Research Article

Amaranthus viridis Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Modulates TNF-β in Tramadol- Induced Testicular Toxicity

Volume: 48 Number: 1 March 31, 2026
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Amaranthus viridis Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Modulates TNF-β in Tramadol- Induced Testicular Toxicity

Abstract

Background: Tramadol, a synthetic opioid analgesic, is associated with reproductive toxicity and testicular oxidative damage following prolonged exposure. Amaranthus viridis (green amaranth), a medicinally valued tropical vegetable, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may offer protective effects. This study investigated the protective potential of Amaranthus viridis leaf extract against tramadol-induced testicular toxicity in adult male Wistar rats, focusing on oxidative stress biomarkers, reproductive hormones, and inflammatory cytokines. Method: Twenty-five adult male Wistar rats were randomly assigned into five groups (n=5). Group 1 received distilled water (control); Group 2 received 200 mg/kg tramadol (toxic control); Groups 3, 4, and 5 were administered combined doses of tramadol (150, 100, and 50 mg/kg, respectively) and Amaranthus viridis extract (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg, respectively) for 21 days via oral gavage. Testicular tissues and serum samples were evaluated for histology, oxidative stress markers (SOD, GPx, MDA), reproductive hormones (LH, FSH, testosterone), and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, TNF-β). Results: Tramadol administration significantly disrupted testicular histoarchitecture and caused a marked reduction in LH, FSH, testosterone, SOD, and GPx levels, along with elevated MDA and TNF-β levels (p<0.05). Co-treatment with A. viridis extract, especially at 300 mg/kg, significantly restored LH, FSH, testosterone, SOD, and GPx levels and suppressed TNF-β expression, although MDA levels remained elevated. Histologically, A. viridis treatment attenuated germ cell necrosis and improved seminiferous tubule integrity. Conclusion: A. viridis extract demonstrated a dose-dependent protective effect against tramadol-induced testicular toxicity by enhancing antioxidant defenses, restoring hormonal balance, and suppressing proinflammatory cytokines-highlighting its therapeutic potential in male reproductive health.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Family Medicine

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

March 31, 2026

Submission Date

November 26, 2025

Acceptance Date

March 16, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 1970 Volume: 48 Number: 1

AMA
1.Kiekwe V, Idoko G, Akunna G, Ngura NE. Amaranthus viridis Ameliorates Oxidative Stress and Modulates TNF-β in Tramadol- Induced Testicular Toxicity. CMJ. 2026;48(1):14-23. doi:10.7197/cmj.1812525