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NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL PHYSICAL METHODS USED IN THE MANAGEMENT OF PAIN DURING VACCINATION IN BABIES

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 97 - 107, 30.04.2024

Funda Gürbüz Naciye Esra Koyuncu

https://doi.org/10.59244/ktokusbd.1455048

Öz

Vaccination is a method used to prevent the emergence of diseases in infants to prevent disease-related disabilities and deaths. It is also known as providing immunity by applying antigen mixtures to the body through various methods. Vaccine injection is a significant stress factor that creates pain for babies and their families. Various procedures such as blood draws, tests, vaccinations and injections can cause iatrogenic pain. The pain experience during vaccine injection can negatively affect lifelong treatment compliance by creating a needle phobia. Many physical and cognitive methods can be applied to prevent vaccine-related pain. Pain is serious problem that can affect health status and have negative consequences in all areas of life if not controlled. It is stated that as age decreases, pain due to vaccination is felt more, and future behavioral changes may occur due to permanent damage to the neuronal circuit where pain is processed. If not treated appropriately, it can cause increased pain sensitivity and decreased immunity. Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods can be used in pain management. Non-pharmacological methods used in pain management consist of various physical and cognitive methods that will help make pain more bearable. In this study, we focused on physical non-pharmacological methods such as positioning, swaddling, kangaroo care, massage, buzzy, shot blocker use, cold application, and acupuncture, which are physical non-pharmacological methods applied to babies. As pain procedure practitioners, pediatric nurses should be able to diagnose pain physically and physiologically, perform age-appropriate and effective interventions in babies, and relieve pain-related symptoms.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Pain Vaccine Pain Management Physical Method Baby Injection

Kaynakça

  • Akdeniz Kudubes, A., Bektas, I., & Bektas, M. (2021). Nursing Role in Children Pain Management. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing, 18(1), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.5152/jern.2021.91489
  • Hassan Ali, H., Yousef Salah, N., Wahid Amer, H., Ragab Mohamed, H., & Hussein Abdelhalim, E. (2021). The effect of Aromatherapy Parent Education in Alleviating Injection Pain Among Children Submitting to Vaccination. Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 12(1), 686 706. doi: 10.21608/ejhc.2021.146728
  • Hassan Ali, H., Yousef Salah, N., Wahid Amer, H., Ragab Mohamed, H., & Hussein Abdelhalim, E. (2021). The effect of Aromatherapy Parent Education in Alleviating Injection Pain Among Children Submitting to Vaccination. Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 12(1), 686 706. doi: 10.21608/ejhc.2021.146728.
  • Bergomi, P., Scudeller, L., Pintaldi, S., & Dal Molin, A. (2018). Efficacy of Non Pharmacological methods of Pain Management in Children Undergoing Venipuncture in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Audiovisual Distraction and External Cold and Vibration. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 42, e66–e72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2018.04.011
  • Caglar, S., Buyukyılmaz, F., & Cosansu, G. (2017). Effectiveness of ShotBlocker® for Immunization Pain in Full-Term Neonates. J Perinat Neonat Nurs, 31(2), 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1097/JPN.0000000000000256
  • Division, C. H., Royal, T., & College, A. (2006). Management of procedure-related pain in children and adolescents. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 42(SUPPL. 1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00798_1.x
  • Farhadi, A., & Esmailzadeh, M. (2011). Effect of local cold on intensity of pain due to Penicillin Benzathin intramuscular injection. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 3(11),343-345.
  • Girish, G. N., & Ravi, M. D. (2014). Vaccination Related Pain: Comparison of Two Injection Techniques. Indian journal of pediatrics, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-014-1347-1
  • Drago, L. A., Singh, S. B., Douglass-Bright, A., Yiadom, M. Y., & Baumann, B. M. (2009). Efficacy of ShotBlocker® in reducing pediatric pain associated with intramuscular injections. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 27(5), 536–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2008.04.011
  • Farhadi, A., & Esmailzadeh, M. (2011). Effect of local cold on intensity of pain due to Penicillin Benzathin intramuscular injection. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 3(11),343-345.
  • Girish, G. N., & Ravi, M. D. (2014). Vaccination Related Pain: Comparison of Two Injection Techniques. Indian journal of pediatrics, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-014-1347-1
  • Göl, İ. (2020). İntramüsküler Aşı Uygulamalarında Ağrı Yönetimi: Aspirasyonsuz Hızlı Enjeksiyon Tekniği. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 48-54.
  • Göl, İ., & Altuğ Özsoy, S. (2017). Effects of Rapid Vaccine Injection Without Aspiration and Applying Manual Pressure Before Vaccination on Pain and Crying Time in Infants. Worldviews on evidence-based nursing, 14(2), 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12206
  • Gündoğdu Karakaya, A. (2022). Yenidoğanlarda Ağrının Azaltılması ve Konforun Sağlanmasında Kullanılan Nonfarmakolojik Yöntemler. UNIKA Journal of Health Sciences, 2(2), 296–308. https://doi.org/10.47327/unikasaglik.57
  • Güngör, T., & Öztürk Şahin, Ö. (2021). Analysis of two non-pharmacological pain management methods for vaccine injection pain in infants: A randomized controlled trial. Agri, 33(1), 1522. https://doi.org/10.14744/agri.2020.54289
  • Hall, R. W. (2014). P a i n M an ag emen t i n Newborns Analgesia Sedation Pain Stress NICU Infant-newborn. Clinics in Perinatology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2014.08.010
  • Harrington, J. W., Logan, S., Harwell, C., Gardner, J., Swingle, J., McGuire, E., & Santos, R. (2012). Effective analgesia using physical interventions for infant immunizations. Pediatrics, 129(5), 815–822. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-1607
  • Hogan, M. E., Kikuta, A., & Taddio, A. (2010). A systematic review of measures for reducing injection pain during adult immunization. Vaccine, 28(6), 1514–1521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.065
  • Ipp, M., Sam, J., & Parkin, P. C. (2006). Needle aspiration and intramuscular vaccination. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 160(4), 451. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.4.451-a Johnston, C., Fernandes, A., Inglis, D., Streiner, D., & Zee, R. (2014). Skin-to-skin care for procedural pain in neonates ( Review ). 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.
  • Karaca Ciftci, E., Kardas Ozdemir, F., & Aydln, D. (2016). Effect of flick application on pain level and duration of crying during infant vaccination Neurology, Behaviour and Development. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 42(1), 4–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-016-0218-y
  • Kılıç, M., & Öztunç, G. (2012). A ğ r ı Kontrolünde Kullan ı lan Yöntemler ve Hemşirenin Rolü.Fırat Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi,7(21), 36–51.
  • Koç, T., & Gözen, D. (2015). The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Acute Pain in Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 12(5), 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12099.
  • Kucukoglu, S., Kurt, S., & Aytekin, A. (2015). The effect of the facilitated tucking position in reducing vaccination-induced pain in newborns. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-015-0168-9.
  • Loeffen, E. A. H., Mulder, R. L., Font-Gonzalez, A., Leroy, P. L. J. M., Dick, B. D., Taddio, A., Ljungman, G., Jibb, L. A., Tutelman, P. R., Liossi, C., Twycross, A., Positano, K., Knops, R. R., Wijnen, M., van de Wetering, M. D., Kremer, L. C. M., Dupuis, L. L., Campbell, F., & Tissing, W. J. E. (2020). Reducing pain and distress related to needle procedures in children with cancer: A clinical practice guideline. European Journal of Cancer, 131, 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.02.039.
  • Meliati, L., Putu, N., & Ekayani, K. (2021). Effects of Baby Massage in Reducing Body Temperature after Combined Diptheri Pertussis Tetanus / Hepatitis B Immunization. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences,3(2), 98-102. DOI: 10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.2.753.
  • Pandita, A., Panghal, A., Gupta, G., Verma, A., Pillai, A., & Singh, A. (2018). Early Human Development Is kangaroo mother care effective in alleviating vaccination-associated pain in the early infantile period ? A RCT. Early Human Development, 27(October), 69–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.10.001.
  • Sapçi, E., Bilsin Kocamaz, E., & Gungormus, Z. (2021). Effects of applying external cold and vibration to children during vaccination on pain, fear, and anxiety. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 58(November 2020), 102688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102688
  • Sepah Y, Samad L, Altaf A et al. Aspiration in injections: should we continue or abandon the practice? [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2017, 3:157 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1113.3)
  • Shahroudi, P., Chehrzad, M., Ghanbari, A., & Pourghane, P. (2023). The effect of foot reflexology massage on pain during vaccine injection in infants referred to Rasht Comprehensive Health Center : A randomized clinical trial. Int J Pediatr, 11(02):17366-17373. DOI: 10.22038/ijp.2023.65387.4932.
  • Stockwell, M. S., Irigoyen, M., Martinez, R. A., & Findley, S. (2011). How parents’ negative experiences at immunization visits affect child immunization status in a community in New York City. Public Health Reports, 126(SUPPL. 2), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549111260s204.
  • Taddio, A., Appleton, M., Bortolussi, R., Chambers, C., Dubey, V., Halperin, S., Hanrahan, A., Ipp, M., Lockett, D., MacDonald, N., Midmer, D., Mousmanis, P., Palda, V., Pielak, K., Pillai Riddell, R., Rieder, M., Scott, J., & Shah, V. (2010). Reducing the pain of childhood vaccination: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline. CMAJ. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 182(18). https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.101720. Türker, T. K., & Gözen, D. (2022). The Effect of Kangaroo Care and Breastfeeding on Reducing the Pain due to Hepatitis B Vaccine Injection in Newborn Infants : A Comparative Analysis. The Journal of Pediatric Research, 9(3) 252-258. DOI: 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2022.26539.
  • Ueki, S., Matsunaka, E., Takao, K., Kitao, M., Fukui, M., & Fujita, Y. (2021). The effectiveness of vibratory stimulation in reducing pain in children receiving vaccine injection: A randomized controlled trial. Vaccine, 39(15), 2080–2087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.013
  • Wong, C. L., Lui, M. M. W., & Choi, K. C. (2019). Effects of immersive virtual reality intervention on pain and anxiety among pediatric patients undergoing venipuncture: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 20(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063019-3443-z.
  • Yavuz, E. D., & Alpar, E. Ş. (2018). Yenidoğan ve Süt Çocuklarında Girişimsel Ağrı ve Non Farmakolojik Yönetimi. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni, 49(530), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.16948/zktipb.338176

BEBEKLERDE AŞI UYGULAMALARI SIRASINDA OLUŞAN AĞRININ YÖNETİMİNDE KULLANILAN NON-FARMAKOLOJİK FİZİKSEL YÖNTEMLER

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 97 - 107, 30.04.2024

Funda Gürbüz Naciye Esra Koyuncu

https://doi.org/10.59244/ktokusbd.1455048

Öz

Aşı, bebek ve çocuklarda hastalıkların ortaya çıkışının engellenmesi, hastalıklara bağlı sakatlık ve ölümlerin önlenmesi için uygulanan koruyucu bir yöntemdir. Çeşitli metotlarla antijen karışımlarının vücuda uygulanması ile bağışıklık sağlanması olarak da bilinmektedir. Aşı enjeksiyonu bebekler ve aileleri için ağrı oluşturan önemli bir stres faktörüdür. Kan alma, testler, aşı ve enjeksiyon uygulamaları gibi çeşitli işlemler iyatrojenik ağrıya neden olabilmektedir. Aşı enjeksiyonu sırasında oluşan ağrı deneyimi, iğne fobisi oluşturarak hayat boyu tedaviye uyumu olumsuz etkileyebilmektedir. Aşıya bağlı ağrıyı önlemeye yönelik birçok fiziksel ve bilişsel yöntem uygulanabilmektedir. Ağrı, sağlık durumunu etkileyebilen, kontrol altına alınmadığında hayatın tüm alanlarında olumsuz sonuçlar doğurabilen ciddi bir sorundur. Yaş küçüldükçe aşı uygulamalarına bağlı ağrının daha fazla hissedildiği, ağrının işlendiği nöronal devrede kalıcı hasara bağlı olarak ileri dönem davranış değişikliği gelişebildiği ifade edilmektedir. Uygun tedavi edilmediğinde ağrı duyarlılığının artmasına ve bağışıklığın düşmesine sebep olabilmektedir. Ağrı yönetiminde farmakolojik ve non-farmakolojik çeşitli yöntemler kullanılabilmektedir. Ağrı yönetiminde kullanılan non-farmakolojik yöntemler ağrının daha dayanılabilir hale gelmesine yardımcı olacak çeşitli fiziksel ve bilişsel yöntemlerden oluşmaktadır. Bu çalışmada bebekler için uygulanan fiziksel non-farmakolojik yöntemlerden olan pozisyon verme, kundaklama, kanguru bakımı, masaj, buzzy, shotblocker kullanımı, soğuk uygulama, akapunktur gibi fiziksel uygulamalara odaklanılmıştır. Pediatri hemşireleri ağrılı işlem uygulayıcıları olarak ağrıyı fiziksel ve fizyolojik olarak tanılayabilmeli, bebeklerde yaşa uygun ve etkili müdahaleler yapabilmeli ve ağrıya bağlı oluşan semptomları giderebilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Enjeksiyon Ağrı Aşı Ağrı yönetimi Fiziksel uygulama Bebek

Destekleyen Kurum

Bu çalışma için herhangi bir destek alınmamıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Akdeniz Kudubes, A., Bektas, I., & Bektas, M. (2021). Nursing Role in Children Pain Management. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing, 18(1), 107–113. https://doi.org/10.5152/jern.2021.91489
  • Hassan Ali, H., Yousef Salah, N., Wahid Amer, H., Ragab Mohamed, H., & Hussein Abdelhalim, E. (2021). The effect of Aromatherapy Parent Education in Alleviating Injection Pain Among Children Submitting to Vaccination. Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 12(1), 686 706. doi: 10.21608/ejhc.2021.146728
  • Hassan Ali, H., Yousef Salah, N., Wahid Amer, H., Ragab Mohamed, H., & Hussein Abdelhalim, E. (2021). The effect of Aromatherapy Parent Education in Alleviating Injection Pain Among Children Submitting to Vaccination. Egyptian Journal of Health Care, 12(1), 686 706. doi: 10.21608/ejhc.2021.146728.
  • Bergomi, P., Scudeller, L., Pintaldi, S., & Dal Molin, A. (2018). Efficacy of Non Pharmacological methods of Pain Management in Children Undergoing Venipuncture in a Pediatric Outpatient Clinic: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Audiovisual Distraction and External Cold and Vibration. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 42, e66–e72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2018.04.011
  • Caglar, S., Buyukyılmaz, F., & Cosansu, G. (2017). Effectiveness of ShotBlocker® for Immunization Pain in Full-Term Neonates. J Perinat Neonat Nurs, 31(2), 166–171. https://doi.org/10.1097/JPN.0000000000000256
  • Division, C. H., Royal, T., & College, A. (2006). Management of procedure-related pain in children and adolescents. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 42(SUPPL. 1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2006.00798_1.x
  • Farhadi, A., & Esmailzadeh, M. (2011). Effect of local cold on intensity of pain due to Penicillin Benzathin intramuscular injection. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 3(11),343-345.
  • Girish, G. N., & Ravi, M. D. (2014). Vaccination Related Pain: Comparison of Two Injection Techniques. Indian journal of pediatrics, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-014-1347-1
  • Drago, L. A., Singh, S. B., Douglass-Bright, A., Yiadom, M. Y., & Baumann, B. M. (2009). Efficacy of ShotBlocker® in reducing pediatric pain associated with intramuscular injections. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 27(5), 536–543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2008.04.011
  • Farhadi, A., & Esmailzadeh, M. (2011). Effect of local cold on intensity of pain due to Penicillin Benzathin intramuscular injection. International Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences 3(11),343-345.
  • Girish, G. N., & Ravi, M. D. (2014). Vaccination Related Pain: Comparison of Two Injection Techniques. Indian journal of pediatrics, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-014-1347-1
  • Göl, İ. (2020). İntramüsküler Aşı Uygulamalarında Ağrı Yönetimi: Aspirasyonsuz Hızlı Enjeksiyon Tekniği. Avrasya Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 48-54.
  • Göl, İ., & Altuğ Özsoy, S. (2017). Effects of Rapid Vaccine Injection Without Aspiration and Applying Manual Pressure Before Vaccination on Pain and Crying Time in Infants. Worldviews on evidence-based nursing, 14(2), 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12206
  • Gündoğdu Karakaya, A. (2022). Yenidoğanlarda Ağrının Azaltılması ve Konforun Sağlanmasında Kullanılan Nonfarmakolojik Yöntemler. UNIKA Journal of Health Sciences, 2(2), 296–308. https://doi.org/10.47327/unikasaglik.57
  • Güngör, T., & Öztürk Şahin, Ö. (2021). Analysis of two non-pharmacological pain management methods for vaccine injection pain in infants: A randomized controlled trial. Agri, 33(1), 1522. https://doi.org/10.14744/agri.2020.54289
  • Hall, R. W. (2014). P a i n M an ag emen t i n Newborns Analgesia Sedation Pain Stress NICU Infant-newborn. Clinics in Perinatology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2014.08.010
  • Harrington, J. W., Logan, S., Harwell, C., Gardner, J., Swingle, J., McGuire, E., & Santos, R. (2012). Effective analgesia using physical interventions for infant immunizations. Pediatrics, 129(5), 815–822. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-1607
  • Hogan, M. E., Kikuta, A., & Taddio, A. (2010). A systematic review of measures for reducing injection pain during adult immunization. Vaccine, 28(6), 1514–1521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.065
  • Ipp, M., Sam, J., & Parkin, P. C. (2006). Needle aspiration and intramuscular vaccination. Archives of pediatrics & adolescent medicine, 160(4), 451. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.4.451-a Johnston, C., Fernandes, A., Inglis, D., Streiner, D., & Zee, R. (2014). Skin-to-skin care for procedural pain in neonates ( Review ). 1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.
  • Karaca Ciftci, E., Kardas Ozdemir, F., & Aydln, D. (2016). Effect of flick application on pain level and duration of crying during infant vaccination Neurology, Behaviour and Development. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 42(1), 4–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-016-0218-y
  • Kılıç, M., & Öztunç, G. (2012). A ğ r ı Kontrolünde Kullan ı lan Yöntemler ve Hemşirenin Rolü.Fırat Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi,7(21), 36–51.
  • Koç, T., & Gözen, D. (2015). The Effect of Foot Reflexology on Acute Pain in Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 12(5), 289–296. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12099.
  • Kucukoglu, S., Kurt, S., & Aytekin, A. (2015). The effect of the facilitated tucking position in reducing vaccination-induced pain in newborns. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-015-0168-9.
  • Loeffen, E. A. H., Mulder, R. L., Font-Gonzalez, A., Leroy, P. L. J. M., Dick, B. D., Taddio, A., Ljungman, G., Jibb, L. A., Tutelman, P. R., Liossi, C., Twycross, A., Positano, K., Knops, R. R., Wijnen, M., van de Wetering, M. D., Kremer, L. C. M., Dupuis, L. L., Campbell, F., & Tissing, W. J. E. (2020). Reducing pain and distress related to needle procedures in children with cancer: A clinical practice guideline. European Journal of Cancer, 131, 53–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.02.039.
  • Meliati, L., Putu, N., & Ekayani, K. (2021). Effects of Baby Massage in Reducing Body Temperature after Combined Diptheri Pertussis Tetanus / Hepatitis B Immunization. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences,3(2), 98-102. DOI: 10.24018/ejmed.2021.3.2.753.
  • Pandita, A., Panghal, A., Gupta, G., Verma, A., Pillai, A., & Singh, A. (2018). Early Human Development Is kangaroo mother care effective in alleviating vaccination-associated pain in the early infantile period ? A RCT. Early Human Development, 27(October), 69–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.10.001.
  • Sapçi, E., Bilsin Kocamaz, E., & Gungormus, Z. (2021). Effects of applying external cold and vibration to children during vaccination on pain, fear, and anxiety. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 58(November 2020), 102688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102688
  • Sepah Y, Samad L, Altaf A et al. Aspiration in injections: should we continue or abandon the practice? [version 3; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2017, 3:157 (https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.1113.3)
  • Shahroudi, P., Chehrzad, M., Ghanbari, A., & Pourghane, P. (2023). The effect of foot reflexology massage on pain during vaccine injection in infants referred to Rasht Comprehensive Health Center : A randomized clinical trial. Int J Pediatr, 11(02):17366-17373. DOI: 10.22038/ijp.2023.65387.4932.
  • Stockwell, M. S., Irigoyen, M., Martinez, R. A., & Findley, S. (2011). How parents’ negative experiences at immunization visits affect child immunization status in a community in New York City. Public Health Reports, 126(SUPPL. 2), 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549111260s204.
  • Taddio, A., Appleton, M., Bortolussi, R., Chambers, C., Dubey, V., Halperin, S., Hanrahan, A., Ipp, M., Lockett, D., MacDonald, N., Midmer, D., Mousmanis, P., Palda, V., Pielak, K., Pillai Riddell, R., Rieder, M., Scott, J., & Shah, V. (2010). Reducing the pain of childhood vaccination: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline. CMAJ. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 182(18). https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.101720. Türker, T. K., & Gözen, D. (2022). The Effect of Kangaroo Care and Breastfeeding on Reducing the Pain due to Hepatitis B Vaccine Injection in Newborn Infants : A Comparative Analysis. The Journal of Pediatric Research, 9(3) 252-258. DOI: 10.4274/jpr.galenos.2022.26539.
  • Ueki, S., Matsunaka, E., Takao, K., Kitao, M., Fukui, M., & Fujita, Y. (2021). The effectiveness of vibratory stimulation in reducing pain in children receiving vaccine injection: A randomized controlled trial. Vaccine, 39(15), 2080–2087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.013
  • Wong, C. L., Lui, M. M. W., & Choi, K. C. (2019). Effects of immersive virtual reality intervention on pain and anxiety among pediatric patients undergoing venipuncture: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 20(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063019-3443-z.
  • Yavuz, E. D., & Alpar, E. Ş. (2018). Yenidoğan ve Süt Çocuklarında Girişimsel Ağrı ve Non Farmakolojik Yönetimi. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni, 49(530), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.16948/zktipb.338176
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Funda Gürbüz 0000-0002-8065-3575

Naciye Esra Koyuncu 0000-0002-2879-8873

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Nisan 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Mart 2024
Kabul Tarihi 15 Nisan 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Gürbüz, F., & Koyuncu, N. E. (2024). BEBEKLERDE AŞI UYGULAMALARI SIRASINDA OLUŞAN AĞRININ YÖNETİMİNDE KULLANILAN NON-FARMAKOLOJİK FİZİKSEL YÖNTEMLER. KTO Karatay Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(1), 97-107. https://doi.org/10.59244/ktokusbd.1455048
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