Research Article
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Year 2021, , 159 - 166, 01.07.2021

Sibel Yucel Kocak , Arzu Ozdemir

https://doi.org/10.7197/cmj.909706

Abstract

References

  • Referans 1. White CA, Akbari A, Allen C, et al. Simultaneous glomerular filtration rate determination using inulin, iohexol, and 99mTc-DTPA demonstrates the need for customized measurement protocols. Kidney Int 2021;99(4), 957-966.https://doi. org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.06.044
  • Referans 2. Lamb EJ, Stevens PE. Estimating and measuring glomerular filtration rate: methods of measurement and markers for estimation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2014; 23(3): 258-266. doi: 10.1097/01.mnh.0000444813.72626.88.
  • Referans 3. Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, et al. Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration ra-te. Ann Intern Med 2006;145(4): 247-254. doi:10.7326 /0003-4819-145-4-200608150-00004.
  • Referans 4. Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, et al. Expressing the Modification of Diet in Renal Disea-se Study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate with standardized serum creati-nine values. Clin Chem 2007;53 (4):766-772. doi: 10.1373/clinchem. 2006.077180.
  • Referans 5. Ognibene A, Grandi G, Lorubbio M, et al. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline CKD classification rules out creatinine clearance 24hour urine collection? Clin Biochem 2016 ;49(1-2):85-89. . doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem. 2015.07.030.
  • Referans 6. Levin A, Stevens PE. Summary of KDIGO 2012 CKD Guideline: behind the scenes, need for guidance, and a framework for moving forward. Kidney Int 2014; 85(1):49-61. doi: 10.1038/ki.2013.444.
  • Referans 7. Levey AS, Becker C, Inker LA. Glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria for detection and staging of acute and chronic kidney disease in adults: a systematic review. JAMA 2015; 313(8): 837-846. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.0602.
  • Referans 8. EarleyA, Miskulin D, Lamb EJ, Levey A S, Uhlig K. Estimating equations for glomerular filtration rate in the era of creatinine standardization: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2012;156 (11): 785-795. https://doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-156-6-201203200-00391.
  • Referans 9. Shardlow A, McIntyre NJ, Fraser SDS, et al. The clinical utility and cost impact of cystatin C measurement in the diagnosis and management of chronic kidney disease: A primary care cohort study. PLoS Med. 2017;14(10): e1002400. https://doi: 10.1371/journal. pmed. 1002400.
  • Referans 10 Rosenblatt R, Verna EC. Cystatin C: The answer or a call for better kidney biomarkers in cirrhosis? Transplantation 2020; 104(7): e186-e187. https://doi: 10.1097/TP. 0000000000003223.
  • Referans 11. Elsayed MS, El Badawy A, Ahmed A, Omar R, Mohamed A. Serum cystatin C as an indicator for early detection of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(1):374-381. https://doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.08.017.
  • Referans 12. Harman G, Akbari A, Hiremath S, et al. Accuracy of cystatin C-based estimates of glomerular filtration rate in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28(3):741-757. https://doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfs498.
  • Referans 13. Iacomelli I, Giordano A, Rivasi G, et al. Low Creatinine Potentially Overestimates Glo-merular Filtration Rate in Older Fracture Patients: A Plea for an Extensive Use of Cystatin C? Eur J Intern Med 2020; 25:S0953-6205(20)30254-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.06.016.
  • Referans 14. Matsushita K, Mahmoodi BK, Woodward M, et al. Comparison of risk prediction using the CKD-EPI equation and the MDRD study equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate. JAMA 2012; 9;307(18):1941-1951. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.3954.
  • Referans 15. Stevens PE, Levin A; Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Chronic Kidney Dise-ase Guideline Development Work Group Members. Evaluation and management of chro-nic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2012 clini-cal practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2013;4;158(11):825-830. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00007.
  • Referans 16. Carville S, Wonderling D, Stevens P; Guideline Development Group. Early identification and management of chronic kidney disease in adults: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ 2014; 24; 349: g4507. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g4507.
  • Referans 17. Fan L, Inker LA, Rossert J, Froissart M, Rossing P et al. Glomerular filtration rate estimation using cystatin C alone or combined with creatinine as a confirmatory test. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014 ;29(6):1195-1203. https:// doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft509.
  • Referans 18. Trimarchi H, Muryan A, Toscano A, et al. Proteinuria, (99m) Tc-DTPA Scintigraphy, Cre-atinine-, Cystatin- and Combined-Based Equations in the Assessment of Chronic Kidney Disease. ISRN Nephrol 2014;11;2014:430247. doi: 10.1155/2014/430247.
  • Referans 19. Perkins BA, Ficociello LH, Ostrander BE, et al. Microalbuminuria and the risk for early progressive renal function decline in type1 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;18(4):1353-1361. https://doi: 10.1681/ASN.2006080872.
  • Referans 20. Kim JS, Kim MK, Lee JY, et al. The effects of proteinuria on urinary cystatin-C and glomerular filtration rate calculated by serum cystatin-C. Ren Fail 2012;34(6):676-684. https://doi: 10.3109/0886022X.2012.672154.
  • Referans 21. Tkaczyk M, Nowicki M, Lukamowicz J. Increased cystatin C concentration in urine of nephrotic children. Pediatr Nephrol 2004;19(11):1278-1280. https://doi: 10.1007/s00467-004-1566-1.
  • Referans 22. Branten AJ, Vervoort G, Wetzels JF. Serum creatinine is a poor marker of GFR in nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20(4):707-711. https://doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfh719.
  • Referans 23. Hofstra JM, Willems JL, Wetzels JF. Estimated glomerular filtration rate in the nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26(2):550-6. https://doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq443.
  • Referans 24. Alaje AK, Adedeji TA, Adedoyin AR, Idogun SE. Creatinine and cystatin C-based evaluation of renal function among obese subjects in Benin City, Nigeria. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2019;30(3):648-654. https://doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.261339. PMID: 31249229.
  • Referans 25. Ciin MN, Proungvitaya T, Limpaiboon T, et al. Serum Cystatin C as a Potential Marker for Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res. 2020;14(3):157-166. https://doi:10.18502/ijhoscr.v14i3.3723.

Comparison of creatinine, cystatin, CKD-EPI cystatin C, CKD-EPI creatinine and MDRD equations in estimating glomerular filtration rate in patients with nephrotic syndrome

Year 2021, , 159 - 166, 01.07.2021

Sibel Yucel Kocak , Arzu Ozdemir

https://doi.org/10.7197/cmj.909706

Abstract

Objective: It’s recommended to use equations such as Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) by using creatinine level in estimating glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Here, we aimed to compare serum cystatin-C (Cys-C) and Cys-C based equations with creatinine and creatinine based equations in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and nephrotic syndrome (NS).
Method: A total of 142 patients with CKD (30 with NS and 112 without NS) followed in the nephrology outpatient clinic were included into the study. The patients were divided into two groups as NS (n=30) and non-NS (n=112).
Results: Out of 142 patients, 74 (52.1%) were male. Mean age of the patients was 51.94 ± 14.23 years (17-80). There was no significant difference in terms of age, gender and diabetes prevalence rates between the patients with NS and non-NS (p>0.05). Proteinuria was 6300.77 ± 3192.47 grams in the NS group and 1112.09 ±1004.36 grams in the non-NS group (p=0.001). Total cholesterol and LDL values were found to be significantly higher in patients with NS (p=0.033 and p=0.017, respectively). While there was no difference in serum creatinine level between the two groups, the Cys-C value in the NS group was found to be significantly higher than those of non-NS group (2.44 ± 0.94 vs 2.00 ± 0.99; p=0.014). CKD-EPI-CysC GFR and CKD-EPI Cr-CysC values were found to be significantly lower in the NS group than in the non-NS group (p=0.025, p=0.042, respectively). No significant difference was found between the two groups in CKD-EPI-Cr, MDRD formula and creatinine clearance.
Conclusions: Formulas based on alternative markers such as Cys-C may be more advantageous for the correct estimation of GFR. In this study, we showed that CKD-EPI-CysC and CKD-EPI Cr-CysC are better in detecting CKD than others in the evaluation of renal functions in NS.

Keywords

Cystatin-C chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration glomerular filtration rate nephrotic syndrome

References

  • Referans 1. White CA, Akbari A, Allen C, et al. Simultaneous glomerular filtration rate determination using inulin, iohexol, and 99mTc-DTPA demonstrates the need for customized measurement protocols. Kidney Int 2021;99(4), 957-966.https://doi. org/10.1016/j.kint.2020.06.044
  • Referans 2. Lamb EJ, Stevens PE. Estimating and measuring glomerular filtration rate: methods of measurement and markers for estimation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2014; 23(3): 258-266. doi: 10.1097/01.mnh.0000444813.72626.88.
  • Referans 3. Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, et al. Using standardized serum creatinine values in the modification of diet in renal disease study equation for estimating glomerular filtration ra-te. Ann Intern Med 2006;145(4): 247-254. doi:10.7326 /0003-4819-145-4-200608150-00004.
  • Referans 4. Levey AS, Coresh J, Greene T, et al. Expressing the Modification of Diet in Renal Disea-se Study equation for estimating glomerular filtration rate with standardized serum creati-nine values. Clin Chem 2007;53 (4):766-772. doi: 10.1373/clinchem. 2006.077180.
  • Referans 5. Ognibene A, Grandi G, Lorubbio M, et al. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline CKD classification rules out creatinine clearance 24hour urine collection? Clin Biochem 2016 ;49(1-2):85-89. . doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem. 2015.07.030.
  • Referans 6. Levin A, Stevens PE. Summary of KDIGO 2012 CKD Guideline: behind the scenes, need for guidance, and a framework for moving forward. Kidney Int 2014; 85(1):49-61. doi: 10.1038/ki.2013.444.
  • Referans 7. Levey AS, Becker C, Inker LA. Glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria for detection and staging of acute and chronic kidney disease in adults: a systematic review. JAMA 2015; 313(8): 837-846. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.0602.
  • Referans 8. EarleyA, Miskulin D, Lamb EJ, Levey A S, Uhlig K. Estimating equations for glomerular filtration rate in the era of creatinine standardization: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2012;156 (11): 785-795. https://doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-156-6-201203200-00391.
  • Referans 9. Shardlow A, McIntyre NJ, Fraser SDS, et al. The clinical utility and cost impact of cystatin C measurement in the diagnosis and management of chronic kidney disease: A primary care cohort study. PLoS Med. 2017;14(10): e1002400. https://doi: 10.1371/journal. pmed. 1002400.
  • Referans 10 Rosenblatt R, Verna EC. Cystatin C: The answer or a call for better kidney biomarkers in cirrhosis? Transplantation 2020; 104(7): e186-e187. https://doi: 10.1097/TP. 0000000000003223.
  • Referans 11. Elsayed MS, El Badawy A, Ahmed A, Omar R, Mohamed A. Serum cystatin C as an indicator for early detection of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13(1):374-381. https://doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.08.017.
  • Referans 12. Harman G, Akbari A, Hiremath S, et al. Accuracy of cystatin C-based estimates of glomerular filtration rate in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28(3):741-757. https://doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfs498.
  • Referans 13. Iacomelli I, Giordano A, Rivasi G, et al. Low Creatinine Potentially Overestimates Glo-merular Filtration Rate in Older Fracture Patients: A Plea for an Extensive Use of Cystatin C? Eur J Intern Med 2020; 25:S0953-6205(20)30254-5. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2020.06.016.
  • Referans 14. Matsushita K, Mahmoodi BK, Woodward M, et al. Comparison of risk prediction using the CKD-EPI equation and the MDRD study equation for estimated glomerular filtration rate. JAMA 2012; 9;307(18):1941-1951. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.3954.
  • Referans 15. Stevens PE, Levin A; Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Chronic Kidney Dise-ase Guideline Development Work Group Members. Evaluation and management of chro-nic kidney disease: synopsis of the kidney disease: improving global outcomes 2012 clini-cal practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2013;4;158(11):825-830. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-11-201306040-00007.
  • Referans 16. Carville S, Wonderling D, Stevens P; Guideline Development Group. Early identification and management of chronic kidney disease in adults: summary of updated NICE guidance. BMJ 2014; 24; 349: g4507. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g4507.
  • Referans 17. Fan L, Inker LA, Rossert J, Froissart M, Rossing P et al. Glomerular filtration rate estimation using cystatin C alone or combined with creatinine as a confirmatory test. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014 ;29(6):1195-1203. https:// doi: 10.1093/ndt/gft509.
  • Referans 18. Trimarchi H, Muryan A, Toscano A, et al. Proteinuria, (99m) Tc-DTPA Scintigraphy, Cre-atinine-, Cystatin- and Combined-Based Equations in the Assessment of Chronic Kidney Disease. ISRN Nephrol 2014;11;2014:430247. doi: 10.1155/2014/430247.
  • Referans 19. Perkins BA, Ficociello LH, Ostrander BE, et al. Microalbuminuria and the risk for early progressive renal function decline in type1 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007;18(4):1353-1361. https://doi: 10.1681/ASN.2006080872.
  • Referans 20. Kim JS, Kim MK, Lee JY, et al. The effects of proteinuria on urinary cystatin-C and glomerular filtration rate calculated by serum cystatin-C. Ren Fail 2012;34(6):676-684. https://doi: 10.3109/0886022X.2012.672154.
  • Referans 21. Tkaczyk M, Nowicki M, Lukamowicz J. Increased cystatin C concentration in urine of nephrotic children. Pediatr Nephrol 2004;19(11):1278-1280. https://doi: 10.1007/s00467-004-1566-1.
  • Referans 22. Branten AJ, Vervoort G, Wetzels JF. Serum creatinine is a poor marker of GFR in nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005;20(4):707-711. https://doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfh719.
  • Referans 23. Hofstra JM, Willems JL, Wetzels JF. Estimated glomerular filtration rate in the nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2011;26(2):550-6. https://doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq443.
  • Referans 24. Alaje AK, Adedeji TA, Adedoyin AR, Idogun SE. Creatinine and cystatin C-based evaluation of renal function among obese subjects in Benin City, Nigeria. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2019;30(3):648-654. https://doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.261339. PMID: 31249229.
  • Referans 25. Ciin MN, Proungvitaya T, Limpaiboon T, et al. Serum Cystatin C as a Potential Marker for Glomerular Filtration Rate in Patients with Cholangiocarcinoma. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res. 2020;14(3):157-166. https://doi:10.18502/ijhoscr.v14i3.3723.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Medical Science Research Articles
Authors

Sibel Yucel Kocak 0000-0003-3984-4043

Arzu Ozdemir 0000-0001-7651-7282

Publication Date July 1, 2021
Acceptance Date May 19, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

AMA Yucel Kocak S, Ozdemir A. Comparison of creatinine, cystatin, CKD-EPI cystatin C, CKD-EPI creatinine and MDRD equations in estimating glomerular filtration rate in patients with nephrotic syndrome. CMJ. July 2021;43(2):159-166. doi:10.7197/cmj.909706