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Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 146 - 173, 20.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1109812

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Gender-Stereotyped Barriers Against Women Football Players in Turkey: A Qualitative Perspective on the Eccles’ Expectancy-Value Theory

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 146 - 173, 20.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1109812

Öz

This qualitative research aimed to investigate the experiences of women football players in Turkey in terms of Eccles’ Expectancy-Value Theory from a gender stereotypes perspective. A phenomenological method was used to allow a deeper understanding of their experiences. The research group consisted of eight women from three different football league levels in Istanbul, TR. The data were analyzed via thematic and content analysis. The identified themes after content analysis are: (1) loving football; (2) instrumentality of football; (3) sociocultural barriers against women players; (4) multidimensional perceived costs. According to these findings, we can illustrate that the social, cultural, and institutional environment of the women players creates many problems, difficulties, and deprivations in their participation, which make it difficult for their expectancy for success, task values, and future plans in their sports. In order to make the experiences of female football players about gender-based stereotypes more understandable, it is recommended that more studies that deal with the qualitative method and Eccles' theory should be done in future studies.

Kaynakça

  • Abadi, E., & Gill, D. L. (2020). The role of socializing agents on dropout and continuing participation of adolescent girls in masculine-typed sports. International Journal of Kinesiology in Higher Education, 4(3), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1080/24711616.2019.1656118.
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  • Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2004). Parental influences on youth involvement in sports. In M. Weiss (Ed.). Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective (pp. 145-164). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology.
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  • Guillet, E., Sarrazin, P., Fontayne, P., & Brustad, R. J. (2006). Understanding female sport attrition in a stereotypical male sport within the framework of Eccles’s expectancy–value model. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(4), 358-368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00311.x.
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  • McCormack, C., & Walseth, K. (2013). Combining elite women’s soccer and education: Norway and the NCAA. Soccer and Society, 14(6), 887-897. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2013.843927.
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  • Messner, M. A. (1988). Sports and Male domination: The female athlete as contested ideological terrain. Sociology of Sport Journal, 5(3), 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.5.3.197.
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  • Myrold, R. L., & Ullrich-French, S. (2017). Expectancy-value theory outcomes of a school-based bicycling programme. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(2), 207-220. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2015.1079922.
  • Nuhrat, Y. (2020). Women in Football in Turkey: Nonworkers Out of Place. Fe Journal, 12(2): 45-58. URL:http://cins.ankara.edu.tr/24_4.pdf
  • Nuhrat, Y. (2021). ‘Girls on the field’ in Turkey: negotiating gender anxieties and norms through football. Sport in Society, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2021.1904903.
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  • Öztürk, P., & Koca, C. (2021). “The Club Management Ignores Us”: Gender-Power Relations in Women’s Football in Turkey. Sociology of Sport Journal, 38(3), 285-292. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2019-0120.
  • Patton, M. Q. (2002). Two decades of developments in qualitative inquiry: A personal, experiential perspective. Qualitative Social Work, 1(3), 261-283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325002001003636.
  • Peeters, R., & Van Sterkenburg, J. (2017). Making sense of race/ethnicity and gender in televised football: reception research among British students. Sport in Society, 20(5-6), 701-715. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2016.1158472.
  • Pelak, C. F. (2005). Negotiating gender/race/class constraints in the New South Africa: A case study of women’s soccer. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 40(1), 53-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690205052165.
  • Pfister, G. (2010). Women in sport–gender relations and future perspectives. Sport in Society, 13(2), 234-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430903522954.
  • Pielichaty, H. (2019). Identity salience and the football self: a critical ethnographic study of women and girls in football. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 527-542. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2018.1549094.
  • Plaza, M., Boiché, J., Brunel, L., and Ruchaud, F. (2017). Sport = male… but not all sports: Investigating the gender stereotypes of sport activities at the explicit and implicit levels. Sex Roles, 76(3-4), 202-217. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0650-x.
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  • Schoon, I., & Eccles, J. S. (2014). Conceptualizing gender differences in aspirations and attainment. In I. Schoon and J. S. Eccles (Eds.). Gender differences in aspirations and attainment: A life course perspective (pp. 3-26). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for Information, 22(2), 63–75. doi:10.3233/EFI-2004-22201.
  • Simpkins, S. D., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Eccles, J. S. (2005). Parents' socializing behaviour and children's participation in math, science, and computer out-of-school activities. Applied Developmental Science, 9(1), 14-30. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532480xads0901_3.
  • Simpkins, S. D., Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2012). Charting the Eccles' expectancy-value model from mothers' beliefs in childhood to youths' activities in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 48(4), 1019-1032. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027468.
  • Slater, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2010). Uncool to do sport”: A focus group study of adolescent girls’ reasons for withdrawing from physical activity. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(6), 619-626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.07.006.
  • Smith, B., & McGannon, K. R. (2018). Developing rigor in qualitative research: Problems and opportunities within sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 101-121. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1317357.
  • Sobal, J., & Milgrim, M. (2019). Gendertyping sports: social representations of masculine, feminine, and neither-gendered sports among US university students. Journal of Gender Studies, 28(1), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2017.1386094.
  • Sparkes, A. C., & Smith, B. (2013). Qualitative research methods in sport, exercise and health: From process to product. Oxon: Routledge
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  • Staurowsky, E. J., DeSousa, M. J., Miller, K. E., Sabo, D., Shakib, S., Theberge, N., Veliz, P., Weaver, A., & Williams, N. (2015). Her life depends on it III: Sport, physical activity, and the health and well-being of American girls and women. East Meadow, NY: Women’s Sport Foundation.
  • Stewart, K. R. (2012). A hobby or hobbling? Playing Palestinian women’s soccer in Israel. Soccer & Society, 13(5-6), 739-763. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2012.730776.
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  • Timulak, L., & Elliott, R. (2019). Taking stock of descriptive–interpretative qualitative psychotherapy research: Issues and observations from the front line. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 19(1), 8-15. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12197.
  • Watkinson, E. J., Dwyer, S. A., & Nielsen, A. B. (2005). Children theorize about reasons for recess engagement: Does expectancy-value theory apply? Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 22(2), 179-197. doi:10.1123/apaq.22.2.179.
  • Wegemer, C. M., & Eccles, J. S. (2019). Gendered STEM career choices: Altruistic values, beliefs, and identity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 110, 28-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.10.020.
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  • Zhu, X. (2009). Examining the relation between student expectancy-value motivation, achievement in middle-school physical education, and after-school physical activity participation. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Maryland.
  • Zdunek, B., & Nowak, M. A. (2018). The Conditions of Practicing Association Football by Women. Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine, 22(2), 39-50. doi:10.18276/cej.2018.2-05.
Toplam 103 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Social & Behavioral Sciences
Yazarlar

Safter Elmas 0000-0002-8519-163X

F. Hülya Aşçı 0000-0002-6650-6931

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Aralık 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Elmas, S., & Aşçı, F. H. (2022). Gender-Stereotyped Barriers Against Women Football Players in Turkey: A Qualitative Perspective on the Eccles’ Expectancy-Value Theory. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 13(3), 146-173. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1109812