Abstract
References
- 1. Herbst MC. Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) Fact sheet on the top ten cancers per population group. 2015. https://www.compcom.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Fact-Sheet-on-Cancer-of-an-Unknown-Primary-CUP.pdf.
- 2. Afrin S, Giampieri F, Gasparrini M, Forbes-Hernandez TY, Varela-lópez A, et al. Chemopreventive and therapeutic Effects of edible berries: A Focus on colon cancer prevention and treatment. Molecules. 2016; 21(169):1 – 41.
- 3. Huxley RR, Ansary-Moghaddam A, Clifton P, Czernichow S, Parr CL, et al. The impact of dietary and lifestyle risk factors on risk of colorectal cancer: A quantitative overview of the epidemiological evidence. Int J Cancer. 2009;125(1):171 – 80.
- 4. Kotecha R, Takami A, Espinoza JL. Dietary phytochemicals, and cancer chemoprevention: a review of the clinical evidence. Oncotarget 2016; 7(32):52517–29. Doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.9593.
- 5. Wang J, Jiang Y-F. Natural compounds as anticancer agents: experimental evidence. World J Exp Med 2012; 2(3):45–57.
- 6. Abboud MM, Al Awaida W, Alkhateeb HH, Abu-Ayyad AN. Antitumor Action of Amygdalin on Human Breast Cancer Cells by Selective Sensitization to Oxidative Stress. Nutr Cancer. 2019;71(3):483-490. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1508731.
- 7. Sireesha D, Reddy BS, Reginald BA, Samatha M, Kamal F. Effect of amygdalin on oral cancer cell line: An in vitro study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2019; 23(1): 104–107.
- 8. Santos Pimenta LP, Schilthuizen M, Verpoorte R, Choi YH. Quantitative analysis of amygdalin and prunasin in Prunus serotina Ehrh. using (1) H-NMR spectroscopy. Phytochem Anal 2014; 25:122–126. https ://doi.org/10.1002/pca.2476.
- 9. Owa C, Messina ME, Halaby R, Halaby R. Triptolide induces lysosomal-mediated programmed cell death in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Int J Womens Health 2013; 5:557–569. doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S44074.
- 10. Shi J, Chen Q, Xu M, Xia Q, Zheng T, et al. Recent updates and future perspectives about amygdalin as a potential anticancer agent: a review. Cancer Medicine 2019; 8(6), 3004-3011.
- 11. Lea MA, Koch MR. Effects of cyanate, thiocyanate, and amygdalin on metabolite uptake in normal and neoplastic tissues of the rat. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1979;63(5):1279‐1283.
- 12. Shaki F, Saberi-Hasanabadi P. The Pharmacological Activities and Toxicological Effects of Amygdalin: A Review. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research 2022; 8(1), 1-12.
- 13. Xu X, Song Z. Advanced research on anti-tumor effects of amygdalin. J Cancer Res Ther 2014; 1:3-7. doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.139743.
- 14. Keydar I, Chen L, Karby S, Weiss FR, Delarea J, et al. Establishment and characterization of a cell line of human breast carcinoma origin. Eur J Cancer 1979; 15, 659–670.
- 15. Chang HK, Shin MS, Yang HY, Lee JW, Kim YS, et al. Amygdalin induces apoptosis through regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in human DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 8: 1597–1602.
- 16. Park HJ, Yoon SH, Han LS, Zheng LT, Jung KH, et al.: Amygdalin inhibits genes related to cell cycle in SNU-C4 human colon cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 5156–5161.
- 17. El-Kholy WB, Abdel-Rahman SA, Abd El-Hady El-Safti FEN, Issa NM. Effect of vitamin B17 on experimentally induced colon cancer in adult male albino rat. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2021; 80(1): 158–169 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2020.0021.
- 18. Cassiem W, Kock M. The anti-proliferative effect of apricot and peach kernel extracts on human colon cancer cells in vitro. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019; 19(1): 32. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2437-4.
- 19. Dimitrov M, Iliev I, Bardarov K, Georgieva D, Todorova T. Phytochemical characterization and biological activity of apricot kernels’ extract in yeast-cell based tests and hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma cell lines. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Oct 28; 279:114333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114333.
- 20. Makarevic J, Rutz J, Juengel E, Kaulfuss S, Tsaur I, et al.: Amygdalin influences bladder cancer cell adhesion and invasion in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9: e110244.
- 21. Kwon HY, Hong SP, Hahn DH, and Kim JH: Apoptosis induction of persicae semen extract in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26: 157–161.
- 22. Qian L, Xie B, Wang Y, Qian J. Amygdalin-mediated inhibition of non-small cell lung cancer cell invasion in vitro. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:5363–5370
- 23. Qadir M, Fatima K. Review on pharmacological activity of amygdalin. Arch Cancer Res 2017; 5: 10–12.
- 24. Jucaa M, Bandeira B, Carvalho D, Leal AT. Comparative study of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and azoxymethane on the induction of colorectal cancer in rats. J Coloproctol. 2014; 34(3): 167–173. doi: 10.1016/j.jcol.2014.06.003.
- 25. Chari KY, Polu PR, Shenoy RR. An appraisal of pumpkin seed extract in 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine induced colon cancer in Wistar rats. J Toxicol. 2018; 6086490, doi: 10.1155/2018/6086490.
- 26. Chen Y, Ma J, Wang F, Hu J, Cui A, et al. Amygdalin induces apoptosis in human cervical cancer cell line HeLa cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 35(1): 43–51. doi: 10.3109/08923973.2012.738688.
- 27. Newmark J, Brady RO, Grimley PM, Gal AE, Waller SG, et al. Amygdalin (Laetrile) and prunasin betaglucosidases: distribution in germ-free rat and in human tumor tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 6513-6516.
Determination Of Cytotoxic Effect Of Amygdalin In DLD-1 Cell Line and Anticytotoxic Effect In CCD-18CO Cell Line
Abstract
Objective: Amygdalin, which is part of the aromatic cyanogenic glycoside group, is found in plant seeds such as apricot, peach, plum, apple, pear, and cherry. It has been shown that amygdalin has anti-tumor properties against many cancers such as colon, breast, and lung cancer. This study aimed to determine the cytotoxic and anticytotoxic effects of amygdalin in human colon cancer cells (DLD-1) and normal colonic epithelium (CCD-18Co) using the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-YL)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test.
Materials and Methods: DLD-1 and CCD-18Co cells were grown in flasks containing Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640 and Eagle's Minimum Essential Medium, respectively. Both cell groups were treated with amygdalin concentrations of 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.125, and 1.56 mM for 24 hours. Then, 20% MTT dye was added to the wells of the aspirated plates and incubated for 3 hours. After the reaction was stopped with pure Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) at the end of the period, the absorbance values of the plates were read spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 570 nm.
Results: The percent viability values for the DLD-1 cell line were found to be between 48.3-71.6% and the IC50 value was calculated as 74.03 mM. The viability values for the CCD-18Co cell line after the amygdalin treatment ranged from 101.6 to 117.9%.
Conclusion: While amygdalin showed a cytotoxic effect in the DLD-1 cell line, it showed an anticytotoxic effect in the CCD-18Co cell line. In our study, it was determined that amygdalin decreased the viability of DLD-1 cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner and did not show cytotoxic effects on CCD18-Co normal epithelial cells. More comprehensive controlled clinical trials are needed to demonstrate the feasibility of using amygdalin in combination with other anti-tumor drugs and to develop the artificial synthesis of the active ingredients in amygdalin in order to increase the anti-tumor activities of these drugs.
Keywords
Amygdalin Cancer treatment Cell culture Colon cancer Vitamin B17 Amygdalin, Cancer treatment, Cell culture, Colon cancer, Vitamin B17
References
- 1. Herbst MC. Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) Fact sheet on the top ten cancers per population group. 2015. https://www.compcom.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Fact-Sheet-on-Cancer-of-an-Unknown-Primary-CUP.pdf.
- 2. Afrin S, Giampieri F, Gasparrini M, Forbes-Hernandez TY, Varela-lópez A, et al. Chemopreventive and therapeutic Effects of edible berries: A Focus on colon cancer prevention and treatment. Molecules. 2016; 21(169):1 – 41.
- 3. Huxley RR, Ansary-Moghaddam A, Clifton P, Czernichow S, Parr CL, et al. The impact of dietary and lifestyle risk factors on risk of colorectal cancer: A quantitative overview of the epidemiological evidence. Int J Cancer. 2009;125(1):171 – 80.
- 4. Kotecha R, Takami A, Espinoza JL. Dietary phytochemicals, and cancer chemoprevention: a review of the clinical evidence. Oncotarget 2016; 7(32):52517–29. Doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.9593.
- 5. Wang J, Jiang Y-F. Natural compounds as anticancer agents: experimental evidence. World J Exp Med 2012; 2(3):45–57.
- 6. Abboud MM, Al Awaida W, Alkhateeb HH, Abu-Ayyad AN. Antitumor Action of Amygdalin on Human Breast Cancer Cells by Selective Sensitization to Oxidative Stress. Nutr Cancer. 2019;71(3):483-490. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2018.1508731.
- 7. Sireesha D, Reddy BS, Reginald BA, Samatha M, Kamal F. Effect of amygdalin on oral cancer cell line: An in vitro study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2019; 23(1): 104–107.
- 8. Santos Pimenta LP, Schilthuizen M, Verpoorte R, Choi YH. Quantitative analysis of amygdalin and prunasin in Prunus serotina Ehrh. using (1) H-NMR spectroscopy. Phytochem Anal 2014; 25:122–126. https ://doi.org/10.1002/pca.2476.
- 9. Owa C, Messina ME, Halaby R, Halaby R. Triptolide induces lysosomal-mediated programmed cell death in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Int J Womens Health 2013; 5:557–569. doi.org/10.2147/IJWH.S44074.
- 10. Shi J, Chen Q, Xu M, Xia Q, Zheng T, et al. Recent updates and future perspectives about amygdalin as a potential anticancer agent: a review. Cancer Medicine 2019; 8(6), 3004-3011.
- 11. Lea MA, Koch MR. Effects of cyanate, thiocyanate, and amygdalin on metabolite uptake in normal and neoplastic tissues of the rat. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1979;63(5):1279‐1283.
- 12. Shaki F, Saberi-Hasanabadi P. The Pharmacological Activities and Toxicological Effects of Amygdalin: A Review. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research 2022; 8(1), 1-12.
- 13. Xu X, Song Z. Advanced research on anti-tumor effects of amygdalin. J Cancer Res Ther 2014; 1:3-7. doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.139743.
- 14. Keydar I, Chen L, Karby S, Weiss FR, Delarea J, et al. Establishment and characterization of a cell line of human breast carcinoma origin. Eur J Cancer 1979; 15, 659–670.
- 15. Chang HK, Shin MS, Yang HY, Lee JW, Kim YS, et al. Amygdalin induces apoptosis through regulation of Bax and Bcl-2 expressions in human DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 8: 1597–1602.
- 16. Park HJ, Yoon SH, Han LS, Zheng LT, Jung KH, et al.: Amygdalin inhibits genes related to cell cycle in SNU-C4 human colon cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 5156–5161.
- 17. El-Kholy WB, Abdel-Rahman SA, Abd El-Hady El-Safti FEN, Issa NM. Effect of vitamin B17 on experimentally induced colon cancer in adult male albino rat. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2021; 80(1): 158–169 DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2020.0021.
- 18. Cassiem W, Kock M. The anti-proliferative effect of apricot and peach kernel extracts on human colon cancer cells in vitro. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019; 19(1): 32. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2437-4.
- 19. Dimitrov M, Iliev I, Bardarov K, Georgieva D, Todorova T. Phytochemical characterization and biological activity of apricot kernels’ extract in yeast-cell based tests and hepatocellular and colorectal carcinoma cell lines. J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Oct 28; 279:114333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114333.
- 20. Makarevic J, Rutz J, Juengel E, Kaulfuss S, Tsaur I, et al.: Amygdalin influences bladder cancer cell adhesion and invasion in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9: e110244.
- 21. Kwon HY, Hong SP, Hahn DH, and Kim JH: Apoptosis induction of persicae semen extract in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cells. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26: 157–161.
- 22. Qian L, Xie B, Wang Y, Qian J. Amygdalin-mediated inhibition of non-small cell lung cancer cell invasion in vitro. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:5363–5370
- 23. Qadir M, Fatima K. Review on pharmacological activity of amygdalin. Arch Cancer Res 2017; 5: 10–12.
- 24. Jucaa M, Bandeira B, Carvalho D, Leal AT. Comparative study of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine and azoxymethane on the induction of colorectal cancer in rats. J Coloproctol. 2014; 34(3): 167–173. doi: 10.1016/j.jcol.2014.06.003.
- 25. Chari KY, Polu PR, Shenoy RR. An appraisal of pumpkin seed extract in 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine induced colon cancer in Wistar rats. J Toxicol. 2018; 6086490, doi: 10.1155/2018/6086490.
- 26. Chen Y, Ma J, Wang F, Hu J, Cui A, et al. Amygdalin induces apoptosis in human cervical cancer cell line HeLa cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013; 35(1): 43–51. doi: 10.3109/08923973.2012.738688.
- 27. Newmark J, Brady RO, Grimley PM, Gal AE, Waller SG, et al. Amygdalin (Laetrile) and prunasin betaglucosidases: distribution in germ-free rat and in human tumor tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 6513-6516.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Health Care Administration |
| Journal Section | Medical Science Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 31, 2022 |
| Acceptance Date | December 27, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022Volume: 44 Issue: 4 |