Öz
Tüneller, sürücülerin karşılaştıkları arazi kaynaklı engelleri konforlu, güvenli ve kısa sürede aşabilmelerine olanak sağlayan karayolu sanat yapılarından birisidir. Özellikle dağlık arazilerin yaygın olarak bulunduğu ülkelerdeki trafiğin kesintisiz bir şekilde hareket etmesini sağlamaktadır. Tüneller, arazi kaynaklı engelleri çok kısa mesafe ve sürede aşarak, araçların olumsuz çevresel etkilerden (çığ, kaya düşmesi vb.) korunmasını sağlamaktadır. Dünya genelinde olduğu gibi Türkiye’de gün geçtikçe yollarda yer alan tünellerin sayısında belirgin bir artış görülmektedir. Tünellerin sayısı arttıkça bu tür yol kesimlerinde, efektif tünel işletimi ve güvenliği daha da önemli hale gelmektedir. Dağlık arazi koşullarının oldukça yaygın olduğu Türkiye gibi ülkelerde şehiriçi ve şehirler arası yollarda kesintisiz, konforlu ve güvenli ulaşımı sağlamak amacıyla yol güzergâhlarında tünellerin kullanımı sın yıllarda oldukça sık karşımıza çıkmaya başlamıştır. Sayısı gün geçtikçe artan tünellerde, teknolojik gelişmelere bağlı olarak farklı özellikteki tünel uygulamaları ve işletim özellikleri görülmektedir. Bu kapsamda, Türkiye’de yıllara göre teknolojik değişimlere ve yatırım bütçelerine bağlı olarak farklı işletim ve yönetim özelliklerine sahip işletmeye alınmıştır. Bu nedenle ülke genlindeki şehiriçi ve şehirler arası yollarda inşa yılına, yatırım bütçesine ve teknolojik altyapı olanaklarına bağlı olarak farklı yapısal ve işletim özelliklerine sahip tüneller görmek mümkündür. Bu çalışma kapsamında tünellerde pilot güzergâh olarak seçilen Gümüşhane-Trabzon arasındaki tünellerin işletim ve güvenlik özellikleri, sürücülerin bakış açısından irdelenmiştir. Yapılan anket çalışması ile Gümüşhane ve Trabzon illeri arasındaki tünelleri kullanan sürücülerin tüneller hakkındaki düşünceleri ve tünellerdeki sürüş davranışları anket çalışması ve farklı olası kaza senaryoları altında incelenmiştir. Analiz sonucunda ankete katılan sürücülerin karakteristik özelliklerinin tünel güvenliğini arttırmada çok önemli katkılar sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Özellikle planlama esnasında öngörülemeyen fakat sürücüler açısından önemli olan eksikliklerin tespit edilerek detaylı olarak irdelenebileceği istatistiksel sonuçlar ile tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucu elde edilen bulgular ile tünel inşa ve işletmesinde iyi bir bilgi birikimine sahip olan ülkemizin, bu konuda Dünya’da daha iyi bir noktada olması hususunda katkı sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Tünel Güvenliği İşletim Özelliği Karayolu Tüneli Sürücü Özellikleri Tünelcilik
Kaynakça
- Amundsen, F.H., Ranes, G. Studies on traffic accidents in Norwegian road tunnels, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2000; 15: 3-11.
- Amundsen, F.H. Studies of driver behaviour in Norwegian road tunnels, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 1994, 9(1), 9–15.
- Aydın, M.M., Çoruh, E., Kalkan, H. Farklı Karayolu Tünellerinin Tünel Özellikleri ve Sürücü Davranışları Açısından İrdelenmesi. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering 2020; 7(3): 1258-1274.
- Beard, A.N. Tunnel safety, risk assessment and decision-making, Tunn Undergr Space Technol 2010; 25(1): 91–94.
- Calvi, A., D’Amico F. A study of the effects of road tunnel on driver behaviour and road safety using driving simülatör, Advances in Transportation Studies an international Journal 2013; 30(30): 59-76.
- Calvi, A., Blasiis, M.R.D., Guattari, C. An empirical study of the effects of road tunnel on driving performance, Procedia 2012; 53: 1098–1108.
- Carvel, R., Marlair, G. A history of fire incidents in tunnels, In: Beard, A.N., Marlair, G. (Eds.), The Handbook of Tunnel Fire Safety, Thomas Telford Limited, London 2005, 3–41.
- Frantzich, H., Nilsson, D. Evacuation experiments in a smoke filled tunnel, In: Human Behaviour in Fire, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, Belfast, UK 2004: pp. 229–238.
- Haack, A. Current safety issues in traffic tunnels, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2002; 17(2): 117–127.
- Hu, Y.Q., Liu, H.X., Zhu, T. Influence of spatial visual conditions in tunnel on driver behavior: Considering the route familiarity of drivers, Adv. Mech. Eng. 2009; 11: 1–9.
- Kircher, K., Ahlstrom, C. The impact of tunnel design and lighting on the performance of attentive and visually distracted drivers, Accident Analysis Prevention 2012; 47: 153-161.
- Kirkland, C.J. The fire in the channel tunnel, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2002; 17(2): 129–132.
- Koçhan, B. Karayolu Tünel Güvenliği ve Meydana Gelen Kazalar: Trabzon-Gümüşhane Karayolu Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü 2001; 187 s. Gümüşhane, Türkiye.
- Leitner, A. The fire catastrophe in the Tauern tunnel: experience and conclusions for the Austrian guidelines, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2001; 16(3): 217–223.
- Lemke, K. Road safety in tunnels, Transportation Research Record 2000; 1740(1): 170-174.
- Liang B., He S., Tahkamö L., Tetri E., Cui L., Dangol R., Halonen L. Lighting for road tunnels: The influence of CCT of light sources on reaction time; 2019, https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/lighting-for-road-tunnels-the-influence-of-cct-of-light-sources-o.
- Liu, H.Y. Desing Crıterıa For Tunnel Lighting; 2005, http://eng-gate.net/content/uploads/2015/07/ 7810144939269.pdf.
- Manseer, M., Riener, A. Evaluation of driver stress while transiting road tunnels, In: Proceedings of the 6th adjunct international conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications, Seattle, WA, 17 September 2014, pp.177–182. New York: ACM Press.
- Mashimo, H. State of the road tunnel safety technology in Japan, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2002; 17(2): 145–152.
- Ntzeremes, P., Kirytopoulos, K. Evaluating the role of risk assessment for road tunnel fire safety: A comparative review within the EU, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2019; 6(3): 282-296.
- Nussbaumer, C. Nitsche P. Safety In Tunnels On Motor-And Expressways, Department of Transport and Mobility Austrian Road Safety Board, International Conferance ‘Tunnel Safety and Vantilation’, Austrian, 2008.
- Robatsch, K. Nussbaumer, C. Tunnels mit Gegenverkehr und Richtungsverkehr/ tunnels with uni- and bi-directional traffic, Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Verkehr, Wien, 2004.
- Ronchi, E. Kinsey, M. Evacuation models of the future. Insights from an online survey on user’s experiences and needs, In: Capote J et al. (eds) Advanced research workshop evacuation and human behaviour in emergency situations EVAC11, Santander 2012; pp 145–155.
- TÜİK. Trafik İstatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, 2020, Ankara (Erişim Tarihi: 04.06.2021). https:// data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=ulastirma-ve-haberlesme-112&dil=1
- Wenga J., Dua F., Hua Y. Caia X. Dark Adaptation Time Study on Road Tunnel Daytime Lighting Based on Visual Performance Method, Chemical Engineering Transactions 2017; 59: 691-696
- Yan, W., Kong, LQ., Guo., ZY. Alignment design at tunnel entrance and exit zone based on operating safety, J Highw Transp Res Dev Chin Ed., 2008; 25: 134–138.
- Yeung, J.S., Wong, Y.D. Xu, H. Driver perspectives of open and tunnel express-ways, J. Environ. Psychol., 2013; 36: 248–256.
- Zhao, E.Z., Dong, L.L., Chen, Y., Lou, Q. Xu, W.H. The Impact of LED Color Rendering on the Dark Adaptation of Human Eyes at Tunnel Entrances, 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC7084632/.
Öz
Tunnels are one of the highway structures that allow drivers to overcome the land-based encountered obstacles comfortably, safely and in a short time. As in the rest of the world, there is a significant increase in the number of tunnels on highways in Turkey, day by day. As the number of tunnels increases, effective tunnel operation and safety become more important in such road sections, and tunnel applications and operating characteristics with different characteristics are seen in tunnels depending on technological developments. Within the scope of this study, 19 tunnels on the Gümüşhane-Trabzon highway, located on the historical Silk Road and located in the Eastern Black Sea Region with the most tunnels in Turkey, were examined. In the study, a face-to-face survey was conducted with the drivers who use the selected tunnels effectively in order to investigate the drivers' perspectives on tunnel operation and safety features. In the survey study, the thoughts of the drivers about the tunnels and their driving behaviors in the tunnels were examined under different accident scenarios with the conducted questionnaire. In the evaluation of the questionnaires, factor analysis, reliability analysis, Chi-Square and Bartlett tests were applied. The relation between independent (gender, occupation, education, age, frequency of route use) and dependent variables (a questionnaire prepared to measure the participants' knowledge, behavior and ability to act in the face of emergencies) were investigated. According to the obtained results, it was determined that with the increase in the frequency of tunnel use, driver familiarity increased and the rate of vehicle speed reduction in tunnel passages decreased. Again, it was determined from the results that there was a significant relationship between gender and the feeling of uneasiness experienced during tunnel passages, that women felt more uneasy than men, and that there was a statistically significant relationship between leaving the vehicle in the face of an emergency and gender (P<0.10). It has been concluded that female drivers tend to leave the tunnel by leaving the vehicle at higher rates and that the type of driver behavior differs according to gender in the face of accidents to be experienced. With the help of obtained findings, it has been tried to contribute to the fact that Turkey, which has a good knowledge in tunnel construction and operation, is in a better place in the world in this subject.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Tunnel Safety Operational Property Highway Tunnel Driver Characteristics Tunnelling
Kaynakça
- Amundsen, F.H., Ranes, G. Studies on traffic accidents in Norwegian road tunnels, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2000; 15: 3-11.
- Amundsen, F.H. Studies of driver behaviour in Norwegian road tunnels, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 1994, 9(1), 9–15.
- Aydın, M.M., Çoruh, E., Kalkan, H. Farklı Karayolu Tünellerinin Tünel Özellikleri ve Sürücü Davranışları Açısından İrdelenmesi. El-Cezeri Journal of Science and Engineering 2020; 7(3): 1258-1274.
- Beard, A.N. Tunnel safety, risk assessment and decision-making, Tunn Undergr Space Technol 2010; 25(1): 91–94.
- Calvi, A., D’Amico F. A study of the effects of road tunnel on driver behaviour and road safety using driving simülatör, Advances in Transportation Studies an international Journal 2013; 30(30): 59-76.
- Calvi, A., Blasiis, M.R.D., Guattari, C. An empirical study of the effects of road tunnel on driving performance, Procedia 2012; 53: 1098–1108.
- Carvel, R., Marlair, G. A history of fire incidents in tunnels, In: Beard, A.N., Marlair, G. (Eds.), The Handbook of Tunnel Fire Safety, Thomas Telford Limited, London 2005, 3–41.
- Frantzich, H., Nilsson, D. Evacuation experiments in a smoke filled tunnel, In: Human Behaviour in Fire, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, Belfast, UK 2004: pp. 229–238.
- Haack, A. Current safety issues in traffic tunnels, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2002; 17(2): 117–127.
- Hu, Y.Q., Liu, H.X., Zhu, T. Influence of spatial visual conditions in tunnel on driver behavior: Considering the route familiarity of drivers, Adv. Mech. Eng. 2009; 11: 1–9.
- Kircher, K., Ahlstrom, C. The impact of tunnel design and lighting on the performance of attentive and visually distracted drivers, Accident Analysis Prevention 2012; 47: 153-161.
- Kirkland, C.J. The fire in the channel tunnel, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2002; 17(2): 129–132.
- Koçhan, B. Karayolu Tünel Güvenliği ve Meydana Gelen Kazalar: Trabzon-Gümüşhane Karayolu Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü 2001; 187 s. Gümüşhane, Türkiye.
- Leitner, A. The fire catastrophe in the Tauern tunnel: experience and conclusions for the Austrian guidelines, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2001; 16(3): 217–223.
- Lemke, K. Road safety in tunnels, Transportation Research Record 2000; 1740(1): 170-174.
- Liang B., He S., Tahkamö L., Tetri E., Cui L., Dangol R., Halonen L. Lighting for road tunnels: The influence of CCT of light sources on reaction time; 2019, https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/lighting-for-road-tunnels-the-influence-of-cct-of-light-sources-o.
- Liu, H.Y. Desing Crıterıa For Tunnel Lighting; 2005, http://eng-gate.net/content/uploads/2015/07/ 7810144939269.pdf.
- Manseer, M., Riener, A. Evaluation of driver stress while transiting road tunnels, In: Proceedings of the 6th adjunct international conference on automotive user interfaces and interactive vehicular applications, Seattle, WA, 17 September 2014, pp.177–182. New York: ACM Press.
- Mashimo, H. State of the road tunnel safety technology in Japan, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 2002; 17(2): 145–152.
- Ntzeremes, P., Kirytopoulos, K. Evaluating the role of risk assessment for road tunnel fire safety: A comparative review within the EU, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering,2019; 6(3): 282-296.
- Nussbaumer, C. Nitsche P. Safety In Tunnels On Motor-And Expressways, Department of Transport and Mobility Austrian Road Safety Board, International Conferance ‘Tunnel Safety and Vantilation’, Austrian, 2008.
- Robatsch, K. Nussbaumer, C. Tunnels mit Gegenverkehr und Richtungsverkehr/ tunnels with uni- and bi-directional traffic, Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft und Verkehr, Wien, 2004.
- Ronchi, E. Kinsey, M. Evacuation models of the future. Insights from an online survey on user’s experiences and needs, In: Capote J et al. (eds) Advanced research workshop evacuation and human behaviour in emergency situations EVAC11, Santander 2012; pp 145–155.
- TÜİK. Trafik İstatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu, 2020, Ankara (Erişim Tarihi: 04.06.2021). https:// data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=ulastirma-ve-haberlesme-112&dil=1
- Wenga J., Dua F., Hua Y. Caia X. Dark Adaptation Time Study on Road Tunnel Daytime Lighting Based on Visual Performance Method, Chemical Engineering Transactions 2017; 59: 691-696
- Yan, W., Kong, LQ., Guo., ZY. Alignment design at tunnel entrance and exit zone based on operating safety, J Highw Transp Res Dev Chin Ed., 2008; 25: 134–138.
- Yeung, J.S., Wong, Y.D. Xu, H. Driver perspectives of open and tunnel express-ways, J. Environ. Psychol., 2013; 36: 248–256.
- Zhao, E.Z., Dong, L.L., Chen, Y., Lou, Q. Xu, W.H. The Impact of LED Color Rendering on the Dark Adaptation of Human Eyes at Tunnel Entrances, 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC7084632/.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | İnşaat Mühendisliği |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri (RESEARCH ARTICLES) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 10 Mart 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 29 Ocak 2022 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 18 Ağustos 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1 |
Kaynak Göster
Cited By
Trafikte Acil Durum Müdahale Araçlarının Geçişi Esnasındaki Karmaşa Problemleri İçin AUS Tabanlı Bir Çözüm Önerisi Geliştirilmesi
Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology
https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.1355832
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