Öz
Background/Aims
Parenting is the process of supporting children in their physical, emotional, social, and intellectual development. Parental violence against children is widespread throughout the world. Given the harmful effects of physical punishment, it is important to explore alternative disciplinary methods and promote positive parenting styles. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and parents' use of physical punishment.
Methods
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Pediatrics Outpatient Clinic of xxx University Hospital between June and December 2022. The study included consenting parents who had children aged between 2 and 6 years and who applied to the clinic during this period. Participants (n:117) completed a questionnaire about socio-demographic characteristics, the 'Parental Attitude Scale' and the use of physical punishment.
Results:
The study included 117 parents with children aged 2-6 years. Most participants were mothers (78,44%, n=91) with a mean age of 35.02±4.11 years. The total number of children of the participants was 117 and 59 (50.4%) of the children were male. Seventy-seven (83.7%) of the mothers were university graduates. Seventy-one (65.1%) of the participants had only one child. The main characteristic of the parents' attitudes was democracy with a score of 74.99±9.92. Only permissive attitudes were found to be statistically significantly higher among middle- and high-income parents than among low-income parents. Among the participants, 41.6% (n:47) reported using any form of punishment, 16.1% (n:18) reported using physical punishment and 74.1% (n:86) reported using verbal punishment/violence.
Conclusions:
In our study, it is noteworthy that although the participant parents exhibited a democratic attitude in the foreground, physical punishment was used. Parenting and disciplinary practices should be evaluated during child health follow-up and the family should be mentored about possible damaging disciplinary methods. Appropriate parenting styles can help families develop positive parenting characteristics and promote the development of mentally healthy children. More comprehensive studies are needed on this subject.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Etik Beyan
The study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by The Ethics Committee of Istanbul Medipol University on 27.04.2022 and decision No: 414.
Kaynakça
- 1. Bradley RH, Iida M, Pennar A, Owen MT, Vandell DL. The Dialectics of Parenting: Changes in the Interplay of Maternal Behaviors during Early and Middle Childhood. J Child Fam Stud. 2017 Nov 1;26(11):3214–25.
- 2. Joseph M V, John J. Impact of parenting styles on child development. Global Academic Society Journal: Social Science Insight [Internet]. 2008;1(5):16–25. Available from: www.ScholarArticles.net
- 3. Ardi Z, Aulia GZ. The analysis of the parenting implications on the emotional closeness of parent-child improvement. Journal of Educational and Learning Studies. 2020 Oct 15;3(2):98.
- 4. Hornor G, Quinones SG, Boudreaux D, Bretl D, Chapman E, Chiocca EM, et al. Building a Safe and Healthy America: Eliminating Corporal Punishment via Positive Parenting. Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2020 Mar 1;34(2):136–44.
- 5. Prohibiting all corporal punishment of children: laying the foundations for non-violent childhoods Together to #ENDviolence Solutions Summit Series. 2021.
- 6. Fatima H, Zhao S, Yue A, Li S, Shi Y. Parental Discipline and Early Childhood Development in Rural China. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2022; 14(4).
- 7. Smith JR, Brooks-Gunn J. Correlates and Consequences of Harsh Discipline for Young Children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med [Internet]. 1997;151:777–86.
- 8. Cornell AH, Frick PJ. The moderating effects of parenting styles in the association between behavioral inhibition and parent-reported guilt and empathy in preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2007;36(3):305–18.
- 9. Zolotor AJ. Corporal punishment. Vol. 61, Pediatric Clinics of North America. W.B. Saunders; 2014. p. 971–8.
- 10. Afifi TO, Mota N, MacMillan HL, Sareen J. Harsh physical punishment in childhood and adult physical health. Pediatrics. 2013;132(2).
- 11. Sege RD, Siegel BS. Effective Discipline to Raise Healthy Children [Internet]. Available from: http://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/142/6/e20183112/1232197/peds_20183112.pdf
- 12. Cuartas J, Weissman DG, Sheridan MA, Lengua L, McLaughlin KA. Corporal Punishment and Elevated Neural Response to Threat in Children. Child Dev. 2021;92(3):821–32.
- 13. Demir EK, Şendil G. Ebeveyn Tutum Ölçeği (ETÖ). 2008;11(21):15–25.
- 14. Finkelhor D, Turner H, Wormuth BK, Vanderminden J, Hamby S. Corporal Punishment: Current Rates from a National Survey. J Child Fam Stud. 2019 ;28(7):1991–7.
- 15. Hines CT, Kalil A, Ryan RM. Differences in Parents’ Attitudes Toward Spanking Across Socioeconomic Status and Region, 1986–2016. Soc Indic Res. 2022 ;160(1):133–58.
- 16. Grogan-Kaylor A, Burlaka V, Ma J, Lee S, Castillo B, Churakova I. Predictors of parental use of corporal punishment in Ukraine. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2018; 88:66–73.
- 17. Hillis S, Mercy J, Amobi A, Kress H. Global Prevalence of Past-year Violence Against Children: A Systematic Review and Minimum Estimates. Pediatrics. 2016;137(3):e20154079.
- 18. Cuartas J. Corporal punishment and early childhood development in 49 low- and middle-income countries. Child Abuse Negl. 2021;120:105205.
- 19. Yaffe Y. Systematic review of the differences between mothers and fathers in parenting styles and practices. Current Psychology. 2023 Jul 23;42(19):16011–24.
- 20. Jun M, Lee SY, Shim TE. A study on the subjectivity of South Korean parents regarding corporal punishment in early childhood. Child Abuse Negl. 2023; 140.106193.
- 21. Taylor CA, Moeller W, Hamvas L, Rice JC. Parents’ professional sources of advice regarding child discipline and their use of corporal punishment. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2013;52(2):147–55.
- 22. Lokot M, Bhatia A, Kenny L, Cislaghi B. Corporal punishment, discipline and social norms: A systematic review in low- and middle-income countries. Vol. 55, Aggression and Violent Behavior. Elsevier Ltd; 2020.
- 23. Wang F, Wang M, Xing X. Attitudes mediate the intergenerational transmission of corporal punishment in China. Child Abuse Negl. 2018;76:34–43.
- 24. Gustafsson K. Selective parenting programs for parents with foreign backgrounds: cultural imperialism or democratic practices in social work? Nordic Social Work Research. 2020;10(4):317–29.
- 25. Chiocca EM. American Parents’ Attitudes and Beliefs About Corporal Punishment: An Integrative Literature Review. Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2017 ;31(3):372–83.
- 26. Holden GW, Brown AS, Baldwin AS, Caderao KC. Research findings can change attitudes about corporal punishment. Child Abuse Negl. 2014;38(5):902–8.
- 27. Ciciolla L, Curlee AS, Karageorge J, Luthar SS. When Mothers and Fathers Are Seen as Disproportionately Valuing Achievements: Implications for Adjustment Among Upper Middle Class Youth. J Youth Adolesc; 46(5):1057–75.
Öz
Özet
Giriş
Ebeveynlik, çocukların fiziksel, duygusal, sosyal ve zihinsel gelişimlerini destekleme sürecidir. Çocuklara yönelik ebeveyn şiddeti dünya genelinde yaygındır. Fiziksel cezanın zararlı etkileri göz önüne alındığında, alternatif disiplin yöntemlerini keşfetmek ve olumlu ebeveynlik tarzlarını teşvik etmek önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, ebeveynlik stilleri ile ebeveynlerin fiziksel ceza kullanımı arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır.
Materyal ve Yöntem
Bu tanımlayıcı kesitsel çalışma, Haziran-Aralık 2022 tarihleri arasında İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Hastanesi Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Polikliniğinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmaya 2-6 yaş aralığında çocuğu olan ve bu süre zarfında kliniğe başvuran ebeveynlerden onam verenler dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcılar (n:117) sosyo-demografik özellikler, 'Ebeveyn Tutum Ölçeği' ve fiziksel ceza kullanımı hakkında bir anket doldurdu.
Sonuçlar:
Çalışmaya 2-6 yaş arası çocukları olan 117 ebeveyn katılmıştır. Katılımcıların çoğu anneydi (%78,44, n=91) ve yaş ortalaması 35,02±4,11 yıldı. Katılımcıların toplam çocuk sayısı 117'dir ve çocukların 59'u (%50,4) erkektir. Annelerin yetmiş yedisi (%83,7) üniversite mezunudur. Katılımcıların yetmiş biri (%65,1) tek çocuk sahibidir. Ebeveynlerin tutumlarının temel özelliği 74.99±9.92 puan ile demokrasidir. Sadece izin verici tutumlar orta ve yüksek gelirli ebeveynler arasında düşük gelirli ebeveynlere göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Katılımcıların %41,6'sı (n:47) herhangi bir tür ceza kullandığını, %16,1'i (n:18) fiziksel ceza kullandığını ve %74,1'i (n:86) sözel ceza/şiddet kullandığını bildirmiştir.
Sonuç:
Çalışmamızda, katılımcı ebeveynlerin demokratik bir tutum sergilemeleri ön planda olmasına rağmen fiziksel cezanın kullanılması dikkat çekicidir. Ebeveynlik ve disiplin uygulamaları çocuk sağlığı izlemleri sırasında değerlendirilmeli ve olası zarar verici disiplin yöntemleri konusunda aileye danışmanlık verilmelidir. Uygun ebeveynlik stilleri, ailelerin olumlu ebeveynlik özellikleri geliştirmelerine yardımcı olabilir ve zihinsel olarak sağlıklı çocukların gelişimini teşvik edebilir. Bu konuda daha kapsamlı çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- 1. Bradley RH, Iida M, Pennar A, Owen MT, Vandell DL. The Dialectics of Parenting: Changes in the Interplay of Maternal Behaviors during Early and Middle Childhood. J Child Fam Stud. 2017 Nov 1;26(11):3214–25.
- 2. Joseph M V, John J. Impact of parenting styles on child development. Global Academic Society Journal: Social Science Insight [Internet]. 2008;1(5):16–25. Available from: www.ScholarArticles.net
- 3. Ardi Z, Aulia GZ. The analysis of the parenting implications on the emotional closeness of parent-child improvement. Journal of Educational and Learning Studies. 2020 Oct 15;3(2):98.
- 4. Hornor G, Quinones SG, Boudreaux D, Bretl D, Chapman E, Chiocca EM, et al. Building a Safe and Healthy America: Eliminating Corporal Punishment via Positive Parenting. Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2020 Mar 1;34(2):136–44.
- 5. Prohibiting all corporal punishment of children: laying the foundations for non-violent childhoods Together to #ENDviolence Solutions Summit Series. 2021.
- 6. Fatima H, Zhao S, Yue A, Li S, Shi Y. Parental Discipline and Early Childhood Development in Rural China. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2022; 14(4).
- 7. Smith JR, Brooks-Gunn J. Correlates and Consequences of Harsh Discipline for Young Children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med [Internet]. 1997;151:777–86.
- 8. Cornell AH, Frick PJ. The moderating effects of parenting styles in the association between behavioral inhibition and parent-reported guilt and empathy in preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2007;36(3):305–18.
- 9. Zolotor AJ. Corporal punishment. Vol. 61, Pediatric Clinics of North America. W.B. Saunders; 2014. p. 971–8.
- 10. Afifi TO, Mota N, MacMillan HL, Sareen J. Harsh physical punishment in childhood and adult physical health. Pediatrics. 2013;132(2).
- 11. Sege RD, Siegel BS. Effective Discipline to Raise Healthy Children [Internet]. Available from: http://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-pdf/142/6/e20183112/1232197/peds_20183112.pdf
- 12. Cuartas J, Weissman DG, Sheridan MA, Lengua L, McLaughlin KA. Corporal Punishment and Elevated Neural Response to Threat in Children. Child Dev. 2021;92(3):821–32.
- 13. Demir EK, Şendil G. Ebeveyn Tutum Ölçeği (ETÖ). 2008;11(21):15–25.
- 14. Finkelhor D, Turner H, Wormuth BK, Vanderminden J, Hamby S. Corporal Punishment: Current Rates from a National Survey. J Child Fam Stud. 2019 ;28(7):1991–7.
- 15. Hines CT, Kalil A, Ryan RM. Differences in Parents’ Attitudes Toward Spanking Across Socioeconomic Status and Region, 1986–2016. Soc Indic Res. 2022 ;160(1):133–58.
- 16. Grogan-Kaylor A, Burlaka V, Ma J, Lee S, Castillo B, Churakova I. Predictors of parental use of corporal punishment in Ukraine. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2018; 88:66–73.
- 17. Hillis S, Mercy J, Amobi A, Kress H. Global Prevalence of Past-year Violence Against Children: A Systematic Review and Minimum Estimates. Pediatrics. 2016;137(3):e20154079.
- 18. Cuartas J. Corporal punishment and early childhood development in 49 low- and middle-income countries. Child Abuse Negl. 2021;120:105205.
- 19. Yaffe Y. Systematic review of the differences between mothers and fathers in parenting styles and practices. Current Psychology. 2023 Jul 23;42(19):16011–24.
- 20. Jun M, Lee SY, Shim TE. A study on the subjectivity of South Korean parents regarding corporal punishment in early childhood. Child Abuse Negl. 2023; 140.106193.
- 21. Taylor CA, Moeller W, Hamvas L, Rice JC. Parents’ professional sources of advice regarding child discipline and their use of corporal punishment. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2013;52(2):147–55.
- 22. Lokot M, Bhatia A, Kenny L, Cislaghi B. Corporal punishment, discipline and social norms: A systematic review in low- and middle-income countries. Vol. 55, Aggression and Violent Behavior. Elsevier Ltd; 2020.
- 23. Wang F, Wang M, Xing X. Attitudes mediate the intergenerational transmission of corporal punishment in China. Child Abuse Negl. 2018;76:34–43.
- 24. Gustafsson K. Selective parenting programs for parents with foreign backgrounds: cultural imperialism or democratic practices in social work? Nordic Social Work Research. 2020;10(4):317–29.
- 25. Chiocca EM. American Parents’ Attitudes and Beliefs About Corporal Punishment: An Integrative Literature Review. Journal of Pediatric Health Care. 2017 ;31(3):372–83.
- 26. Holden GW, Brown AS, Baldwin AS, Caderao KC. Research findings can change attitudes about corporal punishment. Child Abuse Negl. 2014;38(5):902–8.
- 27. Ciciolla L, Curlee AS, Karageorge J, Luthar SS. When Mothers and Fathers Are Seen as Disproportionately Valuing Achievements: Implications for Adjustment Among Upper Middle Class Youth. J Youth Adolesc; 46(5):1057–75.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Bebek ve Çocuk Sağlığı |
| Bölüm | Orjinal Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 15 Ekim 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 28 Eylül 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3 |
