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Çemka Höyük Geç Epipaleolitik/Proto Neolitik Dönem Yontma Taş Alet Tekno-Tipolojisi

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 2, 97 - 130, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.54930/TARE.2022.3972

Öz

Proto Neolitik Dönem olarak isimlendirilen ve MÖ on birinci ve onuncu bin başlarına tarihlenen, Geç Epipaleolitik Dönem, Bereketli Hilal’in doğusunda bulunan ve Younger Dryas boyunca yerleşik yaşama geçmeye başlayan toplulukları ifade etmek için kullanılmaktadır. Yirminci yüzyılın ilk yarısından itibaren kuzeybatı Zagros Bölgesi’nde bulunan yerleşim yerleri üzerinden tanımlanmaya başlanan bu dönem uzun süre boyunca tartışma dışı kalmış olmakla birlikte özellikle 2000’li yıllardan itibaren Yukarı Dicle Vadisi’nde bulunan yerleşim yerlerinde tespit edilen Younger Dryas tabakalarının tanımlanması için yeniden kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Söz konusu dönem, mimari açıdan az sayıda veri ile temsil edilmekte ve Zagros gelenekli olduğu düşünülen yontma taş alet endüstrisi ile temsil edilmektedir. Ayrıca bilhassa yontma taş alet endüstrisi üzerinden yapılan bu dönemin tanımlanmasının artık sadece kuzeybatı Zagros Bölgesi için kullanılmadığı ve Yukarı Dicle Vadisi ve Doğu Cezire Bölgesi için de kullanılmaya başladığı görülmektedir
(Doğu Bereketli Hilal). 2019 yılında yürütülen kazılar sonrasında Çemka Höyük yerleşim yerinde de tespit edilen Younger Dryas tabakaları Yukarı Dicle Vadisi’nde MÖ on birinci-onuncu binde yontma taş alet endüstrisi üzerine yeni bilgiler vermekte ve hem yerel hem de bölgeler arası ilişkilerin yeniden tartışılmasına ve tanımlanmasına katkı sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abbès, Frederic. “Les préhistoriens, les tailleurs et les pierres: rencontre “Pierres tendres” (Jalès 1–7 Décembre 2012).” ArchéOrient-Le Blog (Hypotheses.org), 15 February 2013. https://arceorient.hypotheses.org/518.
  • Altınbilek-Algül, Çiler. “The Lithic Assemblages of Gusir Höyük (Turkey): The Preliminary Results.” In Stone Tools in Transition: From Hunter-Gatherers to Farming Societies in the Near East. 7th Conference on PPN Chipped and Ground Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent, edited by Ferran Borrell, Juan José Ibáñez, and Miquel Molist, 289–98. Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Servei de Publicacions, 2013.
  • Asouti, Eleni, Douglas Baird, Ceren Kabukçu, Louise Martin, Aroa Garcia Suarez, Emma Jenkins, and Kamal Rasheed. “The Zagros Epipaleolithic Revisited: New Excavations and 14C Dates from Palegawra Cave in Iraqi Kurdistan.” Plos One 15, no. 9 (2020): 1–99. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239564.
  • Aurenche, Olivier, and Stefan Karol Kozlowski. La Naissance du Néolithique au Proche Orient. Paris: Errance, 1999.
  • Aurenche, Olivier, and Stefan Karol Kozlowski. “The Spatial Distribution of Arrowheads and Microliths in the Near East (10,200–8,000 cal. BC).” In The State of the Stone, Terminologies, Continuities, and Contexts in Near Eastern Lithics. Proceedings of the Sixth PPN Conference on Chipped and Ground Stone Artefacts in the Near East, Manchester 3rd–5th March 2008, edited by Elizabeth Healey, Stuart Campbell, and Osamu Maeda, 449–56. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 13. Berlin: Ex Oriente, 2011.
  • Bar-Yosef, Ofer. “The Natufian Culture in the Levant: Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture.” Evolutionary Anthropology 6, no. 5 (1998): 159–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7.
  • ––––––.“Natufian: A Complex Society of Foragers.” In Beyond Foraging and Collecting: Evolutionary Change in Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems, edited by Ben Fitzhugh and Junko Habu, 91–149. Fundamental Issues in Archaeology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2002.
  • Bar-Yosef, Ofer, and Thomas R. Rocek. “Introduction.” In Seasonality and Sedentism: Archaeological Perspectives from Old and New World Sites, edited by Ofer Bar-Yosef and Thomas R. Rocek, 1–8. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 1998.
  • Benz, Marion, Katleen Deckers, Corinna Rossner, Alexander Alexandrovskiy, Konstantin Pustovoytov, Mirjam Scheeres, Marc Fecher, Aytaç Coşkun, Simone Riehl, Kurt W. Alt, and Vecihi Özkaya. “Prelude to Village Life: Environmental Data and Traditions of the Epipaleolithic Settlement at Körtik Tepe, Southeastern Turkey.” Paléorient 41, no. 2 (2015): 9–30.
  • Betts, Alison V. G. “Qermez Dere: The Chipped Stone Assemblage.” In Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent. Proceedings of the First Workshop on PPN Chipped Lithic Industries, edited by Hans Georg Gebel and Stefan Karol Kozlowski, 189–203. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 1. Berlin: Ex Oriente, 1994.
  • Bocquentin, Fanny. “Pour une approche anthropologique de la transition Epipaléolithique – Néolithique au Proche-Orient.” Bulletin du Centre de recherche français de Jérusalem 17 (2007): 41–51.
  • Caneva, Isabella, Anna-Maria Conti, Cristina Lemorini, and Daniella Zampetti. “The Lithic Production at Çayönü: A Preliminary Overview of the Aceramic Sequence.” In Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent. Proceedings of the First Workshop on PPN Chipped Lithic Industries, edited by Hans Georg Gebel and Stefan Karol Kozlowski, 253–66. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 1. Berlin: Ex Oriente, 1994.
  • Cauvin, Jacques. Naissance des divinités. Naissance de l’agriculture. La Révolution des symboles au Néolithique. Paris: CNRS, 1997.
  • Coşkun, Aytaç, Marion Benz, Yılmaz Selim Erdal, Melis M. Koruyucu, Katleen Deckers, Simone Riehl, Angelina Siebert, Kurt W. Alt, and Vecihi Özkaya. “Living by the Water-Boon and Bane for the People of Körtik Tepe.” Neo-Lithics 10, no. 2 (2010): 59–71.
  • Erim Özdoğan, Aslı. “Çayönü.” In The Neolithic in Turkey: New Excavations and New Research. The Tigris Basin, edited by Mehmet Özdoğan, Nezih Başgelen, and Peter Kuniholm, 185–269. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2011.
  • Gebel, Hans Georg K. “Territoriality in Early Near Eastern Sedentism.” Neo-Lithics 14, no. 2 (2014): 23–44.
  • Goring-Morris, Adrian Nigel, and Anna Belfer-Cohen. “The Neolithic in The Southern Levant Yet Another ‘Unique’ Phenomenon.” In La transition Néolithique en Méditerranée: actes du colloque “Transitions en Méditerranée, ou comment des chasseurs devinrent agriculteurs,” Muséum de Toulouse, 14–15 avril 2011, edited by Claire Manen, Thomas Perrin, and Jean Guilaine, 59–73. Archives d’écologie préhistorique. Arles: Éditions Errance, 2014.
  • Helmer, Daniel, Lionel Gourichon, and Daniel Stordeur. “À l’aube de la domestication animale. Imaginaire et symbolise animal dans les premières sociétés néolithiques du nord du Proche-Orient.” Anthropozoologica 39, no. 1 (2004): 143–63.
  • Hole, Frank, and Kent V. Flannery. “The Prehistory of Southwestern Iran: A Preliminary Report.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 33 (1967): 147–206. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00014092.
  • Inizan, Marie-Louise, Michèle Reduron-Ballinger, Hélène Roche, and Jacques Tixier. Technologie de la pierre taillée. Paris: Cercle de Recherches et d’études préhistoriques, 1996.
  • Kartal, Metin. Epi-paleolitik Dönem: Türkiye’de Son Avcı-Toplayıcılar. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2009.
  • ––––––. “Körtik Tepe Yontmataş Endüstrisi.” Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 29, no. 1 (2012): 475–90.
  • ––––––. Yontmataş Uçlar. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat, 2019.
  • Kartal, Metin, Gizem Kartal, Aytaç Coşkun, Tristan Carter, Feridun Suha Şahin, and Vecihi Özkaya. “Chipped Stone Assemblages of Körtik Tepe (Turkey).” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 19 (2018): 92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.02.017.
  • Karul, Necmi. “Gusir Höyük.” In The Neolithic in Turkey: New Excavations and New Research. The Tigris Basin, edited by Mehmet Özdoğan, Nezih Başgelen, and Peter Kuniholm, 1–17. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2011.
  • ––––––. “The Beginning of the Neolithic in southeast Anatolia: Upper Tigris Basin.” Documenta Praehistorica 47 (2020): 76–95. https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.47.5.
  • Kodaş, Ergül. “Un Nouveau Site du Néolithique Précéramique dans la Vallée du Haut Tigre: Résultats Préliminaires de Boncuklu Tarla.” Neo-Lithics 19 (2019): 3–15.
  • Kodaş, Ergül, Bülent Genç, Yunus Çiftçi, Charlotte Labedan-Kodaş, and Çağdaş Erdem. “Çemka Höyük: A Late Epi-paleolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site on the Upper Tigris, Southeast Anatolia.” Neo-Lithics 20 (2020): 40–46.
  • Kodaş, Ergül, Hale Tümer, Yunus Çiftçi, Ayda Abakay, Şemsihan Kaya, Senem Işık, Onur Dinç, Bahattin İpek, and Bülent Genç. “Yontmataş Bulgular Işığında Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde Yeni Bir Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem Yerleşim Yeri: Tarin Mağarası.” Anadolu 47 (2021): 77–89. https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.934227.
  • Kozlowski, Stefan Karol. “From Zawi Chemi to M’lefaat.” In Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent, and Their Contemporaries in Adjacent Regions: Proceedings of the Second Workshop on PPN Chipped Lithic Industries, Institute of Archaeology, Warsaw University, 3rd–7th April, 1995, edited by Stefan Karol Kozłowski and Hans Georg Gebel, 175–82. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 3. Berlin: Ex Oriente, 1996.
  • ––––––. The Eastern Wing of the Fertile Crescent: Late Prehistory of Greater Mesopotamian Lithic Industries. British Archaeological Reports International Series 760. Oxford: Archaeopress, 1999.
  • Kozlowski, Stefan Karol, and Olivier Aurenche. Territories, Boundaries and Cultures in the Neolithic Near East. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1362. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2005.
  • Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine. “Climatic and Environmental Trends during the third millennium B.C. in Upper Mesopotamia.” Varia Anatolica 19 (2007): 459–80.
  • Maeda, Osamu. “Lithic Analysis and the Transition to the Neolithic in the Upper Tigris Valley: Recent Excavations at Hasankeyf Höyük.” Antiquity 92, no. 361 (2018): 56–73. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.219.
  • Miyake, Yutaka, Osamu Maeda, Kenichi Tanno, Hitomi Hongo, and Can Yummi Gündem. “New Excavations at Hasankeyf Höyük: A 10th millennium cal. BC Site on the Upper Tigris, Southeast Anatolia.” Neo- Lithics 12, no. 1 (2012): 3–7.
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Techno-Typological Analysis of the Late Epipaleolithic/ Proto-Neolithic Chipped Stone Tools at Çemka Höyük

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 2, 97 - 130, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.54930/TARE.2022.3972

Öz

The Late Epipaleolithic period, also referred to as the Proto-Neolithic and dated back to the eleventh millennium BCE and early tenth millennium BCE, is closely linked with the communities located east of the Fertile Crescent that began to be settled during the Younger Dryas. This period, which started in the first half of the twentieth century and is defined by settlements in the northwestern Zagros region, has long been under the radar, but has been catching on again, especially since the 2000s, for the identification of a Younger Dryas layer found in settlements in the Upper Tigris Valley. The period in question has few architectural data for support and is represented by the chipped stone tool industry, which is thought to be observed in Zagros. It also appears that this period, which was primarily defined through its chipped stone tool industry, is no longer limited to the northwestern Zagros region, but also now includes the Upper Tigris Valley and the Eastern Jazeera (Eastern Fertile Crescent) region. The Younger Dryas layers, also found in the Çemka Höyük settlement during the 2019 excavations, shed new light on the chipped stone tool industry in the Upper Tigris Valley between the eleventh and tenth millennium BCE. The
layers also contribute to redeliberating and redefining local and interregional relations.

Kaynakça

  • Abbès, Frederic. “Les préhistoriens, les tailleurs et les pierres: rencontre “Pierres tendres” (Jalès 1–7 Décembre 2012).” ArchéOrient-Le Blog (Hypotheses.org), 15 February 2013. https://arceorient.hypotheses.org/518.
  • Altınbilek-Algül, Çiler. “The Lithic Assemblages of Gusir Höyük (Turkey): The Preliminary Results.” In Stone Tools in Transition: From Hunter-Gatherers to Farming Societies in the Near East. 7th Conference on PPN Chipped and Ground Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent, edited by Ferran Borrell, Juan José Ibáñez, and Miquel Molist, 289–98. Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Servei de Publicacions, 2013.
  • Asouti, Eleni, Douglas Baird, Ceren Kabukçu, Louise Martin, Aroa Garcia Suarez, Emma Jenkins, and Kamal Rasheed. “The Zagros Epipaleolithic Revisited: New Excavations and 14C Dates from Palegawra Cave in Iraqi Kurdistan.” Plos One 15, no. 9 (2020): 1–99. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239564.
  • Aurenche, Olivier, and Stefan Karol Kozlowski. La Naissance du Néolithique au Proche Orient. Paris: Errance, 1999.
  • Aurenche, Olivier, and Stefan Karol Kozlowski. “The Spatial Distribution of Arrowheads and Microliths in the Near East (10,200–8,000 cal. BC).” In The State of the Stone, Terminologies, Continuities, and Contexts in Near Eastern Lithics. Proceedings of the Sixth PPN Conference on Chipped and Ground Stone Artefacts in the Near East, Manchester 3rd–5th March 2008, edited by Elizabeth Healey, Stuart Campbell, and Osamu Maeda, 449–56. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 13. Berlin: Ex Oriente, 2011.
  • Bar-Yosef, Ofer. “The Natufian Culture in the Levant: Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture.” Evolutionary Anthropology 6, no. 5 (1998): 159–77. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7.
  • ––––––.“Natufian: A Complex Society of Foragers.” In Beyond Foraging and Collecting: Evolutionary Change in Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems, edited by Ben Fitzhugh and Junko Habu, 91–149. Fundamental Issues in Archaeology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2002.
  • Bar-Yosef, Ofer, and Thomas R. Rocek. “Introduction.” In Seasonality and Sedentism: Archaeological Perspectives from Old and New World Sites, edited by Ofer Bar-Yosef and Thomas R. Rocek, 1–8. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 1998.
  • Benz, Marion, Katleen Deckers, Corinna Rossner, Alexander Alexandrovskiy, Konstantin Pustovoytov, Mirjam Scheeres, Marc Fecher, Aytaç Coşkun, Simone Riehl, Kurt W. Alt, and Vecihi Özkaya. “Prelude to Village Life: Environmental Data and Traditions of the Epipaleolithic Settlement at Körtik Tepe, Southeastern Turkey.” Paléorient 41, no. 2 (2015): 9–30.
  • Betts, Alison V. G. “Qermez Dere: The Chipped Stone Assemblage.” In Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent. Proceedings of the First Workshop on PPN Chipped Lithic Industries, edited by Hans Georg Gebel and Stefan Karol Kozlowski, 189–203. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 1. Berlin: Ex Oriente, 1994.
  • Bocquentin, Fanny. “Pour une approche anthropologique de la transition Epipaléolithique – Néolithique au Proche-Orient.” Bulletin du Centre de recherche français de Jérusalem 17 (2007): 41–51.
  • Caneva, Isabella, Anna-Maria Conti, Cristina Lemorini, and Daniella Zampetti. “The Lithic Production at Çayönü: A Preliminary Overview of the Aceramic Sequence.” In Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent. Proceedings of the First Workshop on PPN Chipped Lithic Industries, edited by Hans Georg Gebel and Stefan Karol Kozlowski, 253–66. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 1. Berlin: Ex Oriente, 1994.
  • Cauvin, Jacques. Naissance des divinités. Naissance de l’agriculture. La Révolution des symboles au Néolithique. Paris: CNRS, 1997.
  • Coşkun, Aytaç, Marion Benz, Yılmaz Selim Erdal, Melis M. Koruyucu, Katleen Deckers, Simone Riehl, Angelina Siebert, Kurt W. Alt, and Vecihi Özkaya. “Living by the Water-Boon and Bane for the People of Körtik Tepe.” Neo-Lithics 10, no. 2 (2010): 59–71.
  • Erim Özdoğan, Aslı. “Çayönü.” In The Neolithic in Turkey: New Excavations and New Research. The Tigris Basin, edited by Mehmet Özdoğan, Nezih Başgelen, and Peter Kuniholm, 185–269. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2011.
  • Gebel, Hans Georg K. “Territoriality in Early Near Eastern Sedentism.” Neo-Lithics 14, no. 2 (2014): 23–44.
  • Goring-Morris, Adrian Nigel, and Anna Belfer-Cohen. “The Neolithic in The Southern Levant Yet Another ‘Unique’ Phenomenon.” In La transition Néolithique en Méditerranée: actes du colloque “Transitions en Méditerranée, ou comment des chasseurs devinrent agriculteurs,” Muséum de Toulouse, 14–15 avril 2011, edited by Claire Manen, Thomas Perrin, and Jean Guilaine, 59–73. Archives d’écologie préhistorique. Arles: Éditions Errance, 2014.
  • Helmer, Daniel, Lionel Gourichon, and Daniel Stordeur. “À l’aube de la domestication animale. Imaginaire et symbolise animal dans les premières sociétés néolithiques du nord du Proche-Orient.” Anthropozoologica 39, no. 1 (2004): 143–63.
  • Hole, Frank, and Kent V. Flannery. “The Prehistory of Southwestern Iran: A Preliminary Report.” Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 33 (1967): 147–206. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00014092.
  • Inizan, Marie-Louise, Michèle Reduron-Ballinger, Hélène Roche, and Jacques Tixier. Technologie de la pierre taillée. Paris: Cercle de Recherches et d’études préhistoriques, 1996.
  • Kartal, Metin. Epi-paleolitik Dönem: Türkiye’de Son Avcı-Toplayıcılar. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2009.
  • ––––––. “Körtik Tepe Yontmataş Endüstrisi.” Araştırma Sonuçları Toplantısı 29, no. 1 (2012): 475–90.
  • ––––––. Yontmataş Uçlar. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat, 2019.
  • Kartal, Metin, Gizem Kartal, Aytaç Coşkun, Tristan Carter, Feridun Suha Şahin, and Vecihi Özkaya. “Chipped Stone Assemblages of Körtik Tepe (Turkey).” Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 19 (2018): 92–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2018.02.017.
  • Karul, Necmi. “Gusir Höyük.” In The Neolithic in Turkey: New Excavations and New Research. The Tigris Basin, edited by Mehmet Özdoğan, Nezih Başgelen, and Peter Kuniholm, 1–17. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2011.
  • ––––––. “The Beginning of the Neolithic in southeast Anatolia: Upper Tigris Basin.” Documenta Praehistorica 47 (2020): 76–95. https://doi.org/10.4312/dp.47.5.
  • Kodaş, Ergül. “Un Nouveau Site du Néolithique Précéramique dans la Vallée du Haut Tigre: Résultats Préliminaires de Boncuklu Tarla.” Neo-Lithics 19 (2019): 3–15.
  • Kodaş, Ergül, Bülent Genç, Yunus Çiftçi, Charlotte Labedan-Kodaş, and Çağdaş Erdem. “Çemka Höyük: A Late Epi-paleolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic Site on the Upper Tigris, Southeast Anatolia.” Neo-Lithics 20 (2020): 40–46.
  • Kodaş, Ergül, Hale Tümer, Yunus Çiftçi, Ayda Abakay, Şemsihan Kaya, Senem Işık, Onur Dinç, Bahattin İpek, and Bülent Genç. “Yontmataş Bulgular Işığında Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde Yeni Bir Çanak-Çömleksiz Neolitik Dönem Yerleşim Yeri: Tarin Mağarası.” Anadolu 47 (2021): 77–89. https://doi.org/10.36891/anatolia.934227.
  • Kozlowski, Stefan Karol. “From Zawi Chemi to M’lefaat.” In Neolithic Chipped Stone Industries of the Fertile Crescent, and Their Contemporaries in Adjacent Regions: Proceedings of the Second Workshop on PPN Chipped Lithic Industries, Institute of Archaeology, Warsaw University, 3rd–7th April, 1995, edited by Stefan Karol Kozłowski and Hans Georg Gebel, 175–82. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence, and Environment 3. Berlin: Ex Oriente, 1996.
  • ––––––. The Eastern Wing of the Fertile Crescent: Late Prehistory of Greater Mesopotamian Lithic Industries. British Archaeological Reports International Series 760. Oxford: Archaeopress, 1999.
  • Kozlowski, Stefan Karol, and Olivier Aurenche. Territories, Boundaries and Cultures in the Neolithic Near East. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1362. Oxford: Archaeopress, 2005.
  • Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine. “Climatic and Environmental Trends during the third millennium B.C. in Upper Mesopotamia.” Varia Anatolica 19 (2007): 459–80.
  • Maeda, Osamu. “Lithic Analysis and the Transition to the Neolithic in the Upper Tigris Valley: Recent Excavations at Hasankeyf Höyük.” Antiquity 92, no. 361 (2018): 56–73. https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.219.
  • Miyake, Yutaka, Osamu Maeda, Kenichi Tanno, Hitomi Hongo, and Can Yummi Gündem. “New Excavations at Hasankeyf Höyük: A 10th millennium cal. BC Site on the Upper Tigris, Southeast Anatolia.” Neo- Lithics 12, no. 1 (2012): 3–7.
  • Olszewski, Deborah I. “The Zarzian in the Context of the Epipaleolithic Middle East.” International Journal of Humanities 19, no. 3 (2012): 1–20.
  • ––––––. “Middle East: Epipaleolithic.” Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology, Springer, Cham. (16 July 2018): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51726-1_682-2.
  • Özdoğan, Mehmet. “The Transition from Sedentary Hunter Gatherers to Agricultural Villages in Anatolia – Some Considerations.” In Çağlar Boyunca Anadolu’da Yerleşim ve Konut Uluslararası Sempozyumu (Bildiriler), edited by Ali Dinçol, 311–19. Istanbul: Ege Yayınları, 1999.
  • Özkaya, Vecihi, and Aytaç Coşkun. “Körtik Tepe.” In The Neolithic in Turkey: New Excavations and New Research. The Tigris Basin, edited by Mehmet Özdoğan, Nezih Başgelen, and Peter Kuniholm, 89–127. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2011.
  • Pelegrin, Jacques. “Principes de la Reconnaissance des Méthodes et Techniques de Taille.” In Tell ‘Atij, Tell Gudeda. Industrie lithique: Analyse technologique et fonctionnelle, edited by Jacques Chabot, 215–26, Serié archéométrie 3. Quebec: Université de Laval, CELAT, 2002.
  • Redman, Charles L. “The Çayönü Chipped Stone Industry: the 1968 and 1970 Excavation Seasons.” In Prehistoric Village Archaeology in South-Eastern Turkey. The Eighth Millennium B.C. Site at Çayönü: Its Chipped and Ground Stone Industries and Faunal Remains, edited by Linda S. Braidwood and Robert J. Braidwood, 17–71. British Archaeological Reports International Series 138. Oxford: Tempus Reparatum, 1982.
  • Riehl, Simone, Mohsen Zeidi, and Nicholas John Conard. “Emergence of Agriculture in the Foothills of the Zagros Mountains of Iran.” Science 341 (2013): 65–67. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1236743.
  • Roberts, Neil, and Catherine Kuzucuoğlu. “Évolution de l’environnement en Anatolie de 20 000 à 6 000 BP.” Paléorient 23, no. 2 (1997): 7–24. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1997.4649.
  • Rosenberg, Michael. “Hallan Çemi.” In The Neolithic in Turkey: New Excavations and New Research. The Tigris Basin, edited by Mehmet Özdoğan, Nezih Başgelen, and Peter Kuniholm, 61–78. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2011.
  • ––––––. “Demirköy.” In The Neolithic in Turkey: New Excavations and New Research. The Tigris Basin, edited by Mehmet Özdoğan, Nezih Başgelen, and Peter Kuniholm, 79–87. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 2011. Sanlaville, Paul. “Les Changements dans l’environnement au Moyen-Orient de 20 000 BP à 6 000 BP.” Paléorient 23, no. 2 (1997): 249–62. https://doi.org/10.3406/paleo.1997.4664.
  • Solecki, Ralph S. Shanidar: The First Flower People. New York: Knopf, 1971.
  • Solecki, Ralph S, Rose L. Solecki, and Anagnostis P. Agelarakis. The Proto-Neolithic Cemetery in Shanidar Cave. Texas A&M University Anthropology Series 7. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2004.
  • Solecki, Rose L. An Early Village Site at Zawi Chemi Shanidar. Bibliotheca Mesopotamica 13. Malibu: Undena, 1980.
  • Tsuneki, Akira. “Proto-Neolithic Caves and Neolithisation in the Zagros.” In The Neolithisation of Iran, edited by Roger Matthews and Hassan Fazeli Nashli, 84–96. Themes from the Ancient Near East BANEA Publication Series 3. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2013. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dp0q.11.
  • Watkins, Trevor, Editor. Qermez Dere, Tell Afar, Interim Report No 1. Project Paper 2. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, Department of Archaeology, 1987.
  • Wick, Lucia, Genry Lemcke, and Michael Sturm. “Evidence of Late Glacial and Holocene Climatic Change and Human Impact in Eastern Anatolia: High-Resolution Pollen, Charcoal, Isotopic and Geochemical Records from the Laminated Sediments of Lake Van, Turkey.” The Holocene 13, no. 5 (2003): 665–75. https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683603hl653rp.
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Arkeoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ergül Kodaş 0000-0001-8340-5828

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 30 Aralık 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Kodaş, Ergül. “Çemka Höyük Geç Epipaleolitik/Proto Neolitik Dönem Yontma Taş Alet Tekno-Tipolojisi”. TARE: Türk Arkeoloji Ve Kültürel Miras Enstitüsü Dergisi, sy. 2 (Aralık 2022): 97-130. https://doi.org/10.54930/TARE.2022.3972.