Abstract
Introduction and Aim: Social phobia; It is a public health problem that can lead to failure in
working life, major depression and even suicide.The aim of this study was to investigate the
prevalence of social phobia and related factors in academicians from Cumhuriyet University.
Method: This cross-sectional study was performed in 2017. The universe of the study
consists of 1605 academicians working in the health, science and social science fields of
Cumhuriyet University. The sample size was determined as 216. A two-part questionnaire
was applied to the participants. The first part consists of questions that investigating the
sociodemographic characteristics and the variables that we think are related to social phobia.
The second part consists of Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS)
Results: The frequency of social phobia was found to be 9.0%. While the prevalence of mild
and significant social phobia was 3.6%, the prevalence of social phobia was 1.8%. More than
half of the academicians show avoidance behavior in situations requiring performance.
Conclusion: As a result, it has been found that social phobia has a significant frequency of
9.0%. This situation, which may adversely affect the professional performance and mental
health of academicians, is important for public health.
Keywords
: Social Phobia Academician Cumhuriyet University Sosyal Fobi Akademisyen Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi
Supporting Institution
CÜBAP
Project Number
T-741
References
- 1.Burton R. The anatomy of melancholy. In:Faulkner TC, Kiessling NK, Blair RL, eds. TheAnatomy of Melancholy, Vol. 1: Text. OxfordUniversity Press; 1989:lxi-lxi.
- 2.Weissman MM, Merikangas KR. Theepidemiology of anxiety and panic disorders: anupdate. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986;47 Suppl:11-17.
- 3.Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manualof mental disorders. BMC Med. 2013;17:133-137.
- 4.Alpert JE, Maddocks A, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M.Childhood psychopathology retrospectivelyassessed among adults with early onset majordepression. J Affect Disord. 1994;31(3):165-171.
- 5.Schanberg SM. 3. Nurturing touch: A primeregulator of biobehavioral development. BiolPsychiatry. 1998;43(8):S29-S30.
- 6.Parker G, Wilhelm K, Asghari A. Early onsetdepression: the relevance of anxiety. Soc PsychiatryPsychiatr Epidemiol. 1997;32(1):30-37.
- 7.Stein MB, Fuetsch M, Müller N, Höfler M, Lieb R,Wittchen HU. Social anxiety disorder and the risk ofdepression: a prospective community study ofadolescents and young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry.2001;58(3):251-256.
- 8.Fehm L, Pelissolo A, Furmark T, Wittchen H-U.Size and burden of social phobia in Europe. EurNeuropsychopharmacol. 2005;15(4):453-462.
- 9. Liebowitz MR. Social phobia. Modern Problems inPharmacopsychiatry 22, 141-173. 1987.
- 10.Dilbaz N. Liebowitz Sosyal Kaygı Ölçeği Geçerlilikve Güvenirliği. In: Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği;2001:132.
- 11.Furmark T. Social phobia: overview ofcommunity surveys. Acta Psychiatr Scand.2002;105(2):84-93.
- 12.Bandelow B, Michaelis S. Epidemiology ofanxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues ClinNeurosci. 2015;17(3):327-335.
- 13.Erol N, Kılıç C, Ulusoy M, Keçeci M, Şimşek Z.Türkiye ruh sağlığı profili raporu. Birinci baskı,Ankara. 1998.
- 14.İzgiç F, Akyüz G, Doğan O, Kuğu N. Üniversiteöğrencilerinde sosyal fobi yaygınlığı. AnadoluPsikiyatri Dergisi. 2000;1(4):207-214.
- 15.Gültekin BK, Dereboy İF. ÜniversiteÖğrencilerinde Sosyal Fobinin Yaygınlığı ve SosyalFobinin Yaşam Kalitesi, Akademik Başarı ve KimlikOluşumu Üzerine Etkileri. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi.2011;22(3).
- 16.Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R,Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence andage-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders inthe National Comorbidity Survey Replication. ArchGen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593-602.
- 17.Stein DJ, Lim CCW, Roest AM, et al. The cross-national epidemiology of social anxiety disorder:Data from the World Mental Health SurveyInitiative. BMC Med. 2017;15(1):143.
- 18.Asher M, Asnaani A, Aderka IM. Genderdifferences in social anxiety disorder: A review. ClinPsychol Rev. 2017;56:1-12.
- 19.Falk Dahl CA, Dahl AA. Lifestyle and socialnetwork in individuals with high level of socialphobia/anxiety symptoms: a community-basedstudy. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol.2010;45(3):309-317.
- 20.Demir T, Karacetin G, Eralp Demir D, Uysal O.Prevalence and some psychosocial characteristics ofsocial anxiety disorder in an urban population ofTurkish children and adolescents. Eur Psychiatry.2013;28(1):64-69.
- 21. Gültekin BK, Dereboy IF. The prevalence of socialphobia, and its impact on quality of life, academicachievement, and identity formation in universitystudents. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2011;22(3):150-158.
- 22.Cakin Memik N, Sismanlar SG, Yildiz O, KarakayaI, Isik C, Agaoglu B. Social anxiety level in Turkishadolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry.2010;19(10):765-772.
- 23.Flett GL, Goldstein AL, Pechenkov IG, Nepon T,Wekerle C. Antecedents, correlates, andconsequences of feeling like you don’t matter:Associations with maltreatment, loneliness, socialanxiety, and the five-factor model. Pers Individ Dif.2016;92:52-56.
- 24.Ganapathi KC, Duraimurugan M, Kokila K. Astudy on the prevalence of social anxiety disorder(SAD) among medical undergraduate students andits relation with self esteem. Stanley MedicalJournal. 2017;3(4):31-35.
- 25.Honnekeri BS, Goel A, Umate M, Shah N, DeSousa A. Social anxiety and Internet socialization inIndian undergraduate students: An exploratorystudy. Asian J Psychiatr. 2017;27:115-120.
- 26.McLean CP, Asnaani A, Litz BT, Hofmann SG.Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence,course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness.J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45(8):1027-1035.
- 27. Miers AC, Blöte AW, Heyne DA, Westenberg PM.Developmental pathways of social avoidance acrossadolescence: the role of social anxiety and negative cognition. J Anxiety Disord. 2014;28(8):787-794.
- 28.Lieb R, Wittchen HU, Höfler M, Fuetsch M, SteinMB, Merikangas KR. Parental psychopathology,parenting styles, and the risk of social phobia inoffspring: a prospective-longitudinal communitystudy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(9):859-866.
- 29.Brook CA, Schmidt LA. Social anxiety disorder: areview of environmental risk factors.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2008;4(1):123-143.
- 30.Buckner JD, Vinci C. Smoking and social anxiety:the roles of gender and smoking motives. AddictBehav. 2013;38(8):2388-2391.
- 31.Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC,Eaves LJ. The genetic epidemiology of phobias inwomen. The interrelationship of agoraphobia,social phobia, situational phobia, and simplephobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49(4):273-281.
- 32.Villarosa MC, Madson MB, Zeigler-Hill V, NobleJJ, Mohn RS. Social anxiety symptoms and drinkingbehaviors among college students: the mediatingeffects of drinking motives. Psychol Addict Behav.2014;28(3):710-718.
- 33.Wells JC, Tien AY, Garrison R, Eaton WW. Riskfactors for the incidence of social phobia asdetermined by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule ina population-based study. Acta Psychiatr Scand.1994;90(2):84-90.
- 34.Wittchen HU, Fehm L. Epidemiology, patterns ofcomorbidity, and associated disabilities of socialphobia. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2001;24(4):617-641.
- 35.Miloyan B, Bulley A, Pachana NA, Byrne GJ.Social Phobia symptoms across the adult lifespan. JAffect Disord. 2014;168:86-90.
- 36.Adams GC, Balbuena L, Meng X, AsmundsonGJG. When social anxiety and depression gotogether: A population study of comorbidity andassociated consequences. J Affect Disord.2016;206:48-54.
- 37.Beesdo K, Pine DS, Lieb R, Wittchen H-U.Incidence and risk patterns of anxiety anddepressive disorders and categorization ofgeneralized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry.2010;67(1):47-57.
- 38.Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF. Social phobia anddepression: prevalence and comorbidity. JPsychosom Res. 2010;68(3):235-243.
- 39.Marteinsdottir I, Svensson A, Svedberg M,Anderberg UM, von Knorring L. The role of life events in social phobia. Nord J Psychiatry. 2007;61(3):207-212.
- 40.Sofie Karlsen B. Relationships between SocialAnxiety and Mental Health Problems in EarlyAdolescents from Different Socioeconomic Groups:Results from a Cross-sectional Health Survey inNorway. J Psychol Abnorm Child. 2014;03(03).
- 41.Piper ME, Cook JW, Schlam TR, Jorenby DE,Baker TB. Anxiety diagnoses in smokers seekingcessation treatment: relations with tobaccodependence, withdrawal, outcome and response totreatment. Addiction. 2011;106(2):418-427.
- 42.Wittchen HU, Fehm L. Epidemiology and naturalcourse of social fears and social phobia. ActaPsychiatr Scand Suppl. 2003;(417):4-18.
- 43.Sonntag H, Wittchen HU, Höfler M, Kessler RC,Stein MB. Are social fears and DSM-IV social anxietydisorder associated with smoking and nicotinedependence in adolescents and young adults? EurPsychiatry. 2000;15(1):67-74.
- 44.Cramer V, Torgersen S, Kringlen E. Quality of lifeand anxiety disorders: a population study. J NervMent Dis. 2005;193(3):196-202.
- 45.Rapee RM, Spence SH. The etiology of socialphobia: empirical evidence and an initial model. ClinPsychol Rev. 2004;24(7):737-767.
- 46.Eun JD, Paksarian D, He J-P, Merikangas KR.Parenting style and mental disorders in a nationallyrepresentative sample of US adolescents. SocPsychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2018;53(1):11-20.
CUMHURiYET ÜNiVERSiTESi'NDE GÖREVLİ AKADEMİSYENLERDE SOSYAL FOBİ DÜZEYİ VE İLİŞKİLİ FAKTÖRLERİN ARAŞTIRILMASI
Abstract
Giriş ve Amaç: Sosyal fobi; kişinin yaşam kalitesini olumsuz yönde etkileyen bir hastalıktır.
Çalışma hayatında başarısızlığa, majör depresyona ve hatta intihara neden olabilen bir halk
sağlığı sorunudur. Bu çalışmanın amacı; Cumhuriyet Üniversitesinde görevli
akademisyenlerde sosyal fobi sıklığı ve ilişkili faktörlerin araştırılmasıdır.
Metod: Bu kesitsel çalışma 2017 yılında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın evrenini,
Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi merkez kampüsünde çalışan sağlık, fen ve sosyal bilim alanlarında
görev yapan 1605 öğretim elemanı oluşturmaktadır. Örnek büyüklüğünün sayısı 216 olarak
belirlenmiştir. Katılımcılara iki bölümden oluşan bir anket uygulanmıştır. Birinci bölüm
sosyodemografik özellikleri ve sosyal fobi ile ilişkili olduğunu düşündüğümüz değişkenleri
sorgulayan sorulardan oluşmaktadır. İkinci bölüm Liebowitz Sosyal Anksiyete Ölçeğinden
(LSAÖ) oluşmaktadır.
Bulgular: Akademisyenlerde sosyal fobi sıklığı %9.0 olarak tespit edilmiĢtir. Hafif ve belirgin
düzeyde sosyal fobi sıklığı %3.6 iken ciddi düzeyde sosyal fobi sıklığı %1.8 olarak tespit
edilmiştir. Akademisyenlerin yarıdan fazlası performans gerektiren bazı durumlarda kaçınma
davranışı göstermektedir.
Sonuç: Sonuç olarak akademisyenlerde sosyal fobinin %9.0 gibi önemli bir sıklıkta olduğu
tespit edilmiştir. Akademisyenlerin yarıdan fazlası performans gerektiren bazı durumlarda
kaçınma davranışı göstermektedir. Fobi düzeyinde olmasa da akademisyenlerin mesleki
performanslarını ve ruh sağlıklarını olumsuz etkileyebilecek bu durum halk sağlığı açısından
önem arz etmektedir.
Keywords
: Social Phobia Academician Cumhuriyet University Sosyal Fobi Akademisyen Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi
Project Number
T-741
References
- 1.Burton R. The anatomy of melancholy. In:Faulkner TC, Kiessling NK, Blair RL, eds. TheAnatomy of Melancholy, Vol. 1: Text. OxfordUniversity Press; 1989:lxi-lxi.
- 2.Weissman MM, Merikangas KR. Theepidemiology of anxiety and panic disorders: anupdate. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986;47 Suppl:11-17.
- 3.Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manualof mental disorders. BMC Med. 2013;17:133-137.
- 4.Alpert JE, Maddocks A, Rosenbaum JF, Fava M.Childhood psychopathology retrospectivelyassessed among adults with early onset majordepression. J Affect Disord. 1994;31(3):165-171.
- 5.Schanberg SM. 3. Nurturing touch: A primeregulator of biobehavioral development. BiolPsychiatry. 1998;43(8):S29-S30.
- 6.Parker G, Wilhelm K, Asghari A. Early onsetdepression: the relevance of anxiety. Soc PsychiatryPsychiatr Epidemiol. 1997;32(1):30-37.
- 7.Stein MB, Fuetsch M, Müller N, Höfler M, Lieb R,Wittchen HU. Social anxiety disorder and the risk ofdepression: a prospective community study ofadolescents and young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry.2001;58(3):251-256.
- 8.Fehm L, Pelissolo A, Furmark T, Wittchen H-U.Size and burden of social phobia in Europe. EurNeuropsychopharmacol. 2005;15(4):453-462.
- 9. Liebowitz MR. Social phobia. Modern Problems inPharmacopsychiatry 22, 141-173. 1987.
- 10.Dilbaz N. Liebowitz Sosyal Kaygı Ölçeği Geçerlilikve Güvenirliği. In: Türkiye Psikiyatri Derneği;2001:132.
- 11.Furmark T. Social phobia: overview ofcommunity surveys. Acta Psychiatr Scand.2002;105(2):84-93.
- 12.Bandelow B, Michaelis S. Epidemiology ofanxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues ClinNeurosci. 2015;17(3):327-335.
- 13.Erol N, Kılıç C, Ulusoy M, Keçeci M, Şimşek Z.Türkiye ruh sağlığı profili raporu. Birinci baskı,Ankara. 1998.
- 14.İzgiç F, Akyüz G, Doğan O, Kuğu N. Üniversiteöğrencilerinde sosyal fobi yaygınlığı. AnadoluPsikiyatri Dergisi. 2000;1(4):207-214.
- 15.Gültekin BK, Dereboy İF. ÜniversiteÖğrencilerinde Sosyal Fobinin Yaygınlığı ve SosyalFobinin Yaşam Kalitesi, Akademik Başarı ve KimlikOluşumu Üzerine Etkileri. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi.2011;22(3).
- 16.Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R,Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence andage-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders inthe National Comorbidity Survey Replication. ArchGen Psychiatry. 2005;62(6):593-602.
- 17.Stein DJ, Lim CCW, Roest AM, et al. The cross-national epidemiology of social anxiety disorder:Data from the World Mental Health SurveyInitiative. BMC Med. 2017;15(1):143.
- 18.Asher M, Asnaani A, Aderka IM. Genderdifferences in social anxiety disorder: A review. ClinPsychol Rev. 2017;56:1-12.
- 19.Falk Dahl CA, Dahl AA. Lifestyle and socialnetwork in individuals with high level of socialphobia/anxiety symptoms: a community-basedstudy. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol.2010;45(3):309-317.
- 20.Demir T, Karacetin G, Eralp Demir D, Uysal O.Prevalence and some psychosocial characteristics ofsocial anxiety disorder in an urban population ofTurkish children and adolescents. Eur Psychiatry.2013;28(1):64-69.
- 21. Gültekin BK, Dereboy IF. The prevalence of socialphobia, and its impact on quality of life, academicachievement, and identity formation in universitystudents. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2011;22(3):150-158.
- 22.Cakin Memik N, Sismanlar SG, Yildiz O, KarakayaI, Isik C, Agaoglu B. Social anxiety level in Turkishadolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry.2010;19(10):765-772.
- 23.Flett GL, Goldstein AL, Pechenkov IG, Nepon T,Wekerle C. Antecedents, correlates, andconsequences of feeling like you don’t matter:Associations with maltreatment, loneliness, socialanxiety, and the five-factor model. Pers Individ Dif.2016;92:52-56.
- 24.Ganapathi KC, Duraimurugan M, Kokila K. Astudy on the prevalence of social anxiety disorder(SAD) among medical undergraduate students andits relation with self esteem. Stanley MedicalJournal. 2017;3(4):31-35.
- 25.Honnekeri BS, Goel A, Umate M, Shah N, DeSousa A. Social anxiety and Internet socialization inIndian undergraduate students: An exploratorystudy. Asian J Psychiatr. 2017;27:115-120.
- 26.McLean CP, Asnaani A, Litz BT, Hofmann SG.Gender differences in anxiety disorders: prevalence,course of illness, comorbidity and burden of illness.J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45(8):1027-1035.
- 27. Miers AC, Blöte AW, Heyne DA, Westenberg PM.Developmental pathways of social avoidance acrossadolescence: the role of social anxiety and negative cognition. J Anxiety Disord. 2014;28(8):787-794.
- 28.Lieb R, Wittchen HU, Höfler M, Fuetsch M, SteinMB, Merikangas KR. Parental psychopathology,parenting styles, and the risk of social phobia inoffspring: a prospective-longitudinal communitystudy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(9):859-866.
- 29.Brook CA, Schmidt LA. Social anxiety disorder: areview of environmental risk factors.Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2008;4(1):123-143.
- 30.Buckner JD, Vinci C. Smoking and social anxiety:the roles of gender and smoking motives. AddictBehav. 2013;38(8):2388-2391.
- 31.Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC,Eaves LJ. The genetic epidemiology of phobias inwomen. The interrelationship of agoraphobia,social phobia, situational phobia, and simplephobia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49(4):273-281.
- 32.Villarosa MC, Madson MB, Zeigler-Hill V, NobleJJ, Mohn RS. Social anxiety symptoms and drinkingbehaviors among college students: the mediatingeffects of drinking motives. Psychol Addict Behav.2014;28(3):710-718.
- 33.Wells JC, Tien AY, Garrison R, Eaton WW. Riskfactors for the incidence of social phobia asdetermined by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule ina population-based study. Acta Psychiatr Scand.1994;90(2):84-90.
- 34.Wittchen HU, Fehm L. Epidemiology, patterns ofcomorbidity, and associated disabilities of socialphobia. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2001;24(4):617-641.
- 35.Miloyan B, Bulley A, Pachana NA, Byrne GJ.Social Phobia symptoms across the adult lifespan. JAffect Disord. 2014;168:86-90.
- 36.Adams GC, Balbuena L, Meng X, AsmundsonGJG. When social anxiety and depression gotogether: A population study of comorbidity andassociated consequences. J Affect Disord.2016;206:48-54.
- 37.Beesdo K, Pine DS, Lieb R, Wittchen H-U.Incidence and risk patterns of anxiety anddepressive disorders and categorization ofgeneralized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry.2010;67(1):47-57.
- 38.Ohayon MM, Schatzberg AF. Social phobia anddepression: prevalence and comorbidity. JPsychosom Res. 2010;68(3):235-243.
- 39.Marteinsdottir I, Svensson A, Svedberg M,Anderberg UM, von Knorring L. The role of life events in social phobia. Nord J Psychiatry. 2007;61(3):207-212.
- 40.Sofie Karlsen B. Relationships between SocialAnxiety and Mental Health Problems in EarlyAdolescents from Different Socioeconomic Groups:Results from a Cross-sectional Health Survey inNorway. J Psychol Abnorm Child. 2014;03(03).
- 41.Piper ME, Cook JW, Schlam TR, Jorenby DE,Baker TB. Anxiety diagnoses in smokers seekingcessation treatment: relations with tobaccodependence, withdrawal, outcome and response totreatment. Addiction. 2011;106(2):418-427.
- 42.Wittchen HU, Fehm L. Epidemiology and naturalcourse of social fears and social phobia. ActaPsychiatr Scand Suppl. 2003;(417):4-18.
- 43.Sonntag H, Wittchen HU, Höfler M, Kessler RC,Stein MB. Are social fears and DSM-IV social anxietydisorder associated with smoking and nicotinedependence in adolescents and young adults? EurPsychiatry. 2000;15(1):67-74.
- 44.Cramer V, Torgersen S, Kringlen E. Quality of lifeand anxiety disorders: a population study. J NervMent Dis. 2005;193(3):196-202.
- 45.Rapee RM, Spence SH. The etiology of socialphobia: empirical evidence and an initial model. ClinPsychol Rev. 2004;24(7):737-767.
- 46.Eun JD, Paksarian D, He J-P, Merikangas KR.Parenting style and mental disorders in a nationallyrepresentative sample of US adolescents. SocPsychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2018;53(1):11-20.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Health Care Administration |
| Journal Section | Medical Science Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | T-741 |
| Publication Date | March 31, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | March 26, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 |