Effect of COVID-19 on neuromotor development of infants: A case control study

Emine Tekin; Handan Ayhan Akoğlu; Muhammet Bulut; Fuat Sönmez; Mintaze Kerem Günel

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Yıl 2023, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 4, 703 - 709, 03.01.2024

Emine Tekin Handan Ayhan Akoğlu Muhammet Bulut Fuat Sönmez Mintaze Kerem Günel

Öz

Kaynakça

1. Mao L, Jin H, Wang M et al. Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683-690. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127. PMID: 32275288; PMCID: PMC7149362.
2. Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z et al. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:18-22. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031. Epub 2020 Mar 30. PMID: 32240762; PMCID: PMC7146689.
3. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among Children in China. Pediatrics. 2020;145(6):e20200702. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0702. Epub 2020 Mar 16. PMID: 32179660.
4. Tezer H, Bedir Demirdağ T. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in children. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(SI-1):592-603. doi: 10.3906/sag-2004-174. PMID: 32304191; PMCID: PMC7195991.
5. Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Coronavirus Infections in Children Including COVID-19: An Overview of the Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Options in Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(5):355-368. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002660. PMID: 32310621; PMCID: PMC7158880.
6. Kepenek-Varol B, Hoşbay Z, Varol S, Torun E. Assessment of motor development using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale in full-term infants. Turk J Pediatr. 2020;62(1):94-102. doi: 10.24953/turkjped.2020.01.013. PMID: 32253872.
7. Society of Pediatrics Chinese Medical Association; Editorial Board Chinese Journal of Pediatrics. Recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention, and control of the 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children (first interim edition). Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2020;58:E004. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2020.0004
8. Wald ER, Schmit KM, Gusland DY. A Pediatric Infectious Disease Perspective on COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(9):1660-1666. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1095. PMID: 32766824; PMCID: PMC7454399.
9. Mark EG, Golden WC, Gilmore MM et al. Community-Onset Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Young Infants: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr. 2021;228:94-100.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.09.008. Epub 2020 Sep 8. PMID: 32910943; PMCID: PMC7477627.
10. DeBiasi RL, Song X, Delaney M et al. Severe Coronavirus Disease-2019 in Children and Young Adults in the Washington, DC, Metropolitan Region. J Pediatr. 2020;223:199-203.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.007. Epub 2020 May 13. PMID: 32405091; PMCID: PMC7217783.
11. Wang L, Li G, Yuan C et al. Progress in the Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 in Children: A Review. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:8097-8108. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S335888. PMID: 34795516; PMCID: PMC8594783.
12. Zimmermann P, Curtis N. COVID-19 in Children, Pregnancy and Neonates: A Review of Epidemiologic and Clinical Features. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020:469-477. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002700. PMID: 32398569; PMCID: PMC7363381.
13. Felsenstein S, Hedrich CM. SARS-CoV-2 infections in children and young people. Clin Immunol. 2020;220:108588. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108588. Epub 2020 Sep 6. PMID: 32905851; PMCID: PMC7474910.
14. Kompaniyets L, Agathis NT, Nelson JM et al. Underlying medical conditions associated with severe COVID-19 illness among children. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(6):e2111182. doi:10.1001/ jamanetworkopen.2021.11182
15. Beniwal N, Chaudhary P, Suman RL. Severe COVID-19 in an Infant with Severe Acute Malnutrition. Indian J Pediatr. 2021;88(11):1158. doi: 10.1007/s12098-021-03896-1. Epub 2021 Aug 3. PMID: 34342793; PMCID: PMC8329612.
16. Tezer H, Deniz M. From asymptomatic to critical illness - different clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in children. Turk J Med Sci. 2021;51(SI-1):3262-3272. doi: 10.3906/sag-2106-168. PMID: 34392672.
17. Bhuiyan MU, Stiboy E, Hassan MZ et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 infection in young children under five years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2021;39(4):667-677. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.078. Epub 2020 Dec 5. PMID: 33342635; PMCID: PMC7833125.
18. Mansourian M, Ghandi Y, Habibi D, Mehrabi S. COVID-19 infection in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical features and laboratory findings. Arch Pediatr. 2021;28(3):242-248. doi: 10.1016/j.arcped.2020.12.008. Epub 2021 Jan 9. PMID: 33483192; PMCID: PMC7794595.
19. Al Yazidi LS, Al Hinai Z, Al Waili B et al. Epidemiology, characteristics and outcome of children hospitalized with COVID-19 in Oman: A multicenter cohort study. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;104:655-660. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.036. Epub 2021 Jan 18. PMID: 33476759; PMCID: PMC7813479.
20. Panetta L, Proulx C, Drouin O et al. Clinical Characteristics and Disease Severity Among Infants With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(12):e2030470. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.30470. Erratum in: JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Feb 1;4(2):e210356. PMID: 33315110; PMCID: PMC7737086.
21. Iijima H, Funaki T, Kubota M. Clinical features and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in early infants in Japan: A case series and literature review. J Infect Chemother. 2022;28(4):582-586. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.12.026. Epub 2022 Jan 6. PMID: 35027300; PMCID: PMC8733281.
22. Kepenekli E, Yakut N, Ergenc Z et al. COVID-19 disease characteristics in different pediatric age groups. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2022;16(1):16-24. doi: 10.3855/jidc.15353. PMID: 35192517.
23. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Yet al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. Epub 2020 Feb 28. PMID: 32109013; PMCID: PMC7092819..
24. Liguoro I, Pilotto C, Bonanni M et al. SARS-COV-2 infection in children and newborns: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr. 2020;179 (7):1029–46, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03684-7.
25. Denina M, Pruccoli G, Scolfaro C et al. Sequelae of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Children: A 4-Months Follow-Up. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(12):e458-e459. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002937. PMID: 33003103.
26. Blazkova J, Skalicky P, Bradac O, Benes V Jr. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in infant with COVID-19. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2022;164(3):853-858. doi: 10.1007/s00701-022-05116-x. Epub 2022 Jan 19. PMID: 35043266; PMCID: PMC8766351.
27. Fraser S, Ellsworth M, Perez N et al. Cerebral Infarctions in an Infant With COVID-19 Delta Variant Infection and Disseminated Tuberculosis. Pediatr Neurol. 2022;126:112-113. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.10.014. Epub 2021 Oct 25. PMID: 34839267; PMCID: PMC8542513.
28. Appavu B, Deng D, Dowling MM et al. Arteritis and Large Vessel Occlusive Strokes in Children After COVID-19 Infection. Pediatrics. 2021;147(3):e2020023440. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-023440. Epub 2020 Dec 4. PMID: 33277353.
29. Schiff J, Brennan C. Covid-19 presenting as a bulging fontanelle. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;43:81-82. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.01.062. Epub 2021 Jan 28. PMID: 33548683; PMCID: PMC7843070.
30. Raj SL, Vasanthi T, Baineni R, Sivabalan S. Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19 in Children. Indian Pediatr. 2020;57(12):1185-1186. doi: 10.1007/s13312-020-2079-0. PMID: 33318330; PMCID: PMC7781831.
31. Singer TG, Evankovich KD, Fisher K, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Risen SR. Coronavirus Infections in the Nervous System of Children: A Scoping Review Making the Case for Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Surveillance. Pediatr Neurol. 2021;117:47-63. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.01.007. Epub 2021 Jan 29. PMID: 33676141; PMCID: PMC7988307.
32. Snyder K, Chaudhary P, Pereira A, Masuda K, Niski J, Dinkel D. Early impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on promotion of infant activity, strength and communication: A qualitative exploration. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2022;222:103480. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103480. Epub 2021 Dec 22. PMID: 34971950; PMCID: PMC8719057.
33. Shuffrey LC, Firestein MR, Kyle MH et al. Association of Birth During the COVID-19 Pandemic With Neurodevelopmental Status at 6 Months in Infants With and Without In Utero Exposure to Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA Pediatr. 2022:e215563. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.5563. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34982107; PMCID: PMC8728661.
34. Lin LY, Cherng RJ, Chen YJ, Chen YJ, Yang HM. Effects of television exposure on developmental skills among young children. Infant Behav Dev. 2015;38:20-6. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.12.005. Epub 2014 Dec 25. PMID: 25544743.
35. Wenner Moyer M. The COVID generation: how is the pandemic affecting kids' brains? Nature. 2022;601(7892):180-183. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-00027-4. PMID: 35022597.

Effect of COVID-19 on neuromotor development of infants: A case control study

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 4, 703 - 709, 03.01.2024

Emine Tekin Handan Ayhan Akoğlu Muhammet Bulut Fuat Sönmez Mintaze Kerem Günel

Öz

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on neuromotor development of infants is not clear yet. In this study, based on the hypothesis that COVID-19 may cause delay in neuromotor development in infants, it was aimed to evaluate and compare the neuromotor development of 6-18 month-old infants who were hospitalized for COVID-19 and healthy children. All of the children were assessed at one point by the pediatric neurologist and pediatric physiotherapist. The Denver II developmental screening test (DDST), Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) test, and Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) were used to determine the neurodevelopmental status of the infants. SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive 27 children (14 boys, 13 girls) and 29 healthy children (15 boys, 14 girls) were included in the study. The clinical findings of most of the patients were mild. The mean age of the patients was 11.4±4.2 months and the mean length of hospital stay was 4.6±2.4 days. The most common symptom was fever in 19 patients (70%) followed by cough (25.9%), diarrhea (25.9%), vomiting (18.5%), loss of appetite (14.8%), myalgia (11.1%), dyspnea (3.7%), and sore throat (3.7%). No significant feature was detected in laboratory and imaging findings. The DDST was abnormal in 3 COVID+ patients: one of them was a 6-month-old patient with a birth history of asphyxia and the others were age-retarded in language and social development with no chronic disease. There was no significant difference in the HINE and AIMS tests. In small-scale and short-term follow-up, we found that COVID-19 did not inhibit the neuromotor development of infants except for slight retardation in language and social development. We think there is a need for more comprehensive prospective studies including patients with moderate and severe infections.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, Denver II developmental scale, Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination, neuromotor development, Alberta ınfant motor scale

Kaynakça

1. Mao L, Jin H, Wang M et al. Neurologic Manifestations of Hospitalized Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(6):683-690. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.1127. PMID: 32275288; PMCID: PMC7149362.
2. Wu Y, Xu X, Chen Z et al. Nervous system involvement after infection with COVID-19 and other coronaviruses. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:18-22. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.031. Epub 2020 Mar 30. PMID: 32240762; PMCID: PMC7146689.
3. Dong Y, Mo X, Hu Y et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 Among Children in China. Pediatrics. 2020;145(6):e20200702. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-0702. Epub 2020 Mar 16. PMID: 32179660.
4. Tezer H, Bedir Demirdağ T. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in children. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(SI-1):592-603. doi: 10.3906/sag-2004-174. PMID: 32304191; PMCID: PMC7195991.
5. Zimmermann P, Curtis N. Coronavirus Infections in Children Including COVID-19: An Overview of the Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention Options in Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(5):355-368. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002660. PMID: 32310621; PMCID: PMC7158880.
6. Kepenek-Varol B, Hoşbay Z, Varol S, Torun E. Assessment of motor development using the Alberta Infant Motor Scale in full-term infants. Turk J Pediatr. 2020;62(1):94-102. doi: 10.24953/turkjped.2020.01.013. PMID: 32253872.
7. Society of Pediatrics Chinese Medical Association; Editorial Board Chinese Journal of Pediatrics. Recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention, and control of the 2019 novel coronavirus infection in children (first interim edition). Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2020;58:E004. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2020.0004
8. Wald ER, Schmit KM, Gusland DY. A Pediatric Infectious Disease Perspective on COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(9):1660-1666. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1095. PMID: 32766824; PMCID: PMC7454399.
9. Mark EG, Golden WC, Gilmore MM et al. Community-Onset Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection in Young Infants: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr. 2021;228:94-100.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.09.008. Epub 2020 Sep 8. PMID: 32910943; PMCID: PMC7477627.
10. DeBiasi RL, Song X, Delaney M et al. Severe Coronavirus Disease-2019 in Children and Young Adults in the Washington, DC, Metropolitan Region. J Pediatr. 2020;223:199-203.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.05.007. Epub 2020 May 13. PMID: 32405091; PMCID: PMC7217783.
11. Wang L, Li G, Yuan C et al. Progress in the Diagnosis and Treatment of COVID-19 in Children: A Review. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:8097-8108. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S335888. PMID: 34795516; PMCID: PMC8594783.
12. Zimmermann P, Curtis N. COVID-19 in Children, Pregnancy and Neonates: A Review of Epidemiologic and Clinical Features. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020:469-477. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002700. PMID: 32398569; PMCID: PMC7363381.
13. Felsenstein S, Hedrich CM. SARS-CoV-2 infections in children and young people. Clin Immunol. 2020;220:108588. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108588. Epub 2020 Sep 6. PMID: 32905851; PMCID: PMC7474910.
14. Kompaniyets L, Agathis NT, Nelson JM et al. Underlying medical conditions associated with severe COVID-19 illness among children. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(6):e2111182. doi:10.1001/ jamanetworkopen.2021.11182
15. Beniwal N, Chaudhary P, Suman RL. Severe COVID-19 in an Infant with Severe Acute Malnutrition. Indian J Pediatr. 2021;88(11):1158. doi: 10.1007/s12098-021-03896-1. Epub 2021 Aug 3. PMID: 34342793; PMCID: PMC8329612.
16. Tezer H, Deniz M. From asymptomatic to critical illness - different clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in children. Turk J Med Sci. 2021;51(SI-1):3262-3272. doi: 10.3906/sag-2106-168. PMID: 34392672.
17. Bhuiyan MU, Stiboy E, Hassan MZ et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19 infection in young children under five years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2021;39(4):667-677. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.11.078. Epub 2020 Dec 5. PMID: 33342635; PMCID: PMC7833125.
18. Mansourian M, Ghandi Y, Habibi D, Mehrabi S. COVID-19 infection in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical features and laboratory findings. Arch Pediatr. 2021;28(3):242-248. doi: 10.1016/j.arcped.2020.12.008. Epub 2021 Jan 9. PMID: 33483192; PMCID: PMC7794595.
19. Al Yazidi LS, Al Hinai Z, Al Waili B et al. Epidemiology, characteristics and outcome of children hospitalized with COVID-19 in Oman: A multicenter cohort study. Int J Infect Dis. 2021;104:655-660. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.01.036. Epub 2021 Jan 18. PMID: 33476759; PMCID: PMC7813479.
20. Panetta L, Proulx C, Drouin O et al. Clinical Characteristics and Disease Severity Among Infants With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(12):e2030470. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.30470. Erratum in: JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Feb 1;4(2):e210356. PMID: 33315110; PMCID: PMC7737086.
21. Iijima H, Funaki T, Kubota M. Clinical features and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in early infants in Japan: A case series and literature review. J Infect Chemother. 2022;28(4):582-586. doi: 10.1016/j.jiac.2021.12.026. Epub 2022 Jan 6. PMID: 35027300; PMCID: PMC8733281.
22. Kepenekli E, Yakut N, Ergenc Z et al. COVID-19 disease characteristics in different pediatric age groups. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2022;16(1):16-24. doi: 10.3855/jidc.15353. PMID: 35192517.
23. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Yet al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-1720. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032. Epub 2020 Feb 28. PMID: 32109013; PMCID: PMC7092819..
24. Liguoro I, Pilotto C, Bonanni M et al. SARS-COV-2 infection in children and newborns: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr. 2020;179 (7):1029–46, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03684-7.
25. Denina M, Pruccoli G, Scolfaro C et al. Sequelae of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Children: A 4-Months Follow-Up. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2020;39(12):e458-e459. doi: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002937. PMID: 33003103.
26. Blazkova J, Skalicky P, Bradac O, Benes V Jr. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in infant with COVID-19. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2022;164(3):853-858. doi: 10.1007/s00701-022-05116-x. Epub 2022 Jan 19. PMID: 35043266; PMCID: PMC8766351.
27. Fraser S, Ellsworth M, Perez N et al. Cerebral Infarctions in an Infant With COVID-19 Delta Variant Infection and Disseminated Tuberculosis. Pediatr Neurol. 2022;126:112-113. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.10.014. Epub 2021 Oct 25. PMID: 34839267; PMCID: PMC8542513.
28. Appavu B, Deng D, Dowling MM et al. Arteritis and Large Vessel Occlusive Strokes in Children After COVID-19 Infection. Pediatrics. 2021;147(3):e2020023440. doi: 10.1542/peds.2020-023440. Epub 2020 Dec 4. PMID: 33277353.
29. Schiff J, Brennan C. Covid-19 presenting as a bulging fontanelle. Am J Emerg Med. 2021;43:81-82. doi: 10.1016/j.ajem.2021.01.062. Epub 2021 Jan 28. PMID: 33548683; PMCID: PMC7843070.
30. Raj SL, Vasanthi T, Baineni R, Sivabalan S. Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19 in Children. Indian Pediatr. 2020;57(12):1185-1186. doi: 10.1007/s13312-020-2079-0. PMID: 33318330; PMCID: PMC7781831.
31. Singer TG, Evankovich KD, Fisher K, Demmler-Harrison GJ, Risen SR. Coronavirus Infections in the Nervous System of Children: A Scoping Review Making the Case for Long-Term Neurodevelopmental Surveillance. Pediatr Neurol. 2021;117:47-63. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.01.007. Epub 2021 Jan 29. PMID: 33676141; PMCID: PMC7988307.
32. Snyder K, Chaudhary P, Pereira A, Masuda K, Niski J, Dinkel D. Early impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on promotion of infant activity, strength and communication: A qualitative exploration. Acta Psychol (Amst). 2022;222:103480. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103480. Epub 2021 Dec 22. PMID: 34971950; PMCID: PMC8719057.
33. Shuffrey LC, Firestein MR, Kyle MH et al. Association of Birth During the COVID-19 Pandemic With Neurodevelopmental Status at 6 Months in Infants With and Without In Utero Exposure to Maternal SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA Pediatr. 2022:e215563. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.5563. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34982107; PMCID: PMC8728661.
34. Lin LY, Cherng RJ, Chen YJ, Chen YJ, Yang HM. Effects of television exposure on developmental skills among young children. Infant Behav Dev. 2015;38:20-6. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.12.005. Epub 2014 Dec 25. PMID: 25544743.
35. Wenner Moyer M. The COVID generation: how is the pandemic affecting kids' brains? Nature. 2022;601(7892):180-183. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-00027-4. PMID: 35022597.

Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm	Research Article
Yazarlar	Emine Tekin 0000-0002-5115-8890 Handan Ayhan Akoğlu 0000-0001-9074-8466 Muhammet Bulut 0000-0002-5963-1267 Fuat Sönmez 0000-0002-2257-2873 Mintaze Kerem Günel 0000-0003-4942-5272
Yayımlanma Tarihi	3 Ocak 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi	3 Mayıs 2023
Kabul Tarihi	18 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023 Cilt: 40 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA	Tekin, E., Akoğlu, H. A., Bulut, M., Sönmez, F., vd. (2024). Effect of COVID-19 on neuromotor development of infants: A case control study. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 40(4), 703-709.
AMA	Tekin E, Akoğlu HA, Bulut M, Sönmez F, Kerem Günel M. Effect of COVID-19 on neuromotor development of infants: A case control study. J. Exp. Clin. Med. Ocak 2024;40(4):703-709.
Chicago	Tekin, Emine, Handan Ayhan Akoğlu, Muhammet Bulut, Fuat Sönmez, ve Mintaze Kerem Günel. “Effect of COVID-19 on Neuromotor Development of Infants: A Case Control Study”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 40, sy. 4 (Ocak 2024): 703-9.
EndNote	Tekin E, Akoğlu HA, Bulut M, Sönmez F, Kerem Günel M (01 Ocak 2024) Effect of COVID-19 on neuromotor development of infants: A case control study. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 40 4 703–709.
IEEE	E. Tekin, H. A. Akoğlu, M. Bulut, F. Sönmez, ve M. Kerem Günel, “Effect of COVID-19 on neuromotor development of infants: A case control study”, J. Exp. Clin. Med., c. 40, sy. 4, ss. 703–709, 2024.
ISNAD	Tekin, Emine vd. “Effect of COVID-19 on Neuromotor Development of Infants: A Case Control Study”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 40/4 (Ocak 2024), 703-709.
JAMA	Tekin E, Akoğlu HA, Bulut M, Sönmez F, Kerem Günel M. Effect of COVID-19 on neuromotor development of infants: A case control study. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2024;40:703–709.
MLA	Tekin, Emine vd. “Effect of COVID-19 on Neuromotor Development of Infants: A Case Control Study”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, c. 40, sy. 4, 2024, ss. 703-9.
Vancouver	Tekin E, Akoğlu HA, Bulut M, Sönmez F, Kerem Günel M. Effect of COVID-19 on neuromotor development of infants: A case control study. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2024;40(4):703-9.

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