Research Article
Year 2022,
Volume: 44 Issue: 1, 38 - 43, 30.03.2022
Abstract
References
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- 14. Stanton R, To QG, Khalesi S, et al. Depression, Anxiety and Stress during COVID-19: Associations with Changes in Physical Activity, Sleep, Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Australian Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):4065.
- 15. Fish EN. The X-files in immunity: sex-based differences predispose immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(9):737-744.
- 16. Oksuzyan A, Juel K, Vaupel JW, Christensen K. Men: good health and high mortality. Sex differences in health and aging. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2008;20(2):91-102.
- 17. Blum RW, Harmon B, Harris L, Bergeisen L, Resnick MD. American Indian--Alaska Native youth health. JAMA. 1992;267(12):1637-1644.
- 18. Kaura SA, Lohman BJ. Dating violence victimization, relationship satisfaction, mental health problems, and acceptability of violence: A comparison of men and women. Journal of family Violence. 2007; 22,6,367-381.
- 19. Agabio R, Campesi I, Pisanu C, Gessa GL, Franconi F. Sex differences in substance use disorders: focus on side effects. Addict Biol. 2016;21(5):1030-1042.
- 20. Benzie IF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem. 1996;239(1):70-76.
- 21. Dinleyici EC, Borrow R, Safadi MAP, van Damme P, Munoz FM. Vaccines and routine immunization strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(2):400-407.
- 22. Guidon AC, Amato AA. COVID-19 and neuromuscular disorders. Neurology. 2020;94(22):959-969.
- 23. Woods JA, Hutchinson NT, Powers SK, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity. Sports Med Health Sci. 2020;2(2):55-64.
- 24. Dutton C, Foldvary-Schaefer N. Contraception in women with epilepsy: pharmacokinetic interactions, contraceptive options, and management. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2008;83:113-134.
Oxidative Stress and Menstrual Complications Caused by Vaccination of COVID-19 Among Females Athletes
Abstract
Objective: Social gathering particularly in public places was strictly banned in Pakistan from April 2019 to May 2021. In last few months, public places such as parks, grounds and gymnasium are opened for general masses as well as for players with SOPs (standart operating procedures) i.e. using of face mask and vaccination of COVID-19. As a result, all players got vaccinated for avoiding the problem of COVID-19 and getting chances of participation in their relevant sports activities. This study aimed to examine the Menstrual Problems and Oxidative Stress Caused by Vaccination of COVID-19 among Females Athletes.
Method: 10 elite level female athletes were randomly selected as a participants of the study. Thus the participants of the study were vaccinated (COVID-19). 5 milliliter blood sample from each subject before and after one month of vaccination was collected. For the measurement of oxidative stress FRAP assay protocol was used and similarly for the assessment of menstrual problems, a self-made questionnaire was used.
Results: The collected data were tabulated and analyzed through statistical package for social sciences (SPSS, Version-26). Vaccination of COVID- 19, cause oxidative stress among female athletes. Result of posttest data in term of mean and standard deviation was (4.70 ± .674), T-Value was 22.00 and level of Significance was .000). Findings of the study also revealed that menstrual period duration and time also effect by COVID-19 vaccination. Result of posttest data in term of mean and standard deviation was (4.70 ± .674), T-Value was 22.00 and level of Significance was .000).
Conclusions: Based on analysis, the researcher arrived at conclusion that vaccination of COVID-19 caused menstrual problems and oxidative stress among female elite athletes.
References
- 1. Hadi AG, Kadhom M, Hairunisa N, Yousif E, Salam AM. A review on COVID- 19: origin, spread, symptoms, treatment, and prevention. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry 2020;10(6):7234-7242.
- 2. Peersen OB. Picornaviral polymerase structure, function, and fidelity modulation. Virus Res. 2017;234:4-20.
- 3. Ohannessian R, Duong TA, Odone A. Global Telemedicine Implementation and Integration Within Health Systems to Fight the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call to Action. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020;6(2):e18810.
- 4. Lifen Y, Zhenyuan D, Mengqi D, Yang Z, Wanqiu D, Li P, Yating L, Zhuanggui C. Suggestions for medical staff from department of pediatrics during the treatment of 2019-nCoV infection/pneumonia. Journal of new medicine. 2020; 51:77-84.
- 5. Wei M, Yuan J, Liu Y, Fu T, Yu X, Zhang ZJ. Novel Coronavirus Infection in Hospitalized Infants Under 1 Year of Age in China. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1313-1314.
- 6. Wu J, Wu X, Zeng W, et al. Chest CT Findings in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Its Relationship With Clinical Features. Invest Radiol. 2020;55(5):257-261.
- 7. Saqlain M, Munir MM, Ahmed A, Tahir AH, Kamran S. Is Pakistan prepared to tackle the coronavirus epidemic? Drugs Ther Perspect. 2020;1-2.
- 8. Millar RP, Sonigo C, Anderson RA, et al. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis Reactivation by Kisspeptin-10 in Hyperprolactinemic Women With Chronic Amenorrhea. J Endocr Soc. 2017;1(11):1362-1371.
- 9. Jing Y, Run-Qian L, Hao-Ran W, et al. Potential influence of COVID-19/ACE2 on the female reproductive system. Mol Hum Reprod. 2020;26(6):367-373.
- 10. Phelan N, Behan LA, Owens L. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women's Reproductive Health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:642755.
- 11. Mauvais-Jarvis F, Klein SL, Levin ER. Estradiol, Progesterone, Immunomodulation, and COVID-19 Outcomes. Endocrinology. 2020;161(9):bqaa127.
- 12. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, et al. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729.
- 13. Merchant H. CoViD-19 post-vaccine menorrhagia, metrorrhagia or postmenopausal bleeding and potential risk of vaccine-induced thrombocytopenia in women. BMJ. 2021; bmj-n958.
- 14. Stanton R, To QG, Khalesi S, et al. Depression, Anxiety and Stress during COVID-19: Associations with Changes in Physical Activity, Sleep, Tobacco and Alcohol Use in Australian Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):4065.
- 15. Fish EN. The X-files in immunity: sex-based differences predispose immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(9):737-744.
- 16. Oksuzyan A, Juel K, Vaupel JW, Christensen K. Men: good health and high mortality. Sex differences in health and aging. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2008;20(2):91-102.
- 17. Blum RW, Harmon B, Harris L, Bergeisen L, Resnick MD. American Indian--Alaska Native youth health. JAMA. 1992;267(12):1637-1644.
- 18. Kaura SA, Lohman BJ. Dating violence victimization, relationship satisfaction, mental health problems, and acceptability of violence: A comparison of men and women. Journal of family Violence. 2007; 22,6,367-381.
- 19. Agabio R, Campesi I, Pisanu C, Gessa GL, Franconi F. Sex differences in substance use disorders: focus on side effects. Addict Biol. 2016;21(5):1030-1042.
- 20. Benzie IF, Strain JJ. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of "antioxidant power": the FRAP assay. Anal Biochem. 1996;239(1):70-76.
- 21. Dinleyici EC, Borrow R, Safadi MAP, van Damme P, Munoz FM. Vaccines and routine immunization strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(2):400-407.
- 22. Guidon AC, Amato AA. COVID-19 and neuromuscular disorders. Neurology. 2020;94(22):959-969.
- 23. Woods JA, Hutchinson NT, Powers SK, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic and physical activity. Sports Med Health Sci. 2020;2(2):55-64.
- 24. Dutton C, Foldvary-Schaefer N. Contraception in women with epilepsy: pharmacokinetic interactions, contraceptive options, and management. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2008;83:113-134.
There are 24 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Health Care Administration |
| Journal Section | Medical Science Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 30, 2022 |
| Acceptance Date | March 20, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022Volume: 44 Issue: 1 |