago Karadeniz, Hülya, Erdal Özer, H. İlhan Aydoğdu, ve Mehmet Askay. “Sentetik Kannabinoid: Sokak Dilinde ˝Bonzai˝”. Karadeniz Chemical Science and Technology, sy. 1 (Aralık 2017): 1-8.
EndNote Karadeniz H, Özer E, Aydoğdu Hİ, Askay M (01 Aralık 2017) Sentetik Kannabinoid: Sokak Dilinde ˝Bonzai˝. Karadeniz Chemical Science and Technology 1 1–8.
IEEE H. Karadeniz, E. Özer, H. İ. Aydoğdu, ve M. Askay, “Sentetik Kannabinoid: Sokak Dilinde ˝Bonzai˝”, Karadeniz Chem. Sci. Tech., sy. 1, ss. 1–8, Aralık 2017.
ISNAD Karadeniz, Hülya vd. “Sentetik Kannabinoid: Sokak Dilinde ˝Bonzai˝”. Karadeniz Chemical Science and Technology 1 (Aralık 2017), 1-8.
JAMA Karadeniz H, Özer E, Aydoğdu Hİ, Askay M. Sentetik Kannabinoid: Sokak Dilinde ˝Bonzai˝. Karadeniz Chem. Sci. Tech. 2017;:1–8.
MLA Karadeniz, Hülya vd. “Sentetik Kannabinoid: Sokak Dilinde ˝Bonzai˝”. Karadeniz Chemical Science and Technology, sy. 1, 2017, ss. 1-8.
Vancouver Karadeniz H, Özer E, Aydoğdu Hİ, Askay M. Sentetik Kannabinoid: Sokak Dilinde ˝Bonzai˝. Karadeniz Chem. Sci. Tech. 2017(1):1-8.