Laboratory findings in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Hayrettin Yavuz; Hüseyin Aydın

doi:10.7197/cmj.vi.752920

Review

Laboratory findings in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Year 2020, , 198 - 202, 21.07.2020

Hayrettin Yavuz , Hüseyin Aydın

https://doi.org/10.7197/cmj.vi.752920

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Coronavirus disease pandemic is a public health threat that affects the whole world. Most coronavirus infections are mild in humans. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and coronavirus pneumonia. Many results in coronavirus disease have been obtained in the studies conducted so far. Rapid and effective diagnosis of coronavirus disease is vital. Thus; infected people can be isolated earlier and the spread of the disease can be stopped, and treatment of patients in need of treatment can be started immediately. In this review; the classification of patients, laboratory findings and the causes and results of these findings are mentioned.

It is thought that; this review could help clinicians and researchers for diagnosis, classification, treatment and prognosis of coronavirus disease. In addition, it is also thought that; this review helps to find out a biomarker that could be used in conjunction with computed tomography results for rapid and accurate diagnosis and classification of coronavirus disease.

Keywords

coronavirus disease, covid-19, coronavirus pneumonia, laboratory findings

References

1. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020; 323(13):1239–1242. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
2. Richman DD, Whitley RJ, Hayden FG (eds): Clinical Virology, 4th ed. Washington: ASM Press, 2016.
3. Drosten C, Gunther S, Preiser W, van der Werf S, Brodt HR, Becker S, Rabenau H, Panning M, Kolesnikova L, Fouchier RA, Berger A, Burguière AM, Cinatl J, Eickmann M, Escriou N, Grywna K, Kramme S, Manuguerra JC, Müller S, Rickerts V, Stürmer M, Vieth S, Klenk HD, Osterhaus AD, Schmitz H, Doerr HW. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1967–76. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030747.
4. WHO. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. Dec 31, 2003. (https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/)
5. de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric RS, Brown CS, Drosten C, Enjuanes L, Fouchier RA, Galiano M, Gorbalenya AE, Memish ZA, Perlman S, Poon LL, Snijder EJ, Stephens GM, Woo PC, Zaki AM, Zambon M, Ziebuhr J. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group. J Virol. 2013 Jul; 87(14):7790-92. doi:10.1128/JVI.01244-13.
6. Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, Feng J, Zhou H, Li X, Zhong W, Hao P. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sci. 2020; 63, 457–460. doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5.
7. Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. Immunotherapeutic implications of IL-6 blockade for cytokine storm. Immunotherapy. 2016; (8)8:959–70. doi:10.2217/imt-2016-0020.
8. Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2014; 6(10):a016295 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016295.
9. Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (Trial Version 7). Chin Med J 2020; 133:1087–1095. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000819.
10. Wei X, Su J, Yang K, Wei J, Wan H, Cao X, Tan W, Wang H. Elevations of serum cancer biomarkers correlate with severity of COVID‐19. J Med Virol.2020; 0146-6615. doi:10.1002/jmv.25957.
11. Fan J, Wang H, Ye g, Cao X, Xu X, Tan W, Zhang Y. Low-density lipoprotein is a potential predictor of poor prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease 2019, Metabolism Clinical and Experimental. 2020 Apr; 19:154243. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154243.
12. Liu F, Li L, Xu M, Wu J, Luo D, Zhu Y, Li B, Song X, Zhou X. Prognostic value of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin in patients with COVID-19. J Clin Virol. 2020 Apr 14;127:104370. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104370.
13. Zhang J, Yu M, Tong S, Liu LY, Tang LV. Predictive factors for disease progression in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. J Clin Virol. 2020 Apr 28; 127:104392. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104392.
14. Chen L, Liu HG, Liu W, Liu J, Liu K, Shang J, Deng Y, Wei S. Analysis of clinical features of 29 patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2020 Feb 6; 43(0):E005. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.0005.
15. Li Y, Hu Y, Yu J, Ma T. Retrospective analysis of laboratory testing in 54 patients with severe- or critical-type 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia. Lab Invest 2020. doi:10.1038/s41374-020-0431-6.
16. Henry BM. COVID-19, ECMO, and lymphopenia: a word of caution. Lancet Respir.Med. 2020; 8(4):e24. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30119-3.
17. Velavan TP, Meyer CG. Mild versus severe COVID-19: laboratory markers. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Jun; 95: 304–307. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.061.
18. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395:497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
19. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Peng Z. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020; 323(11):1061–1069. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585.
20. Lee N, Hui D, Wu A, Chan P, Cameron P, Joynt GM, Ahuja A, Yung MY, Leung CB, To KF, Lui SF, Szeto CC, Chung S, Sung JJ. A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 15; 348(20):1986-94. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030685.
21. Assiri A, McGeer A, Perl TM, Price CS, Al Rabeeah AA, Cummings DA, Alabdullatif ZN, Assad M, Almulhim A, Makhdoom H, Madani H, Alhakeem R, Al-Tawfiq JA, Cotten M, Watson SJ, Kellam P, Zumla AI, Memish ZA. Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013 Aug 1; 369(5):407-16. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1306742.
22. COVID-19 Investigation Team. Clinical and virologic characteristics of the first 12 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States. Nat Med. 2020 Apr 23. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0877-5.
23. Chen L, Liu HG, Liu W, Liu J, Liu K, Shang J, Deng Y, Wei S. Analysis of clinical features of 29 patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2020 Feb 6; 43(0):E005. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.0005.
24. Aziz M., Fatima R., Assaly R. Elevated Interleukin-6 and Severe COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020. doi:10.1002/jmv.25948.
25. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15; 395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
26. Zhang C, Shi L, Wang FS. Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges. Lancet Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2020 May; 5(5):428-430. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30057-1.
27. Ji D, Zhang D, Xu J, Chen Z, Yang T, Zhao P, Chen G, Cheng G, Wang Y, Bi J, Tan L, Lau G, Qin E. Prediction for Progression Risk in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia: the CALL Score. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 9. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa414.
28. Pepys MB. The Pentraxins 1975-2018: Serendipity, Diagnostics and Drugs. Front Immunol. 2018 Oct 16;9:2382. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02382

Koronavirüs Hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19) laboratuvar bulguları

Year 2020, , 198 - 202, 21.07.2020

Hayrettin Yavuz , Hüseyin Aydın

https://doi.org/10.7197/cmj.vi.752920

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Koronavirüs hastalığı pandemisi, tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan bir halk sağlığı tehdididir. Çoğu koronavirüs enfeksiyonu, insanlarda hafif seyretmektedir. Şiddetli akut solunum sendromu koronavirüsü-2 ise, koronavirüs hastalığına (COVID-19) ve koronavirüs pnömonisine neden olmaktadır. Şimdiye kadar yapılan çalışmalarda, koronavirüs hastalığı ile ilgili pek çok sonuç elde edilmiştir. Koronavirüs hastalığının hızlı ve etkili tanısı, hayati bir öneme sahiptir. Böylece; hem enfekte kişiler erken izolasyona alınarak hastalığın yayılması durdurulabilir, hem de tedavi ihtiyacı olan hastaların tedavisine hemen başlanabilir. Derlemede hastaların sınıflandırılması, laboratuvar bulguları ve bu bulguların nedenleri ve sonuçlarından bahsedilmiştir.

Bu derlemenin; koronavirüs hastalığının tanısı, sınıflandırılması, tedavisi ve prognozunda, klinisyenlere ve araştırmacılara yardımcı olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca derlemenin; koronavirüs hastalığının hızlı ve doğru teşhisi ve sınıflandırılması için, bilgisayarlı tomografi sonuçları ile birlikte kullanılabilen bir biyobelirteç bulunmasına yardımcı olabileceği de düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Koronavirüs hastalığı, Koronavirüs pnömonisi, COVID-19, laboratuvar bulguları

References

1. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020; 323(13):1239–1242. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648.
2. Richman DD, Whitley RJ, Hayden FG (eds): Clinical Virology, 4th ed. Washington: ASM Press, 2016.
3. Drosten C, Gunther S, Preiser W, van der Werf S, Brodt HR, Becker S, Rabenau H, Panning M, Kolesnikova L, Fouchier RA, Berger A, Burguière AM, Cinatl J, Eickmann M, Escriou N, Grywna K, Kramme S, Manuguerra JC, Müller S, Rickerts V, Stürmer M, Vieth S, Klenk HD, Osterhaus AD, Schmitz H, Doerr HW. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1967–76. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030747.
4. WHO. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. Dec 31, 2003. (https://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/)
5. de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric RS, Brown CS, Drosten C, Enjuanes L, Fouchier RA, Galiano M, Gorbalenya AE, Memish ZA, Perlman S, Poon LL, Snijder EJ, Stephens GM, Woo PC, Zaki AM, Zambon M, Ziebuhr J. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV): announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group. J Virol. 2013 Jul; 87(14):7790-92. doi:10.1128/JVI.01244-13.
6. Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, Feng J, Zhou H, Li X, Zhong W, Hao P. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sci. 2020; 63, 457–460. doi:10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5.
7. Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. Immunotherapeutic implications of IL-6 blockade for cytokine storm. Immunotherapy. 2016; (8)8:959–70. doi:10.2217/imt-2016-0020.
8. Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2014; 6(10):a016295 doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016295.
9. Diagnosis and Treatment Protocol for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (Trial Version 7). Chin Med J 2020; 133:1087–1095. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000819.
10. Wei X, Su J, Yang K, Wei J, Wan H, Cao X, Tan W, Wang H. Elevations of serum cancer biomarkers correlate with severity of COVID‐19. J Med Virol.2020; 0146-6615. doi:10.1002/jmv.25957.
11. Fan J, Wang H, Ye g, Cao X, Xu X, Tan W, Zhang Y. Low-density lipoprotein is a potential predictor of poor prognosis in patients with coronavirus disease 2019, Metabolism Clinical and Experimental. 2020 Apr; 19:154243. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154243.
12. Liu F, Li L, Xu M, Wu J, Luo D, Zhu Y, Li B, Song X, Zhou X. Prognostic value of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin in patients with COVID-19. J Clin Virol. 2020 Apr 14;127:104370. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104370.
13. Zhang J, Yu M, Tong S, Liu LY, Tang LV. Predictive factors for disease progression in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. J Clin Virol. 2020 Apr 28; 127:104392. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104392.
14. Chen L, Liu HG, Liu W, Liu J, Liu K, Shang J, Deng Y, Wei S. Analysis of clinical features of 29 patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2020 Feb 6; 43(0):E005. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.0005.
15. Li Y, Hu Y, Yu J, Ma T. Retrospective analysis of laboratory testing in 54 patients with severe- or critical-type 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia. Lab Invest 2020. doi:10.1038/s41374-020-0431-6.
16. Henry BM. COVID-19, ECMO, and lymphopenia: a word of caution. Lancet Respir.Med. 2020; 8(4):e24. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30119-3.
17. Velavan TP, Meyer CG. Mild versus severe COVID-19: laboratory markers. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Jun; 95: 304–307. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.04.061.
18. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020; 395:497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
19. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Wang X, Peng Z. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020; 323(11):1061–1069. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585.
20. Lee N, Hui D, Wu A, Chan P, Cameron P, Joynt GM, Ahuja A, Yung MY, Leung CB, To KF, Lui SF, Szeto CC, Chung S, Sung JJ. A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med. 2003 May 15; 348(20):1986-94. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030685.
21. Assiri A, McGeer A, Perl TM, Price CS, Al Rabeeah AA, Cummings DA, Alabdullatif ZN, Assad M, Almulhim A, Makhdoom H, Madani H, Alhakeem R, Al-Tawfiq JA, Cotten M, Watson SJ, Kellam P, Zumla AI, Memish ZA. Hospital outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013 Aug 1; 369(5):407-16. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1306742.
22. COVID-19 Investigation Team. Clinical and virologic characteristics of the first 12 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States. Nat Med. 2020 Apr 23. doi:10.1038/s41591-020-0877-5.
23. Chen L, Liu HG, Liu W, Liu J, Liu K, Shang J, Deng Y, Wei S. Analysis of clinical features of 29 patients with 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi. 2020 Feb 6; 43(0):E005. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.0005.
24. Aziz M., Fatima R., Assaly R. Elevated Interleukin-6 and Severe COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Medical Virology. 2020. doi:10.1002/jmv.25948.
25. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020 Feb 15; 395(10223):497-506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5.
26. Zhang C, Shi L, Wang FS. Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges. Lancet Gastroenterol.Hepatol. 2020 May; 5(5):428-430. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30057-1.
27. Ji D, Zhang D, Xu J, Chen Z, Yang T, Zhao P, Chen G, Cheng G, Wang Y, Bi J, Tan L, Lau G, Qin E. Prediction for Progression Risk in Patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia: the CALL Score. Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Apr 9. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa414.
28. Pepys MB. The Pentraxins 1975-2018: Serendipity, Diagnostics and Drugs. Front Immunol. 2018 Oct 16;9:2382. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02382

There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Health Care Administration
Journal Section	Reviews
Authors	Hayrettin Yavuz 0000-0001-5190-7022 Hüseyin Aydın 0000-0002-3194-830X
Publication Date	July 21, 2020
Acceptance Date	July 7, 2020
Published in Issue	Year 2020

Cite

AMA	Yavuz H, Aydın H. Laboratory findings in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). CMJ. July 2020;42(2):198-202. doi:10.7197/cmj.vi.752920

Cited By

Investigation of the Effect of Vaccination Status on the Prognosis of Covid-19 Patients Hospitalized in Pandemic Service

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https://doi.org/10.26453/otjhs.1390744

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