Treatment strategies in advanced Parkinson's disease: Review of the literature

Yıldız Değirmenci

doi:10.7197/223.v39i31705.347447

Review

İleri evre Parkinson hastalığında tedavi stratejileri: Literatürün gözden geçirilmesi

Year 2017, , 509 - 517, 19.09.2017

Yıldız Değirmenci

https://doi.org/10.7197/223.v39i31705.347447

Abstract

Parkinson
hastalığı (PH), özellikle substansiya nigra pars kompakta bölgesindeki dopamine
salgılayan hücreler olmak üzere bazal gangliayı etkileyen kronik, nörodejeneratif
bir bozukluktur. Sıklıkla 50 yaş üzeri kişileri etkiler. Bununla birlikte daha
genç başlangıç da bildirilmektedir. Bazal gangliada devam eden bir dopaminerjik
hücre ölümü olduğundan, ileri dönemlerde ciddi özürlülüğe yol açabilen
ilerleyici bir hastalıktır. PH’ nın ileri dönemeleri, motor dalgalanmalar,
yürüyüşte donmalar, diskinezi, postüral instabilite, düşmeler, otonomik
tutulum, non-motor semptomlar nedeniyle hastalar için olduğu kadar klinisyenler
için de zorlayıcıdır. Bu semptomatoloji, sıklıkla ileri evre PH olarak
tanımlanan Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) skalasında evre 4-5’ e karşılık gelir. Bu derlemede
ileri evre PH olan hastalarda tedavi seçenekleri tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Parkinson hastalığı, ileri evre, tedavi seçenekleri

References

1. Coelho M, Ferreira JJ. Late-stage Parkinson disease. Nature reviews Neurology 2012; 8: 435-42.
2. Chaudhuri KR, Healy DG, Schapira AH; National Institute for Clinical Excellence Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5: 235-45.
3. Chaudhuri KR, Rizos A, Sethi KD. Motor and nonmotor complications in Parkinson’s disease: an argument for continuous drugdelivery? J Neural Transm 2013; 120: 1305-20.
4. Deleu D, Northway MG, Hanssens Y. Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson’ s disease. Clinical pharmacokinetic 2002; 41: 261-309.
5. Pilleri M, Antonini A. Novel levodopa formulations in the treatment of Parkinson’ s disease. Expert review of neurotherapeutics 2014; 14: 143-9.
6. Yang HJ, Ehm G, Kim YE, Yun JY, Lee WW, Kim A, Kim HJ, Jeon B. Liquid levodopa-carbidopa in advanced Parkinson's disease with motor complications. J Neurol Sci 2017 15; 377: 6-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.03.039.
7. Hauser RA, Hsu A, Kell S, et al. Extended-release carbidopa-levodopa (IPX066) compared with immediate-release carbidopa-levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease and motor ﬂuctuations: a phase 3 randomized, double-blind trial. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12: 346-56.
8. Brooks DJ, Leinonen M, Kuoppamaki M, Nissinen H. Five-year efficacy and safety of levodopa/DDCI and entacapone in patients with Parkinson’ s disease. Journal of neural transmission 2008; 115: 843-9.
9. Deane KH, Spieker S, Clarke CE. Catechol-O-methyltransferaseinhibitors for levodopa-induced complications in Parkinson’s dis-ease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004: CD004554.
10. Kiss LE, Ferreira HS, Torrao L, et al. Discovery of a long-acting peripherally selective inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase. J Med Chem 2010; 53: 3396-41.
11. First World Pharma. Opicapone signiﬁcantly improves OFF-time in ﬂuctuating Parkinson’s disease patients as add-on to levodopa.London: Author; 2015.
12. Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Lim SY, Ravina B, Seppi K, Coelho M, Poewe W, Rascol O, Goetz CG, Sampaio C. The Movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based Medicine Review Update: Treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011; 26 Suppl 3: S2-41. doi: 10.1002/mds.23829.
13. Rascol O, Brooks DJ, Melamed E, et al. Rasagiline as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease and motor ﬂuctua-tions (LARGO, Lasting effect in Adjunct therapy with RasagilineGiven Once daily, study): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Lancet 2005; 365: 947-54.
14. Parkinson Study Group. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of rasagiline in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: the PRESTO study. Arch Neurol. 2005; 62: 241-8.
15. Borgohain R, Szasz J, Stanzione P, et al. Randomized trial of saﬁ-namide add-on to levodopa in Parkinson’s disease with motor ﬂuctuations. Mov Disord 2014; 29: 229-37.
16. Stocchi F. Continuous dopaminergic stimulation and novel formulations of dopamine agonists. J Neurol 2011; 258 (Suppl 2): S316-22. doi: 10.1007/s00415-011-6024-y.
17. Stocchi F, Giorgi L, Hunter B, Schapira AH. PREPARED: Comparison of prolonged and immediate release ropinirole in advanced Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2011; 26: 1259-65. doi: 10.1002/mds.23498.
18. Rascol A, Perez-Lloret S, Ferreira JJ. New treatments for levodopa-induced motor complications. Mov Disord 2015; 30: 1451-60.
19. Ceravolo R, Rossi C, Del Prete E, Bonuccelli U. A review of adverse events linked to dopamine agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2016; 15: 181-98. doi: 10.1517/14740338.2016.1130128. 20. Grosset KA, Malek N, Morgan F, Grosset DG. Phase IIa random-ized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of inhaled apomorphine as acute challenge for rescuing ‘off’ periods in patients with established Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20: 1445-50.
21. Hauser RA, Dubow J, Dzyngel B, Bilbault T, Giovinazzo A, AgroA. Efﬁcacy of sublingual apomorphine (APL-130277) for the treat-ment of “off” episodes in patients with Parkinson’s disease [abstr].Mov Disord 2015; 30(Suppl 1): 233.
22. Perez-Lloret S, Merello M. Two new adenosine receptor antagonists for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: istradefylline versus tozadenant. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15: 1097-107.
23. Mizuno Y, Kondo T, Japanese Istradefylline Study G. Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist istradefylline reduces daily OFF time in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2013; 28: 1138-41.
24. Smith KA, Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Nazzaro JM. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: current status and future outlook. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2016; 6: 299-317. doi: 10.2217/nmt-2016-0012.
25. Vijayakumar D, Jankovic J. Drug-induced dyskinesia, Part 1: Treatment of Levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Drugs 2016; 76: 759-77.
26. Prashanth LK, Fox S, Meissner WG. l-Dopa-induced dyskinesia-clinical presentation, genetics, and treatment. Int Rev Neurobiol 2011; 98: 31-54.
27. Mazzucchi S, Frosini D, Bonuccelli U, Ceravolo R. Current treatment and future prospects of dopa-induced dyskinesias. Drugs Today (Barc) 2015; 51: 315-29. doi: 10.1358/dot.2015.51.5.2313726.
28. Pahwa R, Tanner CM, Hauser RA, Sethi K, Isaacson S, Truong D, Struck L, Ruby AE, McClure NL, Went GT, Stempien MJ. Amantadine extended release for levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease (EASED Study). Mov Disord 2015; 30: 788-95.
29. Rascol O, Fox S, Gasparini F, Kenney C, Di Paolo T, Gomez-Mancilla B. Use of metabotropic glutamate 5-receptor antagonists for treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20: 947-56.
30. Kim JH, Chang WS, Jung HH, Chang JW. Effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease. Yonsei Med J 2015; 56: 1316-21.
31. Fabbrini G, Brotchie JM, Grandas F, Nomoto M, Goetz CG. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Mov Disord 2007 30; 22: 1379-89; quiz 1523.
32. Pacchetti C, Albani G, Martignoni E, Godi L, Alfonsi E, Nappi G. Off" painful dystonia in Parkinson's disease treated with botulinum toxin. Mov Disord 1995; 10: 333-6.
33. Detante O, Vercueil L, Krack P, Chabardes S, Benabid AL, Pollak P. Off-period dystonia in Parkinson's disease but not generalized dystonia is improved by high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. Adv Neurol 2004; 94: 309-14.
34. Aarsland D, van Steenoven I, Taylor JP, Weintraub D. Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Parkinson’ s Disease, Chapter 13 in Parkinson’ s Disease and Movement Disorders 6th Edition, Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors, Wolters-Kluwer Philedelphia, 2015.
35. Miyasaki JM. Treatment of Advanced Parkinson’ s Disease and Related Disorders. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2016; 22: 1104-16.
36. Cooney JW, Stacy M. Neuropsychiatric issues in Parkinson’ s Disease. Curr neurol Neurosci Rep 2016; 16.49. DOI 10.1007/s11910-016-0647-4.
37. Loddo G, Calandra-Buonaura G, Sambati L, Giannini G, Cecere A, Cortelli P, Provini P. The treatment of sleep disorders in parkinson’ s Disease:From research to clinical practice. Frontiers in Neurology 2017; Front Neurol 2017 16; 8:42. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00042.
38. Merola A, Espay AJ, Romagnolo A, Bernardini A, Rizzi L, Rosso M, Espay KJ, Zibetti M, Lanotte M, Lopiano L. Advanced therapies in Parkinson's disease: Long-term retrospective study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016; 29: 104-8. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.05.015.
39. Volkmann J, Albanese A, Antonini A, Chaudhuri KR, Clarke CE, de Bie RMA, Deuschl G, Eggert K, Houeto JL, Kulisevsky J, Nyholm D, Odin P, Østergaard K, Poewe W, Pollak P, Rabey JM, Rascol O, Ruzicka E, Samuel M, Speelman H, Sydow O, Valldeoriola F, van der Linden C, Oertel W. Selecting deep brain stimulation or infusion therapies in advanced Parkinson’s disease: an evidence-based review. J Neurol. 2013; 260: 2701-14. DOI 10.1007/s00415-012-6798-6
40. Wenzel K, Homann CN, Fabbrini G, Colosimo C. The role of subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14: 833-43. doi: 10.1586/14737175.2014.928202.
41. Grandas F. Subcutaneous infusions of apomorphine: a reappraisal of its therapeutic efficacy in advanced Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2013; 13: 1343-53.
42. Hughes AJ, Lees AJ, Stern GM. Apomorphine test to predict dopaminergic responsiveness in parkinsonian syndromes. Lancet 1990 7; 336 (8706): 32-4.
43. Bhidayasiri R, Chaudhuri KR, LeWitt P, Martin A, Boonpang K, van Laar T. Effective delivery of apomorphine in the management of Parkinson disease: practical considerations for clinicians and Parkinson nurses. Clin Neuropharmacol 2015; 38: 89-103. doi: 10.1097/WNF.0000000000000082.
44. Sharma JC1, Macnamara L, Hasoon M, Vassallo M. Diagnostic and therapeutic value of apomorphine in Parkinsonian patients. Int J Clin Pract 2004; 58: 1028-32.
45. Puente V, De Fabregues O, Oliveras C, Ribera G, Pont-Sunyer C, Vivanco R, Cucurella G, Giralt E, Delgado T, Garcia C, Seoane A, Campo R Eighteen month study of continuous intraduodenal levodopa infusion in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease: Impact on control of fluctuations and quality of life. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 2010; 16: 218-21.
46. Kurlan R, Rothfield KP, Woodward WR, Nutt JG, Miller C, Lichter D, Shoulsan I. Erratic gastric emptying may cause ‘‘random’’ fluctuations of parkinsonian mobility. Neurology 1988; 38: 419-21.
47. Rascol O, Perez-Liloret S, Ferreira JJ. New treatments for levodopa induced motor complications. Movement Disorders 2015; 30: 1451-60.
48. Abbruzzese G, Barone P, Bonuccelli U, Lopiano L, Antonini A. Continuous intestinal infusion of levodopa/carbidopa in advanced Parkinson’s disease: efficacy, safety and patient selection. Functional Neurology 2012; 27: 147-54.
49. Baizabal-Carvallo J, Jankovic J. Movement disorders induced by deep brain stimulation. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016; 25: 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.01.014.
50. Krack P, Pollak P, Limousin P, Benazzouz A, Deuschl G, Benabid AL. From off-period dystonia to peak-dose chorea. The clinical spectrum of varying subthalamic nucleus activity. Brain 1999; 122(Pt 6): 1133-46.
51. Williams NR, Foote KD, Okun MS. STN vs. GPi deep brain stimulation: translating the rematch into clinical practice. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2014; 1: 24-35. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.12004.
52. Ryu HS, Kim MS, You S, Kim MJ, Kim YJ, Kim J, Kim K, Chung SJ. Comparison of Pallidal and Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: Therapeutic and Adverse Effects. J Mov Disord 2017; 8. doi: 10.14802/jmd.17001.
53. Sako W, Miyazaki Y, Izumi Y, Kaji R. Which target is best for patients with Parkinson's disease? A meta-analysis of pallidal and subthalamic stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85: 982-6. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306090.
54. Follett KA, Weaver FM, Stern M, et al. CSP 468 Study Group. Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 2077-91. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0907083.
55. Okun MS, Wu SS, Foote KD, et al. Do stable patients with a premorbid depression history have a worse outcome after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease? Neurosurgery 2011; 69: 357-61. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182160456.
56. Højlund A, Petersen MV, Sridharan KS, Østergaard K. Worsening of Verbal Fluency After Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: A Focused Review. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2016 27; 15: 68-74. eCollection 2017.

Treatment strategies in advanced Parkinson's disease: Review of the literature

Year 2017, , 509 - 517, 19.09.2017

Yıldız Değirmenci

https://doi.org/10.7197/223.v39i31705.347447

Abstract

Parkinson’s
disease (PD) is a chronic, neurodegenerative disorder affecting basal ganglia,
dopamine-secreting cells in the pars compacta region of the substantia nigra,
in particular. It commonly affects people above the age of 50, however younger
–onset has also been reported. Since there is an ongoing dopaminergic cell
death in basal ganglia, it is a progressive disorder leading to severe
disability in the late stages of the disease. The advanced stages of PD are the
most challenging part of the disease for clinicians, as well as the patients’
themselves due to the motor fluctuations, freezing of gait, dyskinesia,
postural instability, falls, autonomic involvement, non-motor symptoms. This symptomatology
corresponds to the stage of 4-5 on the Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) scale, which is
commonly defined as advanced PD. The treatment options in the patients with
advanced PD are discussed in this review.

Keywords

Parkinson’s disease, advanced stage, treatment options

References

1. Coelho M, Ferreira JJ. Late-stage Parkinson disease. Nature reviews Neurology 2012; 8: 435-42.
2. Chaudhuri KR, Healy DG, Schapira AH; National Institute for Clinical Excellence Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: diagnosis and management. Lancet Neurol 2006; 5: 235-45.
3. Chaudhuri KR, Rizos A, Sethi KD. Motor and nonmotor complications in Parkinson’s disease: an argument for continuous drugdelivery? J Neural Transm 2013; 120: 1305-20.
4. Deleu D, Northway MG, Hanssens Y. Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties of drugs used in the treatment of Parkinson’ s disease. Clinical pharmacokinetic 2002; 41: 261-309.
5. Pilleri M, Antonini A. Novel levodopa formulations in the treatment of Parkinson’ s disease. Expert review of neurotherapeutics 2014; 14: 143-9.
6. Yang HJ, Ehm G, Kim YE, Yun JY, Lee WW, Kim A, Kim HJ, Jeon B. Liquid levodopa-carbidopa in advanced Parkinson's disease with motor complications. J Neurol Sci 2017 15; 377: 6-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.03.039.
7. Hauser RA, Hsu A, Kell S, et al. Extended-release carbidopa-levodopa (IPX066) compared with immediate-release carbidopa-levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease and motor ﬂuctuations: a phase 3 randomized, double-blind trial. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12: 346-56.
8. Brooks DJ, Leinonen M, Kuoppamaki M, Nissinen H. Five-year efficacy and safety of levodopa/DDCI and entacapone in patients with Parkinson’ s disease. Journal of neural transmission 2008; 115: 843-9.
9. Deane KH, Spieker S, Clarke CE. Catechol-O-methyltransferaseinhibitors for levodopa-induced complications in Parkinson’s dis-ease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004: CD004554.
10. Kiss LE, Ferreira HS, Torrao L, et al. Discovery of a long-acting peripherally selective inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase. J Med Chem 2010; 53: 3396-41.
11. First World Pharma. Opicapone signiﬁcantly improves OFF-time in ﬂuctuating Parkinson’s disease patients as add-on to levodopa.London: Author; 2015.
12. Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Lim SY, Ravina B, Seppi K, Coelho M, Poewe W, Rascol O, Goetz CG, Sampaio C. The Movement Disorder Society Evidence-Based Medicine Review Update: Treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2011; 26 Suppl 3: S2-41. doi: 10.1002/mds.23829.
13. Rascol O, Brooks DJ, Melamed E, et al. Rasagiline as an adjunct to levodopa in patients with Parkinson’s disease and motor ﬂuctua-tions (LARGO, Lasting effect in Adjunct therapy with RasagilineGiven Once daily, study): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Lancet 2005; 365: 947-54.
14. Parkinson Study Group. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of rasagiline in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: the PRESTO study. Arch Neurol. 2005; 62: 241-8.
15. Borgohain R, Szasz J, Stanzione P, et al. Randomized trial of saﬁ-namide add-on to levodopa in Parkinson’s disease with motor ﬂuctuations. Mov Disord 2014; 29: 229-37.
16. Stocchi F. Continuous dopaminergic stimulation and novel formulations of dopamine agonists. J Neurol 2011; 258 (Suppl 2): S316-22. doi: 10.1007/s00415-011-6024-y.
17. Stocchi F, Giorgi L, Hunter B, Schapira AH. PREPARED: Comparison of prolonged and immediate release ropinirole in advanced Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2011; 26: 1259-65. doi: 10.1002/mds.23498.
18. Rascol A, Perez-Lloret S, Ferreira JJ. New treatments for levodopa-induced motor complications. Mov Disord 2015; 30: 1451-60.
19. Ceravolo R, Rossi C, Del Prete E, Bonuccelli U. A review of adverse events linked to dopamine agonists in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2016; 15: 181-98. doi: 10.1517/14740338.2016.1130128. 20. Grosset KA, Malek N, Morgan F, Grosset DG. Phase IIa random-ized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of inhaled apomorphine as acute challenge for rescuing ‘off’ periods in patients with established Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20: 1445-50.
21. Hauser RA, Dubow J, Dzyngel B, Bilbault T, Giovinazzo A, AgroA. Efﬁcacy of sublingual apomorphine (APL-130277) for the treat-ment of “off” episodes in patients with Parkinson’s disease [abstr].Mov Disord 2015; 30(Suppl 1): 233.
22. Perez-Lloret S, Merello M. Two new adenosine receptor antagonists for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: istradefylline versus tozadenant. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 15: 1097-107.
23. Mizuno Y, Kondo T, Japanese Istradefylline Study G. Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist istradefylline reduces daily OFF time in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2013; 28: 1138-41.
24. Smith KA, Pahwa R, Lyons KE, Nazzaro JM. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: current status and future outlook. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2016; 6: 299-317. doi: 10.2217/nmt-2016-0012.
25. Vijayakumar D, Jankovic J. Drug-induced dyskinesia, Part 1: Treatment of Levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Drugs 2016; 76: 759-77.
26. Prashanth LK, Fox S, Meissner WG. l-Dopa-induced dyskinesia-clinical presentation, genetics, and treatment. Int Rev Neurobiol 2011; 98: 31-54.
27. Mazzucchi S, Frosini D, Bonuccelli U, Ceravolo R. Current treatment and future prospects of dopa-induced dyskinesias. Drugs Today (Barc) 2015; 51: 315-29. doi: 10.1358/dot.2015.51.5.2313726.
28. Pahwa R, Tanner CM, Hauser RA, Sethi K, Isaacson S, Truong D, Struck L, Ruby AE, McClure NL, Went GT, Stempien MJ. Amantadine extended release for levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease (EASED Study). Mov Disord 2015; 30: 788-95.
29. Rascol O, Fox S, Gasparini F, Kenney C, Di Paolo T, Gomez-Mancilla B. Use of metabotropic glutamate 5-receptor antagonists for treatment of levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20: 947-56.
30. Kim JH, Chang WS, Jung HH, Chang JW. Effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson’s disease. Yonsei Med J 2015; 56: 1316-21.
31. Fabbrini G, Brotchie JM, Grandas F, Nomoto M, Goetz CG. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Mov Disord 2007 30; 22: 1379-89; quiz 1523.
32. Pacchetti C, Albani G, Martignoni E, Godi L, Alfonsi E, Nappi G. Off" painful dystonia in Parkinson's disease treated with botulinum toxin. Mov Disord 1995; 10: 333-6.
33. Detante O, Vercueil L, Krack P, Chabardes S, Benabid AL, Pollak P. Off-period dystonia in Parkinson's disease but not generalized dystonia is improved by high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. Adv Neurol 2004; 94: 309-14.
34. Aarsland D, van Steenoven I, Taylor JP, Weintraub D. Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Parkinson’ s Disease, Chapter 13 in Parkinson’ s Disease and Movement Disorders 6th Edition, Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors, Wolters-Kluwer Philedelphia, 2015.
35. Miyasaki JM. Treatment of Advanced Parkinson’ s Disease and Related Disorders. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 2016; 22: 1104-16.
36. Cooney JW, Stacy M. Neuropsychiatric issues in Parkinson’ s Disease. Curr neurol Neurosci Rep 2016; 16.49. DOI 10.1007/s11910-016-0647-4.
37. Loddo G, Calandra-Buonaura G, Sambati L, Giannini G, Cecere A, Cortelli P, Provini P. The treatment of sleep disorders in parkinson’ s Disease:From research to clinical practice. Frontiers in Neurology 2017; Front Neurol 2017 16; 8:42. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00042.
38. Merola A, Espay AJ, Romagnolo A, Bernardini A, Rizzi L, Rosso M, Espay KJ, Zibetti M, Lanotte M, Lopiano L. Advanced therapies in Parkinson's disease: Long-term retrospective study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016; 29: 104-8. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.05.015.
39. Volkmann J, Albanese A, Antonini A, Chaudhuri KR, Clarke CE, de Bie RMA, Deuschl G, Eggert K, Houeto JL, Kulisevsky J, Nyholm D, Odin P, Østergaard K, Poewe W, Pollak P, Rabey JM, Rascol O, Ruzicka E, Samuel M, Speelman H, Sydow O, Valldeoriola F, van der Linden C, Oertel W. Selecting deep brain stimulation or infusion therapies in advanced Parkinson’s disease: an evidence-based review. J Neurol. 2013; 260: 2701-14. DOI 10.1007/s00415-012-6798-6
40. Wenzel K, Homann CN, Fabbrini G, Colosimo C. The role of subcutaneous infusion of apomorphine in Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14: 833-43. doi: 10.1586/14737175.2014.928202.
41. Grandas F. Subcutaneous infusions of apomorphine: a reappraisal of its therapeutic efficacy in advanced Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2013; 13: 1343-53.
42. Hughes AJ, Lees AJ, Stern GM. Apomorphine test to predict dopaminergic responsiveness in parkinsonian syndromes. Lancet 1990 7; 336 (8706): 32-4.
43. Bhidayasiri R, Chaudhuri KR, LeWitt P, Martin A, Boonpang K, van Laar T. Effective delivery of apomorphine in the management of Parkinson disease: practical considerations for clinicians and Parkinson nurses. Clin Neuropharmacol 2015; 38: 89-103. doi: 10.1097/WNF.0000000000000082.
44. Sharma JC1, Macnamara L, Hasoon M, Vassallo M. Diagnostic and therapeutic value of apomorphine in Parkinsonian patients. Int J Clin Pract 2004; 58: 1028-32.
45. Puente V, De Fabregues O, Oliveras C, Ribera G, Pont-Sunyer C, Vivanco R, Cucurella G, Giralt E, Delgado T, Garcia C, Seoane A, Campo R Eighteen month study of continuous intraduodenal levodopa infusion in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease: Impact on control of fluctuations and quality of life. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 2010; 16: 218-21.
46. Kurlan R, Rothfield KP, Woodward WR, Nutt JG, Miller C, Lichter D, Shoulsan I. Erratic gastric emptying may cause ‘‘random’’ fluctuations of parkinsonian mobility. Neurology 1988; 38: 419-21.
47. Rascol O, Perez-Liloret S, Ferreira JJ. New treatments for levodopa induced motor complications. Movement Disorders 2015; 30: 1451-60.
48. Abbruzzese G, Barone P, Bonuccelli U, Lopiano L, Antonini A. Continuous intestinal infusion of levodopa/carbidopa in advanced Parkinson’s disease: efficacy, safety and patient selection. Functional Neurology 2012; 27: 147-54.
49. Baizabal-Carvallo J, Jankovic J. Movement disorders induced by deep brain stimulation. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2016; 25: 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.01.014.
50. Krack P, Pollak P, Limousin P, Benazzouz A, Deuschl G, Benabid AL. From off-period dystonia to peak-dose chorea. The clinical spectrum of varying subthalamic nucleus activity. Brain 1999; 122(Pt 6): 1133-46.
51. Williams NR, Foote KD, Okun MS. STN vs. GPi deep brain stimulation: translating the rematch into clinical practice. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2014; 1: 24-35. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.12004.
52. Ryu HS, Kim MS, You S, Kim MJ, Kim YJ, Kim J, Kim K, Chung SJ. Comparison of Pallidal and Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson's Disease: Therapeutic and Adverse Effects. J Mov Disord 2017; 8. doi: 10.14802/jmd.17001.
53. Sako W, Miyazaki Y, Izumi Y, Kaji R. Which target is best for patients with Parkinson's disease? A meta-analysis of pallidal and subthalamic stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85: 982-6. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2013-306090.
54. Follett KA, Weaver FM, Stern M, et al. CSP 468 Study Group. Pallidal versus subthalamic deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 2077-91. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0907083.
55. Okun MS, Wu SS, Foote KD, et al. Do stable patients with a premorbid depression history have a worse outcome after deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease? Neurosurgery 2011; 69: 357-61. doi: 10.1227/NEU.0b013e3182160456.
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There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Subjects	Health Care Administration
Journal Section	Reviews
Authors	Yıldız Değirmenci
Publication Date	September 19, 2017
Acceptance Date	June 13, 2017
Published in Issue	Year 2017

Cite

AMA	Değirmenci Y. Treatment strategies in advanced Parkinson’s disease: Review of the literature. CMJ. September 2017;39(3):509-517. doi:10.7197/223.v39i31705.347447

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