Öz
The positive effects of regular physical activity on brain functions such as attention, executive and memory are well known. But, recent studies have shown that a single aerobic exercise session increases cortical activity and cognitive function in the frontal and motor regions, and this effect persists for at least half an hour after the exercise is over. But, the skills that patients (stroke, parkinson's, head trauma, etc.) should acquire in the clinic and athletes in training are complex motor tasks that do not depend on a single cognitive parameter. In recent years, studies have focused on the effects of cognitive function increase on motor skill learning rate in real life tasks, instead of examining these increases in cognitive parameters one by one. The information to be obtained as a result of these studies will make a direct clinical contribution. The effects of selected aerobic exercise intensity and timing on motor learning are not fully known. Although it is thought that the learning rate will increase due to the increased neurotransmitter activity as the intensity of exercise increases, the fatigue parameter can change the results. Performing aerobic exercise before or after motor skill practice also affects different phases of motor learning, so the timing of exercise plays an important role in the motor learning process. In addition to timing, the intensity of the exercise used also causes different effects on the learning process. In a simple equation where the motor learning process accelerates as the exercise intensity increases, the fatigue factor can change the equation. Many new studies are needed to determine the optimal timing and intensity of aerobic exercises applied to enhance motor skill learning. In this classic review, the results of the studies carried out on this subject until today are given.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Thomas AG, Dennis A, Bandettini PA, Johansen-Berg H. The effects of aerobic activity on brain structure. Front Psychol. 2012;3:86.
- Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. Jama. 2009;301(19):2024-2035.
- Diamond A, Ling DS. Review of the evidence on, and fundamental questions about, efforts to improve executive functions, including working memory. 2020.
- Singh A. Simulation–optimization modeling for conjunctive water use management. Agricultural Water Management. 2014;141:23-29.
- Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends in Neurosciences. 2002;25(6):295-301.
- Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Natur Rev Neuroscie. 2008;9(1):58-65.
- Albert MS, Jones K, Savage CR, et al. Predictors of cognitive change in older persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Psychology and Aging. 1995;10(4):578.
- Winter B, Breitenstein C, Mooren FC, Voelker K, Fobker M, Lechtermann A, et al. High impact running improves learning. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 2007;87(4):597-609.
- Masaki H, Sommer W. Cognitive neuroscience of motor learning and motor control. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. 2012;1(3):369-380.
- Dayan E, Cohen LG. Neuroplasticity subserving motor skill learning. Neuron. 2011;72(3):443-454.
- Ferrer-Uris B, Busquets A, Lopez-Alonso V, Fernandez-del-Olmo M, Angulo-Barroso R. Enhancing consolidation of a rotational visuomotor adaptation task through acute exercise. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0175296.
- Dal Maso F, Desormeau B, Boudrias M-H, Roig M. Acute cardiovascular exercise promotes functional changes in cortico-motor networks during the early stages of motor memory consolidation. Neuroimage. 2018;174:380-392.
- Lorås H, Haga M, Sigmundsson H. Effect of a single bout of acute aerobic exercise at moderate-to-vigorous intensities on motor learning, retention and transfer. Sports. 2020;8(2):15.
- Daou M, Buchanan TL, Lindsey KR, Lohse KR, Miller MW. Expecting to teach enhances learning: Evidence from a motor learning paradigm. Journal of Motor Learning and Development. 2016;4(2):197-207.
- Thomas R, Johnsen LK, Geertsen SS, Christiansen L, Ritz C, Roig M, et al. Acute exercise and motor memory consolidation: the role of exercise intensity. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0159589.
- Daou M. The effects of practicing a motor skill with the expectation of teaching it: Benefits to skill learning, potential underlying mechanisms, and effects on skill performance under psychological pressure. 2018.
- Cabral DA, Daou M, Bacelar MF, Parma JO, Miller MW. Does learning a skill with the expectation of teaching it impair the skill’s execution under psychological pressure if the skill is learned with analogy instructions? Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2020;51:101757.
- Hancock GR, Butler MS, Fischman MG. On the problem of two-dimensional error scores: Measures and analyses of accuracy, bias, and consistency. J Motor Behav. 1995;27(3):241-250.
- Roig M, Thomas R, Mang CS, et al. Time-dependent effects of cardiovascular exercise on memory. Exer Sport Sci Rev. 2016;44(2):81-88.
- Perini R, Bortoletto M, Capogrosso M, Fertonani A, Miniussi C. Acute effects of aerobic exercise promote learning. Scientific Reports. 2016;6(1):1-8.
- Snow NJ, Mang CS, Roig M, McDonnell MN, Campbell KL, Boyd LA. The effect of an acute bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on motor learning of a continuous tracking task. PloS one. 2016;11(2):e0150039.
- Statton MA, Encarnacion M, Celnik P, Bastian AJ. A single bout of moderate aerobic exercise improves motor skill acquisition. PloS one. 2015;10(10):e0141393.
- Opie GM, Semmler JG. Acute exercise at different intensities influences corticomotor excitability and performance of a ballistic thumb training task. Neuroscience. 2019;412:29-39.
- Wanner P, Müller T, Cristini J, Pfeifer K, Steib S. Exercise intensity does not modulate the effect of acute exercise on learning a complex whole-body task. Neuroscience. 2020;426:115-128.
- Berchtold NC, Castello N, Cotman CW. Exercise and time-dependent benefits to learning and memory. Neuroscience. 2010;167(3):588-597.
- Mang CS, Snow NJ, Campbell KL, Ross CJ, Boyd LA. A single bout of high-intensity aerobic exercise facilitates response to paired associative stimulation and promotes sequence-specific implicit motor learning. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014;117(11):1325-1336.
- Roig M, Skriver K, Lundbye-Jensen J, Kiens B, Nielsen JB. A single bout of exercise improves motor memory. PloS one. 2012;7(9):e44594.
- Muellbacher W, Ziemann U, Wissel J, et al. Early consolidation in human primary motor cortex. Nature. 2002;415(6872):640-644.
- Vega SR, Hollmann W, Wahrmann BV, Strüder H. pH buffering does not influence BDNF responses to exercise. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(01):8-12.
- Coco M, Alagona G, Rapisarda G, et al. Elevated blood lactate is associated with increased motor cortex excitability. Somatosensory Motor Res. 2010;27(1):1-8.
- Robertson EM. Skill memory: mind the ever-decreasing gap for offline processing. Current Biology. 2019;29(8):R287-R289.
Öz
Düzenli fiziksel aktivitenin dikkat, yürütme ve hafıza gibi beyin fonksiyonları üzerindeki olumlu etkileri iyi bilinmektedir. Son yapılan araştırmalarda ilginç bir şekilde tek bir aerobik egzersiz seansının, frontal ve motor bölgelerde kortikal aktiviteyi ve bilişsel işlevi artırdığı ve bu etkinin egzersiz bittikten sonra da en az yarım saat devam ettiği gösterilmiştir. Fakat klinikte hastaların (inme, parkinson, kafa travması vb. sonrası) ya da sporcuların edinmesi gereken beceriler tek bir kognitif paramatreye bağlı olmayan kompleks motor görevlerdir. Son yıllarda araştırmalar egzersizin kognitif paramatrelerde ortaya çıkardığı bu artışları teker teker incelemek yerine, kognitif fonksiyon artışının gerçek hayat görevlerindeki motor beceri öğrenme hızına etkilerine yoğunlaşmıştır. Bu araştırmalar sonucu elde edilecek bilgiler, doğrudan klinik katkı sağlayacaktır. Seçilen aerobik egzersiz şiddeti ve zamanlamasının motor öğrenme üzerinde etkileri tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Aerobik egzersizin motor beceri pratiğinden önce ya da sonra yapılması da motor öğrenmenin farklı fazlarına etki etmekte ve böylece egzersiz zamanlaması motor öğrenme sürecinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Egzersizin şiddeti ile ilgili ise şiddet arttıkça artan nörotransmitter aktivitesine bağlı olarak öğrenme hızının artacağı düşünülebilir. Fakat motor beceri pratiğinden önce yapılan yüksek şiddetli bir egzersiz seansının yol açacağı yorgunluk faktörü denklemin işleyişini tamamen değiştirebilir. Motor beceriyi artırma hedefiyle uygulanan aerobik egzersizlerde optimal zamanlama ve şiddetin belirlenmesi için çok sayıda yeni çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Bu klasik derlemede, günümüze kadar bu konuda yapılmış çalışmalar sonuçlarıyla birlikte verilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Thomas AG, Dennis A, Bandettini PA, Johansen-Berg H. The effects of aerobic activity on brain structure. Front Psychol. 2012;3:86.
- Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. Jama. 2009;301(19):2024-2035.
- Diamond A, Ling DS. Review of the evidence on, and fundamental questions about, efforts to improve executive functions, including working memory. 2020.
- Singh A. Simulation–optimization modeling for conjunctive water use management. Agricultural Water Management. 2014;141:23-29.
- Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. Exercise: a behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends in Neurosciences. 2002;25(6):295-301.
- Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Natur Rev Neuroscie. 2008;9(1):58-65.
- Albert MS, Jones K, Savage CR, et al. Predictors of cognitive change in older persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Psychology and Aging. 1995;10(4):578.
- Winter B, Breitenstein C, Mooren FC, Voelker K, Fobker M, Lechtermann A, et al. High impact running improves learning. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. 2007;87(4):597-609.
- Masaki H, Sommer W. Cognitive neuroscience of motor learning and motor control. The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine. 2012;1(3):369-380.
- Dayan E, Cohen LG. Neuroplasticity subserving motor skill learning. Neuron. 2011;72(3):443-454.
- Ferrer-Uris B, Busquets A, Lopez-Alonso V, Fernandez-del-Olmo M, Angulo-Barroso R. Enhancing consolidation of a rotational visuomotor adaptation task through acute exercise. PLoS One. 2017;12(4):e0175296.
- Dal Maso F, Desormeau B, Boudrias M-H, Roig M. Acute cardiovascular exercise promotes functional changes in cortico-motor networks during the early stages of motor memory consolidation. Neuroimage. 2018;174:380-392.
- Lorås H, Haga M, Sigmundsson H. Effect of a single bout of acute aerobic exercise at moderate-to-vigorous intensities on motor learning, retention and transfer. Sports. 2020;8(2):15.
- Daou M, Buchanan TL, Lindsey KR, Lohse KR, Miller MW. Expecting to teach enhances learning: Evidence from a motor learning paradigm. Journal of Motor Learning and Development. 2016;4(2):197-207.
- Thomas R, Johnsen LK, Geertsen SS, Christiansen L, Ritz C, Roig M, et al. Acute exercise and motor memory consolidation: the role of exercise intensity. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0159589.
- Daou M. The effects of practicing a motor skill with the expectation of teaching it: Benefits to skill learning, potential underlying mechanisms, and effects on skill performance under psychological pressure. 2018.
- Cabral DA, Daou M, Bacelar MF, Parma JO, Miller MW. Does learning a skill with the expectation of teaching it impair the skill’s execution under psychological pressure if the skill is learned with analogy instructions? Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 2020;51:101757.
- Hancock GR, Butler MS, Fischman MG. On the problem of two-dimensional error scores: Measures and analyses of accuracy, bias, and consistency. J Motor Behav. 1995;27(3):241-250.
- Roig M, Thomas R, Mang CS, et al. Time-dependent effects of cardiovascular exercise on memory. Exer Sport Sci Rev. 2016;44(2):81-88.
- Perini R, Bortoletto M, Capogrosso M, Fertonani A, Miniussi C. Acute effects of aerobic exercise promote learning. Scientific Reports. 2016;6(1):1-8.
- Snow NJ, Mang CS, Roig M, McDonnell MN, Campbell KL, Boyd LA. The effect of an acute bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on motor learning of a continuous tracking task. PloS one. 2016;11(2):e0150039.
- Statton MA, Encarnacion M, Celnik P, Bastian AJ. A single bout of moderate aerobic exercise improves motor skill acquisition. PloS one. 2015;10(10):e0141393.
- Opie GM, Semmler JG. Acute exercise at different intensities influences corticomotor excitability and performance of a ballistic thumb training task. Neuroscience. 2019;412:29-39.
- Wanner P, Müller T, Cristini J, Pfeifer K, Steib S. Exercise intensity does not modulate the effect of acute exercise on learning a complex whole-body task. Neuroscience. 2020;426:115-128.
- Berchtold NC, Castello N, Cotman CW. Exercise and time-dependent benefits to learning and memory. Neuroscience. 2010;167(3):588-597.
- Mang CS, Snow NJ, Campbell KL, Ross CJ, Boyd LA. A single bout of high-intensity aerobic exercise facilitates response to paired associative stimulation and promotes sequence-specific implicit motor learning. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014;117(11):1325-1336.
- Roig M, Skriver K, Lundbye-Jensen J, Kiens B, Nielsen JB. A single bout of exercise improves motor memory. PloS one. 2012;7(9):e44594.
- Muellbacher W, Ziemann U, Wissel J, et al. Early consolidation in human primary motor cortex. Nature. 2002;415(6872):640-644.
- Vega SR, Hollmann W, Wahrmann BV, Strüder H. pH buffering does not influence BDNF responses to exercise. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(01):8-12.
- Coco M, Alagona G, Rapisarda G, et al. Elevated blood lactate is associated with increased motor cortex excitability. Somatosensory Motor Res. 2010;27(1):1-8.
- Robertson EM. Skill memory: mind the ever-decreasing gap for offline processing. Current Biology. 2019;29(8):R287-R289.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi |
| Bölüm | Derlemeler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2022 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 18 Ağustos 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 3 |
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