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Evaluation of body composition and basal metabolic rate after acute exercise in menstrual phases in sportswomen

Year 2011, Volume: 33 Issue: 1, 53 - 60, 14.03.2011

Abstract

Abstract

Aim. In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible changes of body composition and basal metabolic rate in three phases of menstrual cycle by means of BIA technique in sportswomen. Method. We included twenty female students who are 19.8 ± 1.7 years of age, 1.7 ± 5.2 m tall and 53.7±5.5 kilograms of weight. The participants were all students at sport academy. The participants had normal and regular menstrual cycle (28 ± 2 days). Astrand's maximal bicycle ergometry test was applied to all of the participants. The body ergometry test was initiated by 50 watt and it was terminated with the top figure exhaustive point. TANİTA's TBF-300 body composition analizator was used and body mass index (BMI), basal metabolic rate (BMR), body mass fat, fat free mass (FFM), total body water (TBW) and total body fat percent (fat %) were analysed for each participant. Blood pressure, pulse and bioelectrical impedance (BIA) were measured just before and after exercises. Results. That there were no differences among the three phases of menstrual cycle regarding BMR measured just before and after exercises. We found that, BIA was high and TBW was low in luteal phase and FFM was decreased in follicular phase before exercise. BIA was increased after exercise in luteal phase. In early follicular phase FFM and TBW increased and body mass fat and fat % was decreased after exercise Although fat mass increased, BIA and fat % decreased just after the exercises in luteal phase. Conclusion. We think that the differences for body composition and BIA are because of TBW with menstrual cycle hormonal changes.

Keywords: Basal metabolic rate,bioelectrical impedance, menstrual cycle, exercise, sportswomen

 

Özet

Amaç. Çalışmamızda biyoelektriksel impedans tekniğini kullanarak menstrual dönemin üç fazındaki bazal metabolizma hızını ve vücut kompozisyonundaki olası değişiklikleri değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Yöntem. Çalışmaya 19,8 ± 1,7 yaş, 1,7 ± 5,2 m boy ve 53,7±5,5 kg ağırlık ortalamasında yirmi bayan öğrenci alındı. Katılımcıların tümü spor akademisi öğrencileri idi. Katılımcılar normal ve düzenli menstruasyon süresine (28±2 gün) sahipti. Denekler Astrand'ın maksimal bisiklet ergometri testine tabi tutuldular. Egzersiz testinde yüklemeye 50 Watt'dan başlandı, denekler tükeninceye kadar çalıştırıldı ve bu noktada test sona erdirildi. Tanita TBF-300 vücut kompozisyon analizatörü kullanılarak; vücut kitle indeksi, bazal metabolik hız, vücut yağ dokusu, yağsız vücut ağırlığı, total vücut su miktarı, vücut yağ oranı ölçümleri yapıldı. Egzersizden önce ve sonra kan basıncı, nabız ve biyoelektriksel impedans (BİA) ölçümleri yapıldı. Bulgular. Bazal metabolik hız (BMR) tüm fazlarda egzersiz öncesinde ve sonrasında farklılık göstermemiştir. Egzersiz öncesi; luteal fazda impedans yüksek, total vücut su oranı (TVS) düşük, foliküler fazda ise yağsız vücut ağırlığı (YVA) düşük olarak saptanmıştır. Egzersiz sonrası ise luteal fazda impedans artmıştır. Erken foliküler fazda YVA ve TVS egzersiz sonrası artarken, yağ dokusu ve yüzde yağ oranı azalmıştır. Luteal fazda ise egzersiz sonrasında BİA ve yağ yüzde değerleri azalırken, yağ dokusu oranları artış göstermiştir. Sonuç. Menstrual siklus fazlarında saptanan vücut kompozisyonuna ait farklılıkların, menstrual siklusun hormonal değişimleri ile birlikte hipohidratasyona bağlı olduğunu düşünmekteyiz.

Anahtar sözcükler: Bazal metabolik hız, biyoelektriksel impedans, menstrual siklus, egzersiz, kadın sporcu

References

  • Galliven EA, Singh A, Michelson D, Bina S, Gold PW Deuster P. Hormonal and metabolic responses to exercise across time of day and menstrual cycle phase. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83: 1822-31. 2.
  • Wimberly MG, Manore M M, Woolf K, Swan PD, Carrol SS. Effects of habitual physical activity on the resting metabolic rates and body composition of women aged 35 to 50 years. J Am Diet Assoc 2001; 101: 1181-8. 3.
  • Mcardle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology. Williams & Wilking, fourth edition, Baltimore, 1996, 559-61. 4.
  • Jequier E, Tappy L. Regulation of body weight in humans. Physiol Rev 1999; 79: 451-80. 5.
  • Meijer GA, Westerterp KR, Saris WHM, ten Hoor FT. Sleeping metabolic rate in relation to body composition and the menstrual cycle. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 637-40. 6.
  • Sjödin AM, Forslund AH, Westerturp KR, Adersson AB, Forslund JM, Hambraesus LM. The influence of physical activity on bmr. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: 85-91. 7.
  • Johnson WG, Coorigen SA, Lemmon CR, Bergeron KB, Crusco AH. Energy regulation over the menstrual cycle. Physiol Behav 1994; 56: 523-7. 8.
  • Bisdee JT, Garlic PJ, James WP. Metabolic changes during the menstrual cycle. Br J Nutr 1989; 61: 641-50. 9.
  • Solomon SJ, Kurzer MS, Colloway DH. Menstrual cycle and basal metabolic rate in women. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36: 611-6.
  • Ashely CD, Bishop P, Smith JF, Reneau P, Perkins C. Menstrual phase effects on fat and carbonhydrate oxidation during prolonged exercise in active females. An İnternational Electronic Journal 2000; 3: 67-73.
  • Zderic TW, Coggan AR, Ruby BC. Glucose kinetics and subtrate oxidation during exercise in the follicular and luteal phases. J Appl Physiol 2001; 90: 447- 53.
  • Ellis KJ. Human Body composition: in vivo methods. Physiol Rev 2000; 50: 649- 80.
  • Powell LA, Nieman D C, Melby C, Cureton K, Schmidt D, Howley ET, Hill JO, Mault JR, Alexander H, Stewart DJ. Assesment of body composition change in a community- based weight management program. J Am Coll Nutr 2001; 20: 26- 31.
  • Baumgarter RN, Cameron C, Roche AF. Bioelectrical impedance for body composition.; Am J Clin. Nutr 1988; 48: 16-23.
  • Heyward VH. Advanced fitness assesment and exercise prescription. Human Kinetics books, second edition, New Mexico, 1991, 47-8.
  • Ergün M. Bilimsel araştırmalarda bilgisayarla istatistik uygulamaları,SPSS for windows.,Minpa matbaacılık birinci baskı, Ankara, 1995, 164-85.
  • Mawson JT, Braun B, Rock PB, Moore LG, Mazzeo R, Butterfıeld E G. Women at Altitude: Energy requriment at 4300 m. J Appl Physiol 2000; 88: 272-81.
  • Lebenstedt M, Platte P, Pirke KM. Reduced resting metabolic rate in athletes with menstrual disorders. Med Sci Sport Exerci 1999; 31: 1250-6.
  • Gonzalez RR, Blanchard LA. Thermoregulatory responses to cold transients: effects of menstrual cycle in resting women. J Appl Physiol 1998; 85: 543-53
  • Tenaglia SA, Mclellan TM, Klentrou PP. İnfluence of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1999; 80: 76-83.
  • Piers LS, Diggavi SN, Rijskamp J, Raaij J MA, Shetty PS. Resting metabolic rate and thermic effect of a meal in the folicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in well-nourished Indian women. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61: 296-302.
  • Tai MM, Castillo PF, Pi- Sunyer FX. Thermic effect of food during each phase of the menstrual cycle. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 1110-5.
  • Dalvit SP, Mc Phillips. The effect of the human menstrual cycle on nutrient intake. Physiol Behav 1983; 31: 209-12.
  • Kanaley JA, Boıleau RA, Bahr JA, Mısner JE, Nelson RA. Substrate oxidation and GH responses to exercise are independent of menstrual phase and status. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: 873-80.
  • Toth MJ, Beckett T, Poehlman ET. Physical activity and the progressive change in body composition with aging: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 590-6.
  • Ribeyre J, Fellmann N, Montaurier C, Delaitre M, vernet J, Coudert J, Vermorel M. Daily energy expenditure and its main components as measured by whole- body indirect calorimetry in athletic and non- athletic adolescent. Br J Nutr 2000; 83: 355-62.
  • Gleichauf CN, Roe DA. The menstrual cycle’s effect on the reliability of bioempedance measurement for assessing body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 50: 903-7.
  • Segal KR. Use of bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements as an evaluation for participating in sports. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 64: 469-71.
  • Özenoğlu A, Can G, Taşan E , Hatemi H. Beden kitle indeksine göre normal ağırlıklı, fazla kilolu obez ve morbid olarak gruplandırılan yetişkin kadın ve erkeklerde vücut kompozisyonu referans değerleri. Endokronolojide yönelişler 2001; 10: 58-63.
  • Wilmore JH; Despres J-P, Stanforth PR, Mandel S, Rice T, Gagon J, Leon A S, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Bouchard C. Alterations in body weight and composition consequent to 20 wk of endurance training: the herıtage family study. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 346-52.
  • Liang MTC, Su HF, Lee NY. Skin temperature and skin blood flow affect bioelectric impedance study of female fat-free mass. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32: 221-7.
  • Eckerson JM, Evetovich KT, Stout JR, Housh JT, Johnson GO, Housh DJ, Ebersole KT, Smith DB. Validity of bioelectrical impedance equations for estimating fat-free weight in high school female gymnasts. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: 962-8.

Original research-Orijinal araştırma

Year 2011, Volume: 33 Issue: 1, 53 - 60, 14.03.2011

Abstract

Amaç. Çalışmamızda biyoelektriksel impedans tekniğini kullanarak menstrual dönemin üç fazındaki bazal metabolizma hızını ve vücut kompozisyonundaki olası değişiklikleri değerlendirmeyi amaçladık. Yöntem. Çalışmaya 19,8 ± 1,7 yaş, 1,7 ± 5,2 m boy ve 53,7±5,5 kg ağırlık ortalamasında yirmi bayan öğrenci alındı. Katılımcıların tümü spor akademisi öğrencileri idi. Katılımcılar normal ve düzenli menstruasyon süresine (28±2 gün) sahipti. Denekler Astrand’ın maksimal bisiklet ergometri testine tabi tutuldular. Egzersiz testinde yüklemeye 50 Watt’dan başlandı, denekler tükeninceye kadar çalıştırıldı ve bu noktada test sona erdirildi. Tanita TBF-300 vücut kompozisyon analizatörü kullanılarak; vücut kitle indeksi, bazal metabolik hız, vücut yağ dokusu, yağsız vücut ağırlığı, total vücut su miktarı, vücut yağ oranı ölçümleri yapıldı. Egzersizden önce ve sonra kan basıncı, nabız ve biyoelektriksel impedans (BİA) ölçümleri yapıldı. Bulgular. Bazal metabolik hız (BMR) tüm fazlarda egzersiz öncesinde ve sonrasında farklılık göstermemiştir. Egzersiz öncesi; luteal fazda impedans yüksek, total vücut su oranı (TVS) düşük, foliküler fazda ise yağsız vücut ağırlığı (YVA) düşük olarak saptanmıştır. Egzersiz sonrası ise luteal fazda impedans artmıştır. Erken foliküler fazda YVA ve TVS egzersiz sonrası artarken, yağ dokusu ve yüzde yağ oranı azalmıştır. Luteal fazda ise egzersiz sonrasında BİA ve yağ yüzde değerleri azalırken, yağ dokusu oranları artış göstermiştir. Sonuç. Menstrual siklus fazlarında saptanan vücut kompozisyonuna ait farklılıkların, menstrual siklusun hormonal değişimleri ile birlikte hipohidratasyona bağlı olduğunu düşünmekteyiz

References

  • Galliven EA, Singh A, Michelson D, Bina S, Gold PW Deuster P. Hormonal and metabolic responses to exercise across time of day and menstrual cycle phase. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83: 1822-31. 2.
  • Wimberly MG, Manore M M, Woolf K, Swan PD, Carrol SS. Effects of habitual physical activity on the resting metabolic rates and body composition of women aged 35 to 50 years. J Am Diet Assoc 2001; 101: 1181-8. 3.
  • Mcardle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology. Williams & Wilking, fourth edition, Baltimore, 1996, 559-61. 4.
  • Jequier E, Tappy L. Regulation of body weight in humans. Physiol Rev 1999; 79: 451-80. 5.
  • Meijer GA, Westerterp KR, Saris WHM, ten Hoor FT. Sleeping metabolic rate in relation to body composition and the menstrual cycle. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 637-40. 6.
  • Sjödin AM, Forslund AH, Westerturp KR, Adersson AB, Forslund JM, Hambraesus LM. The influence of physical activity on bmr. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: 85-91. 7.
  • Johnson WG, Coorigen SA, Lemmon CR, Bergeron KB, Crusco AH. Energy regulation over the menstrual cycle. Physiol Behav 1994; 56: 523-7. 8.
  • Bisdee JT, Garlic PJ, James WP. Metabolic changes during the menstrual cycle. Br J Nutr 1989; 61: 641-50. 9.
  • Solomon SJ, Kurzer MS, Colloway DH. Menstrual cycle and basal metabolic rate in women. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36: 611-6.
  • Ashely CD, Bishop P, Smith JF, Reneau P, Perkins C. Menstrual phase effects on fat and carbonhydrate oxidation during prolonged exercise in active females. An İnternational Electronic Journal 2000; 3: 67-73.
  • Zderic TW, Coggan AR, Ruby BC. Glucose kinetics and subtrate oxidation during exercise in the follicular and luteal phases. J Appl Physiol 2001; 90: 447- 53.
  • Ellis KJ. Human Body composition: in vivo methods. Physiol Rev 2000; 50: 649- 80.
  • Powell LA, Nieman D C, Melby C, Cureton K, Schmidt D, Howley ET, Hill JO, Mault JR, Alexander H, Stewart DJ. Assesment of body composition change in a community- based weight management program. J Am Coll Nutr 2001; 20: 26- 31.
  • Baumgarter RN, Cameron C, Roche AF. Bioelectrical impedance for body composition.; Am J Clin. Nutr 1988; 48: 16-23.
  • Heyward VH. Advanced fitness assesment and exercise prescription. Human Kinetics books, second edition, New Mexico, 1991, 47-8.
  • Ergün M. Bilimsel araştırmalarda bilgisayarla istatistik uygulamaları,SPSS for windows.,Minpa matbaacılık birinci baskı, Ankara, 1995, 164-85.
  • Mawson JT, Braun B, Rock PB, Moore LG, Mazzeo R, Butterfıeld E G. Women at Altitude: Energy requriment at 4300 m. J Appl Physiol 2000; 88: 272-81.
  • Lebenstedt M, Platte P, Pirke KM. Reduced resting metabolic rate in athletes with menstrual disorders. Med Sci Sport Exerci 1999; 31: 1250-6.
  • Gonzalez RR, Blanchard LA. Thermoregulatory responses to cold transients: effects of menstrual cycle in resting women. J Appl Physiol 1998; 85: 543-53
  • Tenaglia SA, Mclellan TM, Klentrou PP. İnfluence of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1999; 80: 76-83.
  • Piers LS, Diggavi SN, Rijskamp J, Raaij J MA, Shetty PS. Resting metabolic rate and thermic effect of a meal in the folicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in well-nourished Indian women. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61: 296-302.
  • Tai MM, Castillo PF, Pi- Sunyer FX. Thermic effect of food during each phase of the menstrual cycle. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66: 1110-5.
  • Dalvit SP, Mc Phillips. The effect of the human menstrual cycle on nutrient intake. Physiol Behav 1983; 31: 209-12.
  • Kanaley JA, Boıleau RA, Bahr JA, Mısner JE, Nelson RA. Substrate oxidation and GH responses to exercise are independent of menstrual phase and status. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992; 24: 873-80.
  • Toth MJ, Beckett T, Poehlman ET. Physical activity and the progressive change in body composition with aging: current evidence and research issues. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: 590-6.
  • Ribeyre J, Fellmann N, Montaurier C, Delaitre M, vernet J, Coudert J, Vermorel M. Daily energy expenditure and its main components as measured by whole- body indirect calorimetry in athletic and non- athletic adolescent. Br J Nutr 2000; 83: 355-62.
  • Gleichauf CN, Roe DA. The menstrual cycle’s effect on the reliability of bioempedance measurement for assessing body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 50: 903-7.
  • Segal KR. Use of bioelectrical impedance analysis measurements as an evaluation for participating in sports. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 64: 469-71.
  • Özenoğlu A, Can G, Taşan E , Hatemi H. Beden kitle indeksine göre normal ağırlıklı, fazla kilolu obez ve morbid olarak gruplandırılan yetişkin kadın ve erkeklerde vücut kompozisyonu referans değerleri. Endokronolojide yönelişler 2001; 10: 58-63.
  • Wilmore JH; Despres J-P, Stanforth PR, Mandel S, Rice T, Gagon J, Leon A S, Rao DC, Skinner JS, Bouchard C. Alterations in body weight and composition consequent to 20 wk of endurance training: the herıtage family study. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 346-52.
  • Liang MTC, Su HF, Lee NY. Skin temperature and skin blood flow affect bioelectric impedance study of female fat-free mass. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32: 221-7.
  • Eckerson JM, Evetovich KT, Stout JR, Housh JT, Johnson GO, Housh DJ, Ebersole KT, Smith DB. Validity of bioelectrical impedance equations for estimating fat-free weight in high school female gymnasts. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29: 962-8.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Medical Science Research Articles
Authors

Aynur Otağ

Tarık Uğur Turaçlar

İlhan Otağ

Publication Date March 14, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011Volume: 33 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Otağ A, Turaçlar TU, Otağ İ. Evaluation of body composition and basal metabolic rate after acute exercise in menstrual phases in sportswomen. CMJ. March 2011;33(1):53-60.